Parish in Louisiana, United States
Parish in Louisiana
Plaquemines Parish
(
;
French
:
Paroisse de Plaquemine
,
Louisiana French
:
Paroisse des Plaquemines
,
Spanish
:
Parroquia de Caquis
) is a
parish
located in the
U.S. state
of
Louisiana
. With a population of 23,515 at the
2020 census
,
[1]
the
parish seat
is
Pointe a la Hache
and the largest community is
Belle Chasse
.
[2]
The parish was formed in 1807.
[3]
Plaquemines Parish is part of the
New Orleans
?
Metairie
metropolitan statistical area
. It was severely damaged in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, and in hurricane events in 2011 and 2021.
History
[
edit
]
The name
"Plaquemines,"
in French Creole, was derived from the
Atakapa
word
piakimin
, meaning the local fruit
persimmon
. The French used it to name a military post they built on the banks of the
Mississippi River
, as the site was surrounded by numerous persimmon trees. Eventually the name was applied to the entire parish and to a nearby
bayou
.
The oldest European settlement in the parish was
La Balize
, where the French built and inhabited a crude fort by 1699 near the mouth of the Mississippi River. The name in French meant "seamark", a tall structure of wood built as a guide for ships. By 1721 the French built one 62 feet (19 m) high.
[4]
A surviving map from about 1720 shows the island and fort, and the mouth of the river.
[5]
As traffic and trade on the river increased, so did the importance of river pilots who were knowledgeable about the complicated, ever-changing currents and sandbars in the river. They lived at La Balize with their families. The village was destroyed and rebuilt numerous times, but it was abandoned for good after being destroyed by a September 1860 hurricane. The pilots moved upriver and built the settlement they named
Pilottown
, which reached its peak of population in the 19th century.
[6]
The river pilots' expertise continues to be critical, but now they generally live with their families in more populated areas. They stay at Pilottown temporarily for work.
An important historical site is
Fort Jackson
, built in 1822 as recommended by General
Andrew Jackson
, hero of the
Battle of New Orleans
in the
War of 1812
. In 1861, Fort Jackson served as an important
Confederate
defense for the city of New Orleans during the
Civil War
because it was at the mouth of the Mississippi River. The US Army used it as a training base during
World War I
, 1917?1918.
Plaquemines is one of only two parishes that have kept their same boundaries from the beginning of Louisiana's parishes in 1807 to today, the other being
St. Bernard Parish
.
20th century to present
[
edit
]
Because Plaquemines Parish encompasses the last 70 miles (110 km) of the Mississippi River before it reaches the Gulf of Mexico, it is the site of several oil refineries, which rely on the shipping lanes for moving their product. The
Mississippi River Delta
of Plaquemines is also a base for assistance to offshore oil rigs. Plaquemines Parish was the first place in the United States where shippers used a
container
for cargo in foreign trade. The area is also known for having the southernmost point in Louisiana, at just under 29 degrees north.
The
August 1901 Hurricane
caused damage, including 4 feet of water in
Buras
.
[7]
The
Great Hurricane of 1915
devastated much of the parish, with multiple
levee
breaches on both sides of the Mississippi, a 12-foot
storm surge
, and hundreds of deaths. Homelessness was widespread, and many people were reduced to starvation until charitable aid arrived.
[8]
The old Parish Courthouse in Pointe a la Hache was among the many buildings destroyed in the storm, but a new one was completed within the year.
In the early 1900s, Plaquemines was an exporter of citrus. Farmers used the railroads and the Mississippi to ship the large annual harvest to markets. Commercial fisheries, especially for oysters, have been important in the parish economy.
From 1924 to 1969, Plaquemines and St. Bernard parishes were effectively the domain of the Democratic
political boss
Leander Perez
, who established a strong hold over the area.
[9]
He was notorious for fixing elections and enforcing strict
racial segregation
. Upon his death, his sons Leander Perez Jr., and Chalin O. Perez were elected as the dominant political figures of the parish as district attorney and parish president, respectively. Interpersonal feuding weakened the family's hold on power. After another decade, by 1980 political opponents had begun to win local elections.
[9]
In 1969,
Hurricane Camille
devastated portions of Plaquemines Parish. Storm surge over 10 feet, winds over 100 miles per hour, and peak pressure at 941 hPa devastated
Buras, Louisiana
,
Venice, Louisiana
, and many more towns and cities.
During the
Great Mississippi Flood of 1927
, city and state leaders used
dynamite
to breach a
levee
at
Caernarvon
, thirteen miles (21 km) below Canal Street, in order to save the city of
New Orleans
from flooding. This action resulted in the flooding of much of the less populated St. Bernard and Plaquemines parishes, causing widespread destruction to agriculture and housing.
