Clandestine publishing operations in Poland during World War II and the Communist regime
Polish underground press
, devoted to
prohibited
materials (
sl.
Polish
:
bibuła
, lit. semitransparent blotting paper or, alternatively,
Polish
:
drugi obieg
, lit. second circulation), has a long history of combatting
censorship
of oppressive regimes in
Poland
. It existed throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, including under foreign occupation of the country, as well as during the totalitarian rule of the pro-Soviet government. Throughout the
Eastern Bloc
,
bibuła
published until the
collapse of communism
was known also as
samizdat
(
see below
).
Partitions of Poland
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In the 19th century in
partitioned Poland
, many underground newspapers appeared; among the most prominent was the
Robotnik
, published in over 1,000 copies from 1894.
World War II
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In the
Second World War
, in
occupied Poland
there were
thousands of underground publications
by the
Polish Secret State
and
the Polish resistance
. The
Tajne Wojskowe Zakłady Wydawnicze
(Secret Military Printing Works) was probably the largest underground publisher in the world.
[1]
The
Home Army
Biuletyn Informacyjny
reached an estimated circulation of 47,000.
[2]
Polish People's Republic
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]
In the
Polish People's Republic
during the 1970s and 1980s, several books (sometimes as long as 500 pages) were printed in quantities often exceeding 5,000 copies. In 1980 and 1981, during the short legal existence of
Solidarity trade union
, actual newspapers were also published.
Most of the Polish
underground press
was organized in the 1970s by the
Movement for Defense of Human and Civic Rights
(ROPCiO) and
Workers' Defence Committee
(KOR). Over several years, alongside hundreds of small individual publishers, several large underground publishing houses were created, fueled by supplies smuggled from abroad or stolen from the backrooms of
official
publishing houses.
Throughout the communist era, Poland's Catholic Church and some Christian organizations and groups were allowed to publish a number of periodicals with a certain amount of freedom and a more or less clear anti-communist stand in various periods - but censored. The weekly
Tygodnik Powszechny
, half openly supporting KOR since 1976 and
Solidarity
since 1980, and monthly
Wi??
were among the most popular.
A news-sheet
Solidarno??
, printed in the Gdansk shipyard during the
August 1980 strike
, reached a print run of 30,000 copies daily.
[3]
The communist regime then allowed for two legal periodics to be published under the government control and censorship, yet with a significant margin of freedom: in January 1981, a regional weekly
Jedno??
in Szczecin, and in May the nationwide weekly
Tygodnik Solidarno??
with
Tadeusz Mazowiecki
as chief editor and circulation of 500,000. Both newspapers were dependent on the government grants of printing paper, which limited the number of copies. Semi-legal news bulletins were printed by Solidarity and other opposition groups in almost every town, on paper sent as an aid by some Scandinavian and Western-European trade unions, without the regime's consent, but for the time being rarely prosecuted. All that ended December 13, 1981, when General
Wojciech Jaruzelski
imposed martial law and banned Solidarity.
The Polish underground press drew on experiences of
Second World War
veterans of
Armia Krajowa
and much attention was paid to conspiracy; however, after
martial law in Poland
and the government crackdown on
Solidarity
, the activities of underground publishing were significantly curtailed for several years. Nevertheless, with the communist government losing power in the second half of the 1980s, production of Polish underground printing (
bibuła
) dramatically increased, and many publications were distributed throughout the entire country. After the
Revolutions of 1989
some of the underground publishers in Poland transformed into regular and legal publishing houses.
There were important differences of scale between Polish underground publishing and the
samizdats
of the Soviet Union, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and other countries in the
Soviet Bloc
. In the 1980s, at any given time there were around one hundred independent publishers in Poland who formed an exceptionally vibrant segment of the black market. Books were sold through underground distribution channels to paying customers, including subscribers. Among the few hundred regional periodicals with a usual hand-to-hand circulation of 2,000-5,000, the countrywide "Tygodnik Mazowsze" weekly reached an average circulation of 60,000 - 80,000 copies, while some issues topped 100,000. The estimated production of books and thick journals can be put close to one thousand per year and more than one million copies. Other products on this market included audio cassettes, videocassettes, posters, postcards, calendars, stamps and buttons.
[4]
As an indication of how many Poles had access to underground publications in the martial-law decade, 3 of every 4 responders in a research in Krakow by the Niezale?ne Biuro Badania Opinii Społecznej NSZZ ?Solidarno??” (Solidarity's Independent Public Opinion Poll Bureau) in 1985 claimed to read it (26% "regularly", 47% "often", 22% chose "irregular and rare", with the remaining 5% declaring "never".
[5]
However, this range of influence had to be far more modest in smaller towns and countryside, where few underground groups were active.
See also
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References
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External links
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