Genus of birds
The
piping guans
are a
bird
genus
,
Pipile
, in the
family
Cracidae
. A recent study,
[2]
evaluating
mtDNA
,
osteology
and
biogeography
data
[2]
concluding that the
wattled guan
belongs in the same genus as these and is a
hypermelanistic
piping guan. Thus,
Pipile
became a
junior synonym
of
Aburria
, though this conclusion was not accepted by the South American Checklist Committee,
[3]
or evaluated by the IOC, so the classification remains in Pipile.
The same results also showed that the light-faced
taxa
pipile, cumanensis
and
cujubi
are not, as was sometimes suggested,
conspecific
. However, free interbreeding between
A. cujubi
and
A. cumanensis grayi
in eastern Bolivia, creating a "hybrid swarm", casts doubt on this conclusion for the two species named.
[3]
[4]
It was possible to confidently resolve that the white-faced species form a
clade
, whereas the more basal black-faced forms are of less certain relationship. Possibly, the
black-fronted piping guan
is the
basalmost
taxon
, but the placement of the
wattled guan
in regard to its
congeners
is not all too well resolved. Blue wattles evolved only once, in a lineage which seems to have originated north of the
Amazon River
. The piping guans'
radiation
began in the latter half of the
Early Pliocene
, roughly 4?3.5
mya
. The white-faced lineage emerged around 3 mya and its present diversity began to evolve around the Pliocene-
Pleistocene
boundary, when the ancestors of the
red-throated piping guan
and the blue-wattled taxa split. Due to not being calibrated by material evidence such as
fossils
, the divergence times cannot be estimated with a high confidence.
[2]
The origin of the genus was possibly in the general area of eastern
Bolivia
, at the very margin of its current range. From the
phylogeny
outlined above, the piping guans would be expected to have originated in the southern
Brazilian
lowlands. However, although the relationships of the genera of guans are not entirely clear, it seems most likely that the group originated in the northern
Andes
region: The northernmost guan genera
Chamaepetes
and
Penelopina
appear to be basal divergences, and
Pipile
is most likely closer to
Penelope
(which represents a generally southward radiation out of the northern Andes) than to these.
Thus it appears most likely that the present genus diverged in the eastern foothills of the Andes somewhere in the vicinity of Bolivia, far to the northwest from where its origin would be presumed from the phylogeny and present-day distribution of
Pipile
alone.
[5]
[2]
Two considerations are worthy of note: First, the time at which the ancestor of the piping guans diverged from
Penelope
has been roughly dated to the
Burdigalian
, some 20-15 mya, which leaves a considerable gap during which no surviving piping guan lineage evolved.
[5]
Secondly, it is notable that in the
Late Pliocene
, rising
sea levels
transformed much of the South American lowlands into brackish
lagoon
habitat unsuitable for piping guans. Thus, the present distribution is apparently a
relict
, and
extinction
of populations/displacement by the more resilient
Penelope
guans seems to have played as much or possibly more of a role in shaping the diversity of piping guans of our time than emergence of new lineages.
[2]
Species
[
edit
]
Genus
Pipile
?
Bonaparte
, 1856
? Five species
Common name
|
Scientific name and subspecies
|
Range
|
Size and ecology
|
IUCN status and estimated population
|
Trinidad piping guan
|
Pipile pipile
(Jacquin, 1784)
|
Trinidad
|
Size
:
Habitat
:
Diet
:
|
CR
|
Blue-throated piping guan
|
Pipile cumanensis
(Jacquin, 1784)
|
Colombia to the Guianas, Brazil, and Peru
|
Size
:
Habitat
:
Diet
:
|
LC
|
White-throated piping guan
|
Pipile grayi
(Pelzeln, 1870)
|
Brazil, Peru, Bolivia and Paraguay
|
Size
:
Habitat
:
Diet
:
|
NT
|
Red-throated piping guan
|
Pipile cujubi
(Pelzeln, 1858)
- Pipile c. cujubi
(Pelzeln, 1858)
- Pipile c. nattereri
(
Reichenbach
, 1861)
|
northeastern Bolivia and Brazil
|
Size
:
Habitat
:
Diet
:
|
VU
|
Black-fronted piping guan
|
Pipile jacutinga
(Spix, 1825)
|
Atlantic Forests in south-eastern Brazil and adjacent Argentina and Paraguay
|
Size
:
Habitat
:
Diet
:
|
EN
|
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Peters, JL (1934).
Check-list of birds of the world
. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 22?23.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Grau, Erwin T.; Pereira, Sergio Luiz; Silveira, Luis Fabio; Hofling, Elizabeth; Wanjtal, Anita (2005).
"Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of Neotropical piping guans (Aves: Galliformes):
Pipile
Bonaparte, 1856 is synonym of
Aburria
Reichenbach, 1853"
(PDF)
.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
.
35
(3): 637?645.
doi
:
10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.004
.
PMID
15878132
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2008-12-17.
- ^
a
b
Remsen, J. V. Jr.; Cadena, C. D.; Jaramillo, A.; Nores, M.; Pacheco, J. F.; Robbins, M. B.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Stiles, F. G.; Stotz, D. F.; Zimmer, K. J.
"A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union"
. Archived from
the original
on 2009-03-02
. Retrieved
21 October
2007
.
- ^
del Hoyo, Josep; Motis, Anna (2004). "updated chapter". In Delacour, Jean;
Amadon, Dean
(eds.).
Curassows and Related Birds
(Lynx Edicions ed.). American Museum of Natural History.
ISBN
84-87334-64-4
.
- ^
a
b
Pereira, Sergio Luiz; Baker, Allan J.; Wajntal, Anita (2002).
"Combined nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences resolve generic relationships within the Cracidae (Galliformes, Aves)"
(PDF)
.
Systematic Biology
.
51
(6): 946?958.
doi
:
10.1080/10635150290102519
.
PMID
12554460
.
S2CID
19977508
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2008-09-10.
Genera of
landfowl
and their extinct allies
|
---|
|
|
|
|
|