The Civil Rights struggle for African-Americans to become registered voters in Plaquemines Parish began in October 1946, under the guidance of Dr. Rev. Percy Murphy Griffin. With the aid of Attorneys Earl Amedee and
Louis Berry
from New Orleans, Griffin and twenty-six African-Americans from Plaquemines Parish organized the Plaquemines Parish Civil and Political Organization, Inc., to fight racial barriers established by Perez. In the summer of 1953, the group organized a voter registration drive for African Americans. In 1954,
Irene Griffin
became the first black woman to register to vote in the parish.
[10]
The organization filed
class-action suits
against Leander Perez and in 1953, several African-Americans became registered voters in Plaquemines Parish. In 1966, the organization led the fight to integrate public schools. The movement also worked to get Seymourville and another small community included within the parish boundaries; the city had sought to exclude these majority-black communities to prevent black votes from being counted.
[11]
The
Civil Rights Act of 1964
ended legal segregation, and the
Voting Rights Act of 1965
authorized federal oversight and enforcement of voter registration and elections in jurisdictions with historic under-representation of minority elements of the population. After 1965, African Americans in Louisiana began full participation in Louisiana politics.
In 1965,
Hurricane Betsy
flooded many buildings, including the parish courthouse, and caused nine deaths. Leander Perez sealed off the parish to control the distribution of state assistance.
[12]
It is estimated that without significant human intervention, Plaquemines Parish will lose 55% of its current land to rising sea levels over the next 50 years.
[13]
Hurricane Katrina
[
edit
]
Hurricane Katrina
struck Louisiana on August 29, 2005, resulting in one of the worst disasters in United States history; it severely damaged all of southeast Louisiana.
Martial law
was not declared in Plaquemines, contrary to many media reports, as no such term exists in Louisiana state law.
[14]
No place escaped without some damage, while most of Plaquemines,
Orleans
, and neighboring
St. Bernard
parishes was severely affected. The towns of
Pointe a la Hache
,
Port Sulphur
,
Buras
,
Triumph
,
Empire
,
Boothville
, Phoenix, and
Venice
suffered catastrophic damage.
Amid heavy rains accompanied by hurricane-force winds in excess of 120 mph (190 km/h) at initial landfall (with a Category 5 storm surge), the
levees
failed and broke. The
storm surge
which flowed in was more than 20 feet (6.1 m) high. Although a majority of the populace had complied with mandatory state evacuation orders, some did not, possibly because they were not able to. At least three people died.
[
citation needed
]
Geography
[
edit
]
According to the
U.S. Census Bureau
, the parish has a total area of 2,567 square miles (6,650 km
2
), of which 780 square miles (2,000 km
2
) is land and 1,787 square miles (4,630 km
2
) (70%) is water.
[15]
It is the largest parish by total area in Louisiana. Plaquemines Parish is bordered to the south and southeast by the
Gulf of Mexico
.
Major highways
[
edit
]
Adjacent parishes and features
[
edit
]
National protected areas
[
edit
]
Historic sites
[
edit
]
The parish includes three United States
National Historic Landmarks
:
The parish has five other sites listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
, including
Woodland Plantation
, which has been depicted on the label of
Southern Comfort
liqueur since the 1930s. Woodland Plantation is an
antebellum
mansion
located in
West Pointe a la Hache
, on the west bank of the Mississippi River. It is now operated as a
bed and breakfast
.
Communities
[
edit
]
There are no incorporated areas within Plaquemines Parish. Communities not listed below include Happy Jack, Myrtle Grove, Nairn, Naomi, Oakville, and Scarsdale.
Census-designated places
[
edit
]
Unincorporated communities
[
edit
]
Outdated designations
[
edit
]
Ghost towns
[
edit
]
Demographics
[
edit
]
Historical population
Census
| Pop.
| Note
| %±
|
1820
| 2,354
| | ?
