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Dhaka
(
DAH
-k?
or
DAK
-?
;
Bengali
:
????
,
romanized
:
?h?k?
,
IPA:
[???aka]
),
formerly known as
Dacca
, is the
capital
and
largest city
of
Bangladesh
. It is the
ninth-largest
and
seventh-most densely populated city
in the world. Dhaka is a
megacity
, and has a population of 10.2 million residents as of 2022, and a population of over 22.4 million residents in
Dhaka Metropolitan Area
. It is widely considered to be the most densely populated built-up
urban area
in the world. Dhaka is the most important cultural, economic, and scientific hub of
Eastern South Asia
, as well as a major
Muslim-majority city
. Dhaka ranks
third in South Asia and 39th in the world
in terms of
GDP
. Lying on the
Ganges Delta
, it is bounded by the
Buriganga
,
Turag
,
Dhaleshwari
and
Shitalakshya
rivers. Dhaka is also the largest
Bengali-speaking
city in the world.
The area of Dhaka has been inhabited since the first millennium. An
early modern
city developed from the 17th century as a provincial capital and commercial centre of the
Mughal Empire
. Dhaka was the capital of a
proto-industrialised
Mughal Bengal
for 75 years (1608?39 and 1660?1704). It was the hub of the
muslin trade in Bengal
and one of the most prosperous cities in the world. The Mughal city was named Jahangirnagar (
The City of Jahangir
) in honour of the erstwhile ruling emperor
Jahangir
. The city's wealthy Mughal elite included princes and the sons of Mughal emperors. The pre-colonial city's glory peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries when it was home to merchants from across
Eurasia
. The
Port of Dhaka
was a major trading post for both riverine and seaborne trade. The Mughals decorated the city with well-laid gardens, tombs, mosques, palaces, and forts. The city was once called the
Venice of the East
.
Under
British rule
, the city saw the introduction of
electricity
,
railways
,
cinemas
, Western-style universities and colleges and a modern
water supply
. It became an important administrative and educational centre in the British Raj, as the capital of
Eastern Bengal and Assam
province after 1905. In 1947, after the end of British rule, the city became the administrative capital of
East Pakistan
. It was declared the legislative capital of Pakistan in 1962. In 1971, after the
Liberation War
, it became the capital of independent Bangladesh. In 2008, Dhaka celebrated 400 years as a municipal city.
A
beta-global city
, Dhaka is the centre of political, economic and cultural life in Bangladesh. It is the seat of the
Government of Bangladesh
, many
Bangladeshi companies
, and leading Bangladeshi educational, scientific, research, and cultural organizations. Since its establishment as a modern capital city, the population, area and social and economic diversity of Dhaka have grown tremendously. The city is now one of the most densely industrialized regions in the country. The city accounts for 35% of
Bangladesh's economy
. The
Dhaka Stock Exchange
has over 750 listed companies. Dhaka hosts over 50
diplomatic missions
; as well as the headquarters of
BIMSTEC
,
CIRDAP
, and the
International Jute Study Group
. Dhaka has a renowned culinary heritage. The city's culture is known for its
rickshaws
, Kachi Biryani,
art festivals
, street food, and religious diversity. Dhaka's most prominent architectural landmark is the modernist
Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban
; while it has a heritage of 2000 buildings from the Mughal and British periods. The city is associated with two Nobel laureates. Dhaka's annual Bengali New Year parade, its
Jamdani
sari, and its rickshaw art have been recognized by UNESCO as the intangible cultural heritage of humanity. The city has produced many writers and poets in several languages, especially in Bengali and English. (
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Portal:Bangladesh/Selected article archive/November 2008
Note
: Duplicate of /Selected article/4
Shahbagh
(also
Shahbaugh
or
Shahbag
,
Bengali
:
??????
,
romanized
:
Sh?hb?g
,
IPA:
[??aːbaː?]
) is a major neighbourhood and a police precinct or
thana
in
Dhaka
, the capital and largest city of
Bangladesh
. It is also a major public transport hub. It is a junction between two contrasting sections of the city?
