You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Ukrainian . (May 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Ukrainian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 264 articles in the main category , and specifying |topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Ukrainian Wikipedia article at [[:uk:Полонина]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|uk|Полонина}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation .

Polonyna ( Ukrainian and Rusyn : полонина , romanized:  polonyna ; Polish : połonina ; Slovak : polonina ) is a specific, regionally-focused geographic term, that is used as a designation for areas of montane meadows (a landform type) in the upper subalpine or alpine zones of the Carpathian Mountains . The term polonyna was introduced to English from Slavic languages , in order to designate various mountainous regions, mainly in the Eastern Carpathians , and also in the Western Carpathians . The polonyna type areas of montane meadows are very frequent in the Outer Eastern Carpathians , particularly in the Eastern Beskids . Throughout history, they were used for pasture , and in modern times they have become a popular destination for various forms of recreational tourism. ^[1]

The noun polonyna ( plur . polonynas ) and its corresponding adjectives ( anglicized as polonyne or polonynian ) are also used frequently in local toponyms throughout the Carpathian region. One of two main mountain ranges of the Eastern Beskids is known as the Polonyne Beskids or Polonynian Beskids (Ukrainian: Полонинськ? Бескиди ; Polish: Beskidy Połoni?skie ), and it includes several mountains that also contain the same term in their names, like: Smooth Polonyna (Polish: Połonina Rowna ; Ukrainian: Полонина Р?вна , romanized:  Polonyna Rivna ), Polonyna Borzhava (Polish: Połonina Bor?awska ; Ukrainian: Полонина Боржава ), Red Polonyna (Polish: Połonina Czerwona ; Ukrainian: Червонa Полонина , romanized:  Chernova Polonyna ), etc.

The term also appears as " planina " in several South Slavic languages , in which it functions as a synonym for "mountain." In Slovene , however, it shares the Carpathian meaning of montane (pasture) meadow, and is a very common toponym.

See also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

Sources [ edit ]

• Foldvary, Gabor Z. (1988). Geology of the Carpathian Region . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN   9789813103825 .

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  Tasenkevich, Lydia (2009). "Polonynas: Highlands Pastures in the Ukrainian Carpathians". Grasslands in Europe: Of High Nature Value . Zeist: KNNV Publishing. pp. 203?208. ISBN   9789004278103 .

Further reading [ edit ]

• Андр?й Л. Байцар, "Полонини Укра?нських Карпат" (Adriy L. Baytsar, Polonynas of the Ukrainian Carpathians), in: Генеза, географ?я та еколог?я ?рунт?в: Зб?рник наукових праць М?жнародно? конференц?? (Genesis, Geography and Ecology of Soils: Collection of Scientific Papers from the International Conference). Льв?в, 1999. - P. 107-109.
• Андр?й Л. Байцар, "Полонини Укра?нських Карпат: генезис, поширення та морфолог?я" (Adriy L. Baytsar, Polonynas of the Ukrainian Carpathians: Genesis, Distribution, and Morphology), В?сник Льв?вського ун?верситету: Сер?я географ?чна, 29 (2003) - P. 3-6.

External links [ edit ]

• Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Polonynian Beskyd
• Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Borzhava
• Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Krasna
• Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Svydivets
• Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Chornohora
• Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Skole Beskyd National Nature Park