|
---|
1830
| 4,489
| | 90.7%
|
---|
1840
| 5,060
| | 12.7%
|
---|
1850
| 7,390
| | 46.0%
|
---|
1860
| 8,494
| | 14.9%
|
---|
1870
| 10,552
| | 24.2%
|
---|
1880
| 11,575
| | 9.7%
|
---|
1890
| 12,541
| | 8.3%
|
---|
1900
| 13,039
| | 4.0%
|
---|
1910
| 12,524
| | ?3.9%
|
---|
1920
| 10,194
| | ?18.6%
|
---|
1930
| 9,608
| | ?5.7%
|
---|
1940
| 12,318
| | 28.2%
|
---|
1950
| 14,239
| | 15.6%
|
---|
1960
| 22,545
| | 58.3%
|
---|
1970
| 25,225
| | 11.9%
|
---|
1980
| 26,049
| | 3.3%
|
---|
1990
| 25,575
| | ?1.8%
|
---|
2000
| 26,757
| | 4.6%
|
---|
2010
| 23,042
| | ?13.9%
|
---|
2020
| 23,515
| | 2.1%
|
---|
Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana ? Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity
(
NH = Non-Hispanic
)
|
Pop 2000
[21]
|
Pop 2010
[22]
|
Pop 2020
[23]
|
% 2000
|
% 2010
|
% 2020
|
White
alone (NH)
|
18,412
|
15,617
|
13,764
|
68.81%
|
67.78%
|
58.53%
|
Black or African American
alone (NH)
|
6,227
|
4,675
|
4,863
|
23.27%
|
20.29%
|
20.68%
|
Native American
or
Alaska Native
alone (NH)
|
549
|
340
|
255
|
2.05%
|
1.48%
|
1.08%
|
Asian
alone (NH)
|
696
|
726
|
1,042
|
2.60%
|
3.15%
|
4.43%
|
Pacific Islander
alone (NH)
|
3
|
19
|
40
|
0.01%
|
0.08%
|
0.17%
|
Other race
alone (NH)
|
91
|
96
|
191
|
0.34%
|
0.42%
|
0.81%
|
Mixed race or Multiracial
(NH)
|
346
|
502
|
1,124
|
1.29%
|
2.18%
|
4.78%
|
Hispanic or Latino
(any race)
|
433
|
1,068
|
2,236
|
1.62%
|
4.63%
|
9.51%
|
Total
|
26,757
|
23,042
|
23,515
|
100.00%
|
100.00%
|
100.00%
|
At the
2000 U.S. census
,
[24]
there were 26,757 people, 9,021 households, and 7,000 families residing in the parish; in 2010, its population declined to 23,042. The 2019
American Community Survey
estimated 23,338 people resided in the parish.
[25]
At the
2020 U.S. census
, the population was 23,515.
[1]
At the 2019 census estimates, the racial and ethnic makeup of the parish was 67.9%
non-Hispanic white
, 20.3%
Black and African American
, 1.1%
American Indian and Alaska Native
, 3.9%
Asian
, 1.8% some other race, and 5.0% from
two or more races
; an estimated 7.3% of the population were
Hispanic and Latino American
of any race.
[25]
In 2000, the racial makeup of the parish was 69.77% White, 23.39% Black or African American, 2.07% Native American, 2.62% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.73% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races; 1.62% of the population were Hispanic or Latino American of any race. Of the population in 2000, 2.22% reported speaking
French
or
Creole
French at home; in 2019, 10.4% of the population spoke another language other than
English
at home. Reflecting nationwide demographic trends of
non-Hispanic white decline
,
[26]
the 2020 census determined 58.53% of the population was non-Hispanic white, 20.68% Black or African American, 1.08% Native American, 4.40% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 5.59% two or more races, and 9.51% Hispanic and Latino American of any race.
[27]
[28]
In 2000, were 9,021 households, out of which 39.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.50% were
married couples
living together, 14.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.40% were non-families. 18.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.30. At the 2019 census estimates, there were 8,919 households living in 10,174 housing units.
[25]
The median income for a household in the parish was $38,173, and the median income for a family was $42,610 in 2000. Males had a median income of $37,245 versus $21,691 for females. The
per capita income
for the parish was $15,937. About 15.40% of families and 18.00% of the population were below the
poverty line
, including 20.70% of those under age 18 and 18.40% of those age 65 or over. In 2019, the median household income increased to $57,204. Males had a median income of $49,251 versus $36,404 for females; 18.2% of the parish population lived at or below the poverty line.
Religiously,
Christianity
has been the area's predominant religion. According to the
Association of Religion Data Archives
in 2020, the
Roman Catholic Church
was the parish's largest single Christian denomination with 14,845 members spread throughout 5 parish churches.
Non-denominational
and
interdenominational
congregationalist
,
Bible
, and
United and Uniting
churches were the second-largest Christian group in the parish with 1,190 members.
[29]
The non/inter-denominational churches reflected the increase among ecumenical and independent churches throughout Louisiana since the 2020 religion census by the Association of Religion Data Archives.
Economy
[
edit
]
Plaquemines has a significant seafood industry. The parish exports millions of pounds of shrimp, crab, oysters, and fish annually. Plaquemines also has a vibrant citrus and horticulture nursery stock industry, but saltwater intrusion is becoming a hurdle to these producers.
