Pale tint of red
Pink
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Pink
is the
color
of
a namesake flower
that is a pale tint of
red
.
[2]
[3]
It was first used as a color name in the late 17th century.
[4]
According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most often associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, childhood, femininity, and romance. A combination of pink and white is associated with innocence, whereas a combination of pink and black links to eroticism and seduction.
[5]
In the 21st century, pink is seen as
a symbol of femininity
, though it has not always been seen this way. In the 1920s, pink was seen as a color that reflected
masculinity
.
[6]
In nature and culture
[
edit
]
-
Various shades of pink
-
The color pink takes its name from the flowers called
pinks
, members of the genus
Dianthus
.
-
In most European languages, pink is known as
rose
or
rosa
, after the
rose
flower.
-
Cherry blossoms in Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. In Japanese the word for cherry blossom pink is (
sakura-iro
), and peach blossoms (
momo-iro
).
-
Greater pink
flamingoes
in flight over Pocharam Lake in
Andhra Pradesh
, India.
-
Rhodochrosite
is one of the many pink gemstones.
Etymology and definitions
[
edit
]
The color pink is named after the flowers,
pinks
,
[7]
flowering plants
in the genus
Dianthus
,
and derives from the frilled edge of the flowers. The verb "to pink" dates from the 14th century and means "to decorate with a perforated or punched pattern" (possibly from German
picken
, "to peck").
[8]
It has survived to the current day in
pinking shears
, hand-held scissors that cut a zig-zagged line to prevent fraying.
History, art and fashion
[
edit
]
The color pink has been described in literature since ancient times. In the
Odyssey
, written in approximately 800 BCE,
Homer
wrote "Then, when the child of morning,
rosy-fingered dawn
appeared..."
[9]
Roman poets also described the color.
Roseus
is the
Latin
word meaning "
rosy
" or "pink."
Lucretius
used the word to describe the
dawn
in his
epic poem
On the Nature of Things
(
De rerum natura
).
[10]
Pink was not a common color in the fashion of the Middle Ages; nobles usually preferred brighter reds, such as crimson. However, it did appear in women's fashion and religious art. In the 13th and 14th centuries, in works by
Cimabue
and
Duccio
, the Christ child was sometimes portrayed dressed in pink, the color associated with the body of Christ.
In the high Renaissance painting the
Madonna of the Pinks
by
Raphael
, the Christ child is presenting a
pink flower
to the
Virgin Mary
. The pink was a symbol of marriage, showing a spiritual marriage between the mother and child.
[11]
During the Renaissance, pink was mainly used for the flesh color of faces and hands. The pigment commonly used for this was called light cinabrese; it was a mixture of the red earth pigment called
sinopia
, or
Venetian red
, and a white pigment called
Bianco San Genovese
, or lime white. In his famous 15th century manual on painting,
Il Libro Dell'Arte
,
Cennino Cennini
described it this way: "This pigment is made from the loveliest and lightest sinopia that is found and is mixed and mulled with St. John's white, as it is called in Florence; and this white is made from thoroughly white and thoroughly purified lime. And when these two pigments have been thoroughly mulled together (that is, two parts cinabrese and the third white), make little loaves of them like half walnuts and leave them to dry. When you need some, take however much of it seems appropriate. And this pigment does you great credit if you use it for painting faces, hands, and nudes on walls..."
[12]
18th century
[
edit
]
Pink was particularly championed by
Madame de Pompadour
(1721?1764), the mistress of King
Louis XV of France
, who wore combinations of pale blue and pink, and had a particular tint of pink made for her by the
Sevres porcelain
factory, created by adding nuances of blue, black and yellow.
[13]
While pink was quite evidently the color of seduction in the portraits made by
George Romney
of
Emma, Lady Hamilton
, the future mistress of Admiral
Horatio Nelson
, in the late 18th century, it had the completely opposite meaning in the portrait of Sarah Barrett Moulton painted by
Thomas Lawrence
in 1794. In this painting, it symbolized childhood, innocence and tenderness. Sarah Moulton was just eleven years of age when the picture was painted, and died the following year.