Old Dhaka
and New Dhaka?which lie, respectively, to its south and north. Developed in the 17th century during
Mughal rule
in
Bengal
, when Old Dhaka was the provincial capital and a centre of the flourishing
muslin
industry, it came to neglect and decay in early 19th century. In the mid-19th century, the Shahbagh area was developed as New Dhaka became a provincial centre of the
British Raj
, ending a century of decline brought on by the passing of Mughal rule.
Shahbagh is the location of the nation's leading educational and public institutions, including the
University of Dhaka
, the oldest and largest public university in Bangladesh,
Dhaka Medical College
, the largest medical college in the country,
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University
(BSMMU), and the
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
, the largest public university for technological studies in the country. Shahbagh hosts many
street markets
and
bazaars
. Since Bangladesh achieved
independence
in 1971, the Shahbagh area has become a venue for celebrating major
festivals
, such as the
Bengali New Year
and
Basanta Utsab
.
Shahbagh's numerous ponds, palaces and gardens have inspired the work of writers, singers, and poets. With Dhaka University at its centre, the
thana
has been the origin of major political movements in the nation's 20th century history, including the
All India Muslim Education Conference
in 1905, which led to the
All India Muslim League
. In 1947, to both the
partition of India
and the creation of Pakistan; the
Bengali Language Movement
in 1952, which led to the recognition of Bengali as an official language of Pakistan; and the
Six point movement
in 1966, which led to the nation's independence. It was here, on 7 March 1971, that
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
delivered a historic speech calling for the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan, and here too, later that year, that the
Pakistani Army
surrendered in the
Liberation War of Bangladesh
. The area has since become a staging ground for protests by students and other groups. It was the site of public protests by around 30,000 civilians on 8 February 2013, against a lenient ruling against war criminals. (
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)
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)
Note
: Duplicate of /Selected article/3
Grameen Bank
(
Bengali
:
??????? ??????
) is a
microfinance
specialized
community development bank
founded in
Bangladesh
. It makes small loans (known as
microcredit
or "grameencredit") to the impoverished without requiring
collateral
.
Grameen Bank is jointly operated by its borrower members and the government. It is originated in 1976, in the work of Professor
Muhammad Yunus
at
University of Chittagong
, who launched a
research project
to study how to design a credit delivery system to provide banking services to the rural poor. In October 1983 the Grameen Bank was authorized by national legislation to operate as an independent bank.
The bank grew significantly between 2003 and 2007. As of January 2022, the total borrowers of the bank number nearly 9.5 million, and 96.81% of those are women. In 1998 the Bank's "Low-cost Housing Program" won a
World Habitat Award
. In 2006, the bank and its founder, Muhammad Yunus, were jointly awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize
.
The bank's success has inspired similar projects in more than 64 countries around the world, including a World Bank initiative to finance Grameen-type schemes. (
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)
(
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)
Note
: Duplicate of /Selected article/10
Universities in Bangladesh
are mainly categorized into three different types ?
Public
(government owned and subsidized),
Private
(private sector owned universities), and
International
(operated and funded by international organizations such as the
Organisation of the Islamic Conference
).
University of Dhaka
, established in 1921, is the oldest university of the country. Bangladeshi universities are affiliated with the
University Grants Commission
(UGC), a commission created according to the Presidential Order (P.O. No 10 of 1973) of the Government of the
People's Republic of Bangladesh
.
The
list of universities in Bangladesh
is classified by the three types universities further segmented according to their locations. The locations are given according to
divisions
, the topmost administrative unit in Bangladesh. It is notable that, out of the 6 divisions Dhaka Division houses 57 out of a total of 83, of them 51 in
Dhaka
, the capital city. Most universities focus on general studies, meaning a diverse mix of curriculum,
business studies
,
engineering
or
technology
. Seven universities have specialized curricula focused on
Islamic studies
(2),
agricultural sciences
(2),
medical sciences
(1),
Veterinary
(1)and
women's studies
(1). Along with the universities their short names, mostly acronyms, are provided as nicks. (
more
)
Note
: This is a duplicate of /Selected article/9
The
1970 Bhola cyclone
was a devastating
tropical cyclone
that struck
East Pakistan
(now
Bangladesh
) and
India
's
West Bengal
on November 12, 1970. It was the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded, and one of the deadliest
natural disasters
in modern times. Up to 500,000 people lost their lives in the storm, primarily as a result of the
storm surge
that flooded much of the low-lying islands of the
Ganges Delta
. This cyclone was the sixth cyclonic storm of the
1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
, and was also the most powerful, reaching a strength equivalent to a
Category 3 hurricane
.