[30]
The seafood and citrus industries have suffered somewhat in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. About half the shrimping and shellfish fleet were lost. In January 2007, thousands of citrus trees went unpicked.
[
citation needed
]
As of 2012, Plaquemines parish is the largest crude-oil producing parish in Louisiana. It produced over 14 million barrels in 2012.
[31]
Plaquemines Port
is one of the largest ports in the United States, handling mostly domestic traffic. The Plaquemines Port, Harbor & Terminal District is coextensive with the parish. It was created in 1954 by the legislature of Louisiana as a state agency. It is governed by a committee of the Plaquemines Parish Council, acting as the Port Board.
[32]
Alternative energy
[
edit
]
Oil and gas continue to play a dominant role in the Plaquemines economy; however, there is a growing policy and resource trend in favor of
renewable resources
. The Parish government is working with public and private partners to invest in renewable energy, including
hydrokinetic energy
and
wind energy
. Plaquemines has a huge potential for hydrokinetic energy sites along deep bends in the Mississippi River. The flow of the river is 470,000 cubic feet per second at the
Head of Passes
during normal river stages and 1,250,000 during peak times.
[33]
Tidal turbines would be placed in deep bends of the river below seagoing and barge traffic. The turbines would also be located below the usual migrating routes of fish. Four companies intending to install turbines are in the regulatory and permitting stages.
[34]
The potential installation of wind turbines at the mouth of the Mississippi River is also being considered.
[35]
The capacity of a wind source to produce energy is generally measured by Wind Power Density. Wind Power Densities are divided into seven Wind Power Classes. According to the American Wind Energy Association, Plaquemines has winds in specified areas that fall into a Wind Power Class of seven, which makes the Parish a particularly attractive location for wind turbine investment. Wind turbines would likely be placed at the mouth of the Mississippi, where winds are the strongest.
Wind Energy Systems Technology has proposed to build a 12.5 MV wind farm in
Barataria Bay
off the coast of Plaquemines Parish. The energy would be sent to Myrtle Gove through an underground cable. The wind farm would be supplemented with natural gas turbines when wind speeds are either not sufficient or too robust to supply power. A similar proposal is being considered for the southern portion of the Parish.
Education
[
edit
]
Plaquemines Parish School Board
operates the public schools of the parish.
[36]
The parish is in the service area of
Nunez Community College
.
[37]
Politics
[
edit
]
Plaquemines Parish was for a long time controlled by the notorious Democrat political boss
Leander Perez
, who turned the parish's voters away from the National Democratic Party with his support of the
Dixiecrat
ticket in 1948.
[38]
The parish has been solidly anti-Democratic and at times overwhelmingly so at a Presidential level since 1948, with the only Democratic nominee subsequently to carry the parish being
Bill Clinton
in 1996. In 1952 it was the most Republican county-equivalent in the nation,
[39]
and until the decay of the Perez machine no Democrat was to pass thirty percent of the parish's vote.
Plaquemines Parish is the home of former Parish President and current Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
Billy Nungesser
.
Former Parish President, Republican
Amos Cormier III
, who additionally secured the endorsement of the parish
Libertarians
, defeated his Republican rival
Kirk Lepine
in the 2016 special election runoff by a margin of some 20 percent. On December 8, 2018, however, Lepine in a runoff rematch unseated Cormier, 3,625 votes (52 percent) to 3,289 (48 percent).
[40]
Keith Hinkley was elected Parish President in 2022.