19th century
[
edit
]
In 19th century England, pink ribbons or decorations were often worn by young boys; boys were simply considered small men, and while men in England wore red uniforms, boys wore pink. In fact the clothing for children in the 19th century was almost always white, since, before the invention of chemical dyes, clothing of any color would quickly fade when washed in boiling water.
[14]
Queen Victoria was painted in 1850 with her seventh child and third son, Prince Arthur, who wore white and pink. In late nineteenth-century France, Impressionist painters working in a pastel color palette sometimes depicted women wearing the color pink, such as
Edgar Degas
' image of ballet dancers or
Mary Cassatt
's images of women and children.
-
Queen Victoria
in 1850 or 1851 with her third son and seventh child, Prince Arthur. In the 19th century, baby boys often wore white and pink. Pink was seen as a masculine color, while girls often wore white and blue.
-
Young boy in pink, American school of painting (about 1840). Both girls and boys wore pink in the 19th century.
-
-
Dancers in pink, between scenes
. Edgar Degas
-
The Impressionist painter
Claude Monet
used pink, blue and green to capture the effects of light and shadows on a white dress in
Springtime
(1872).
-
Mary Cassatt,
Girl in a Bonnet Tied with a Large Pink Bow
, 1909. Oil on canvas (68 x 57.2 cm). Private Collection.
20th century - present
[
edit
]
A dress parade, held in 1949, at the famous Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York, caused a stir among attendees due to the vibrant pink tones in the dresses and garments. The journalists and critics of the time, seeking to know Mexican designer Ramon Valdiosera's inspiration, asked him about the origin of the color. The artist simply replied that that pink was already part of Mexican culture, which the New York fashion critic Perle Mesta then described as Mexican Pink.
[15]
The
First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1953), when Eisenhower's wife
Mamie Eisenhower
wore a pink dress as her inaugural gown, is thought to have been a key turning point in the association of pink as a color associated with girls. Mamie's strong liking of pink led to the public association with pink being a color that "ladylike women wear." The 1957 American musical
Funny Face
also played a role in cementing the color's association with women.
[16]
In the 20th century, pinks became bolder, brighter, and more assertive, partly because of the invention of chemical dyes that did not fade. The pioneer in the creation of the new wave of pinks was the Italian designer
Elsa Schiaparelli
(1890-1973), who was aligned with the artists of the
surrealist
movement, including
Jean Cocteau
.
[14]
In 1931 she created a new variety of the color, called
shocking pink
, made by mixing
magenta
with a small amount of white. She launched a perfume called Shocking, sold in a bottle in the shape of a woman's torso, said to be modelled on that of
Mae West
. Her fashions, co-designed with artists like Cocteau, featured the new pinks.
[17]
In
Nazi Germany
in the 1930s and 1940s, inmates of
Nazi concentration camps
who were accused of
homosexuality
were forced to wear a
pink triangle
.
[18]
Because of this, the pink triangle has become a symbol of the modern
gay rights movement
.
[19]
The transition to pink as a sexually differentiating color for girls occurred gradually, through the selective process of the marketplace, in the 1930s and 40s. In the 1920s, some groups had described pink as a masculine color, an equivalent to red, which was considered for men but lighter for boys. But stores nonetheless found that people were increasingly choosing to buy pink for girls, and blue for boys, until this became an accepted norm in the 1940s.
[20]
[21]
Science and nature
[
edit
]
Optics
[
edit
]
In optics, the word "pink" can refer to any of the pale shades of colors between
bluish
red
to red in hue, of medium to high lightness, and of low to moderate
saturation
.
[22]
Although pink is generally considered a
tint
of red,
[23]
[24]
the colors of most
tints of pink
are slightly bluish, and lie between red and
magenta
. A few variations of pink, such as salmon color, lean toward orange.
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
Sunrises and sunsets
[
edit
]
As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and
airborne particles
. This is called
Rayleigh scattering
. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye.
[29]
At
sunrise
and
sunset
, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange, red and pink light. The remaining pinkish sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon a pink or reddish glow.
[30]
-
Sunrise in southeast Alaska. Sunsets and sunrises are sometimes pink because of an optical effect called
Rayleigh scattering
.