The cyclone formed over the central
Bay of Bengal
on
November 8
and travelled north, intensifying as it did so. It reached its peak with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) on
November 12
, and made landfall on the coast of East Pakistan that night. The storm surge devastated many of the offshore islands, wiping out villages and destroying crops throughout the region. The city of Thana,
Tazumuddin
, was the most severely affected, with over 45% of the population of 167,000 killed by the storm.
The
Pakistani
government was severely criticized for its handling of the relief operations following the storm, both by local political leaders in East Pakistan and in the international media. The opposition
Awami League
gained a
landslide victory
in the province, and continuing unrest between East Pakistan and the central government triggered the
Bangladesh Liberation War
, which concluded with the creation of the state of Bangladesh. (
more
)
Note
: Duplicate of /Selected article/2
The
Bengali language movement
(
Bengali
:
????? ???? ???????
,
romanized
:
Bangla Bhasha Andolon
) was a political movement in former
East Bengal
(renamed
East Pakistan
, now
Bangladesh
) in 1952 advocating the recognition of the
Bengali language
as a co-
lingua franca
of the then-
Dominion of Pakistan
to allow its use in government affairs, the continuation of its use as a medium of education, its use in media, currency and stamps, and to maintain its writing in the
Bengali script
.
When the Dominion of Pakistan was formed after the separation of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 when the British left, it was composed of various ethnic and linguistic groups, with the geographically non-contiguous
East Bengal
province having a mainly
ethnic
Bengali
population. In 1948, the
Government of the Dominion of Pakistan
ordained as part of
Islamization
of
East Pakistan
or
East Bengal
that
Urdu
will be the sole federal language, alternately Bengali writing in the
Perso-Arabic script
or
Roman script
(
Romanisation of Bengali
) or
Arabic
as the state language of the whole of Pakistan was also proposed, sparking extensive protests among the
Bengali-speaking
majority of
East Bengal
. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new law, the government outlawed public meetings and rallies. The students of the
University of Dhaka
and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952. The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest. After years of conflict, the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956.
The Language Movement catalysed the assertion of Bengali national identity in East Bengal and later East Pakistan, and became a forerunner to Bengali nationalist movements, including the
6-Point Movement
and subsequently the
Bangladesh Liberation War
and the
Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987
. In Bangladesh, 21 February (
Ekushey February
) is observed as
Language Movement Day
, a national holiday. The
Shaheed Minar
monument was constructed near Dhaka Medical College in memory of the movement and its victims. On 17 September 1999,
UNESCO
declared 21 February as
International Mother Language Day
, in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethnolinguistic rights of people around the world. (
Full article...
)
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)
The
University of Rajshahi
, also known as
Rajshahi University
or
RU
(
Bengali
:
??????? ??????????????
), is a
public
research university
located in
Motihar
,
Rajshahi
,
Bangladesh
. It is the second oldest and third largest university in Bangladesh. The university's 59 departments are organized into 12
faculties
. It is one of the four autonomous by the act (1973) of Bangladesh. (
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)
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)
Sitakunda
(
Bengali
:
?????????
Shitakun?o
IPA
:
/?it?akun?o/
) is an
upazila
, or administrative unit, in the
Chittagong District
of
Bangladesh
. Sitakunda is one of the oldest sites of human habitation in Bangladesh. It is also the home of the country's first
eco-park
, as well as
alternative energy
projects, specifically
wind energy
and
geothermal power
.