[41]
United States presidential election results for Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
[42]
Year
|
Republican
|
Democratic
|
Third party
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
2020
|
7,412
|
67.30%
|
3,414
|
31.00%
|
188
|
1.71%
|
2016
|
6,900
|
65.26%
|
3,347
|
31.66%
|
326
|
3.08%
|
2012
|
6,471
|
63.20%
|
3,599
|
35.15%
|
169
|
1.65%
|
2008
|
6,894
|
65.98%
|
3,380
|
32.35%
|
175
|
1.67%
|
2004
|
7,866
|
64.72%
|
4,181
|
34.40%
|
106
|
0.87%
|
2000
|
6,302
|
57.65%
|
4,425
|
40.48%
|
204
|
1.87%
|
1996
|
4,493
|
41.61%
|
5,348
|
49.53%
|
956
|
8.85%
|
1992
|
5,018
|
44.58%
|
4,467
|
39.68%
|
1,772
|
15.74%
|
1988
|
6,084
|
59.11%
|
3,997
|
38.83%
|
212
|
2.06%
|
1984
|
7,655
|
69.74%
|
3,261
|
29.71%
|
61
|
0.56%
|
1980
|
5,489
|
54.46%
|
4,318
|
42.84%
|
272
|
2.70%
|
1976
|
6,052
|
68.35%
|
2,614
|
29.52%
|
189
|
2.13%
|
1972
|
6,595
|
83.05%
|
990
|
12.47%
|
356
|
4.48%
|
1968
|
968
|
11.33%
|
1,144
|
13.39%
|
6,430
|
75.28%
|
1964
|
4,904
|
86.35%
|
775
|
13.65%
|
0
|
0.00%
|
1960
|
712
|
13.84%
|
1,087
|
21.12%
|
3,347
|
65.04%
|
1956
|
2,998
|
81.20%
|
534
|
14.46%
|
160
|
4.33%
|
1952
|
3,370
|
92.97%
|
255
|
7.03%
|
0
|
0.00%
|
1948
|
90
|
3.24%
|
77
|
2.78%
|
2,607
|
93.98%
|
1944
|
335
|
16.03%
|
1,755
|
83.97%
|
0
|
0.00%
|
1940
|
204
|
9.34%
|
1,979
|
90.66%
|
0
|
0.00%
|
1936
|
94
|
4.08%
|
2,209
|
95.92%
|
0
|
0.00%
|
1932
|
38
|
1.94%
|
1,918
|
98.06%
|
0
|
0.00%
|
1928
|
98
|
8.49%
|
1,056
|
91.51%
|
0
|
0.00%
|
1924
|
119
|
20.84%
|
432
|
75.66%
|
20
|
3.50%
|
1920
|
124
|
26.44%
|
329
|
70.15%
|
16
|
3.41%
|
1916
|
43
|
8.41%
|
461
|
90.22%
|
7
|
1.37%
|
1912
|
41
|
9.40%
|
361
|
82.80%
|
34
|
7.80%
|
Notable people
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"QuickFacts: Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana"
.
U.S. Census Bureau
. Retrieved
August 12,
2021
.
- ^
"Find a County"
. National Association of Counties
. Retrieved
June 7,
2011
.
- ^
"Plaquemines Parish"
. Center for Cultural and Eco-Tourism
. Retrieved
September 6,
2014
.
- ^
David Roth, "Louisiana Hurricane History: 18th Century (1722-1800)", Tropical Weather - National Weather Service - Lake Charles, LA; 24 Jun 2003
, accessed May 7, 2008
- ^
"Carte du Fleuve Saint Louis ou Mississippy dix lieues au dessous de la Novelle Orleans jusqu'a son Embouchoure"
, Louisiana State Museum Map Database, originally accessed May 6, 2008, only catalog entry available online April 4, 2016
- ^
David Roth, "Louisiana Hurricane History: Late 19th Century (1851-1900)"
, Tropical Weather - National Weather Service - Lake Charles, LA; Jun 2003, accessed May 6, 2008
- ^
"Louisiana Hurricanes"
, The Cajuns
- ^
"Hurricane of 1915: Plaquemines Parish History"
- ^
a
b
Glen Jeansonne,
Leander Perez: Boss of the Delta
ISBN
1604736372
- ^
"Irene Griffin, first black woman to register to vote in Plaquemines Parish, dies at 84"
.
New Orleans Times-Picayune
. March 29, 2012
. Retrieved
December 29,
2018
.
Mrs. Griffin was an ardent supporter of her husband's efforts to take on segregationist Judge Leander Perez Sr. When the Rev. Griffin returned home in 1946 after serving in World War II, he started a voter registration campaign for black residents. Mrs. Griffin became the first black woman to register to vote in 1954.
- ^
Louisiana Diary
Archived
August 3, 2014, at the
Wayback Machine
, March 16, 1964, Written, directed and narrated by Richard O. Moore, aired on PBS
- ^
Jeansonne;
Leander Perez
,
p. 354
- ^
Sack, Kevin; Schwartz, John (October 8, 2018).
"As Storms Keep Coming, FEMA Spends Billions in 'Cycle' of Damage and Repair"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
October 9,
2018
.
- ^
McDonell, Keelin (September 2, 2005).
"What Is Martial Law?"
.
Slate
.
ISSN
1091-2339
. Retrieved
March 6,
2018
.
- ^
"2010 Census Gazetteer Files"
. United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from
the original
on September 28, 2013
. Retrieved
August 20,
2014
.
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[1]
[
permanent dead link
]
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Text list
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Jeansonne;
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Leip, David.
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External links
[
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Places adjacent to Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
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29°23′N
89°29′W
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29.39°N 89.48°W
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