Ecocomic development in Sitakunda is largely driven by the Dhaka?Chittagong Highway and the railway. Though Sitakunda is predominantly an
agricultural
area, it also has the largest
ship breaking
industry in the world. The industry has been accused of neglecting
workers' rights
, especially concerning
work safety
practices and
child labor
. It has also been accused of harming the environment, particularly by causing
soil contamination
. Sitakunda's ecosystems are further threatened by deforestation, over-fishing, and groundwater contamination. The upazila is also susceptible to natural hazards such as
earthquakes
,
cyclones
, and
storm surges
. It lies on one of the most active seismic faults in Bangladesh, the Sitakunda?Teknaf fault.
Sitakunda is renowned for its numerous
Islamic
,
Hindu
and
Buddhist
shrines. It has 280
mosques
, 8
mazars
, 49 Hindu temples, 3
ashrams
, and 3 Buddhist temples. Among its notable temples are the Chandranath Temple (a
Shakti Peetha
or holy pilgrimage site), Vidarshanaram Vihara (founded by the scholar
Prajnalok Mahasthavir
), and the Hammadyar Mosque (founded by
Sultan
Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah
). These pilgrimage sites along with the hill range and the eco-park are the attractions of Sitakunda as a tourist destination. Despite its diverse population, the area has seen
communal strife
, including attacks on places of worship. There have been reports of activity by the Islamic militant group
Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh
since the early 2000s. (
more
)
This is a
list of cricketers who have
captained
the
Bangladeshi cricket team
for at least one
One Day International
. Bangladesh's greatest ODI victory was beating
Australia
on 18 June 2005. Other teams they have beaten are
Pakistan
and
Scotland
(both in the
1999 Cricket World Cup
),
Kenya
in 1998/9,
Zimbabwe
(once in 2003/4, three times in 2004/5),
India
(once in 2004/5, once in the
2007 Cricket World Cup
),
Sri Lanka
(once in
2005/6
),
South Africa
(once in the
2007 Cricket World Cup
) and
Ireland
(thrice in 2007/08).
Note
: This is a duplicate of /Selected article/7
Bengali
, also known by its
endonym
Bangla
(
?????
,
B??l?
,
[?baŋla]
ⓘ
), is an
Indo-Aryan language
from the
Indo-European language family
native to the
Bengal region
of
South Asia
. With Over 250 million
native speakers
and another 41 million as
second language
speakers as of 2024, Bengali is the
fifth most spoken native language
and the
seventh most spoken language
by the total number of speakers in the world. It is the fifth most spoken
Indo-European language
.
Bengali is the
official
,
national
, and most widely spoken language of
Bangladesh
, with 98% of
Bangladeshis
using Bengali as their first language. It is the second-most widely spoken
language in India
. It is the official language of the Indian states of
West Bengal
and
Tripura
and the
Barak Valley
region of the state of
Assam
. It is also the second official language of the Indian state of
Jharkhand
since September 2011. It is the most widely spoken language in the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
in the
Bay of Bengal
, and is spoken by significant populations in other states including
Bihar
,
Arunachal Pradesh
,
Delhi
,
Chhattisgarh
,
Meghalaya
,
Mizoram
,
Nagaland
,
Odisha
and
Uttarakhand
. Bengali is also spoken by the Bengali diasporas (
Bangladeshi diaspora
and Indian Bengalis) in Europe, the United States, the Middle East and other countries.
Bengali is the fourth fastest growing
language in India
, following
Hindi
in the first place,
Kashmiri
in the second place, and
Meitei
(
Manipuri
), along with
Gujarati
, in the third place, according to the
2011 census of India
.
Bengali has developed over more than 1,300 years.
Bengali literature
, with its millennium-old literary history, was extensively developed during the
Bengali Renaissance
and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The
Bengali language movement
from 1948 to 1956 demanding that Bengali be an official language of Pakistan fostered
Bengali nationalism
in
East Bengal
leading to the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. In 1999,
UNESCO
recognised
21 February
as
International Mother Language Day
in recognition of the language movement. (
Full article...
)
(
more...
)
Portal:Bangladesh/Selected article archive/January 2008