-
Geology
[
edit
]
Biology
[
edit
]
-
A Strigilla carnaria shell from
Dominica
, in the
West Indies
.
-
An Ocelated frogfish (
Antennarius ocellatus
), from
East Timor
. The frogfish is camouflaged to look like a rock covered with algae or seaweed; it lies motionless and waits for its prey to come to it.
-
The
pink iguana
of the
Galapagos Islands
was first identified in 1986 and first recognized as a distinct
species
in 2009.
-
The
Pink Dolphin
is a freshwater
river dolphin
which lives in the
Orinoco
,
Amazon
and
Araguaia
/
Tocantins River
systems of
Brazil
,
Bolivia
,
Peru
,
Ecuador
,
Colombia
and
Venezuela
. It is an
endangered species
and has a brain 40% larger than a human's.
-
The so-called "
white elephant
" is revered in several countries in
Southeast Asia
and is naturally pinkish gray. They are actually
albino
elephants.
-
The
pig
has been domesticated over ten thousand years and selectively bred to have a pink skin, without
melanin
, which farmers traditionally have preferred to a dark color.
[31]
-
Flamingoes
in
Laguna Colorada
,
Bolivia
. The pink or reddish color of flamingos comes from
carotenoid
proteins in their diet of animal and plant
plankton
. An unhealthy or malnourished flamingo, or one kept in captivity and not fed sufficient carotene, is usually pale or white.
-
A
Roseate spoonbill
in
Myakka River State Park
in
Florida
. Its pink color, like that of the flamingo, comes from the
carotenoid
pigments in its diet.
-
The
Lophochroa leadbeateri
, commonly known as Major Mitchell's Cockatoo or the pink cockatoo, is a native of the arid interior regions of Australia.
-
Lake Hillier
, Australia, the color is caused by algae
Pink coloration of meat and seafood
[
edit
]
Raw
beef
is red, because the muscles of
vertebrate
animals, such as cows and pigs, contain a
protein
called
myoglobin
, which binds oxygen and
iron
atoms. When beef is cooked, the myoglobin proteins undergo oxidation, and gradually turn from red to pink to brown; that is, from rare to medium to well-done. Pork contains less myoglobin than beef and therefore is less red; when heated, it changes from pinkish-red to less pink to tan or white.
Ham
, though it contains myoglobins like beef, undergoes a different transformation. Traditional hams, such as
prosciutto
, are made by taking the hind leg or thigh of a pig, covering it with sea salt, which removes the moisture content, and then letting it dry or cure for as long as two years. The salt (
sodium nitrate
) permits the ham to retain its original pink color, even when dried out. Supermarket hams are made by a different and faster process; they are brined, or infused with a salt-water solution, containing
sodium nitrite
, which transfers
nitric oxide
, which bonds with the myoglobin to form the traditional pink cured ham color.
The shells and flesh of
crustaceans
such as
crabs
,
lobsters
and
shrimp
contain a pink
carotenoid
pigment called
astaxanthin
. Their shells, naturally blue-green, turn pink or red when cooked. The flesh of the
salmon
also contains astaxanthin, which makes it pink. Farm-bred salmon are sometimes fed these pigments to improve their pinkness, and it is sometimes also used to enhance the color of
egg yolks
.
-
Roast beef
gets its distinctive pink color from
myoglobin
, which gradually turns from red to pink to brown (rare to medium to well-done) when heated.
-
Prosciutto hams also get their pink color from salt combined with the natural protein called
myoglobin
.
-
The shells and flesh of steamed
shrimp
contain a natural
carotenoid
pigment called
astaxanthin
, which turns pink when heated. The same process turns cooked lobster and crab from blue-green to red when they are boiled.
-
The meat of the
salmon
is also colored pink by the natural
carotenoid
pigment called
astaxanthin
.
Plants and flowers
[
edit
]
Pink is one of the most common colors of flowers; it serves to attract the insects and birds necessary for
pollination
and perhaps also to deter predators. The color comes from natural pigments called
anthocyanins
, which also provide the pink in
raspberries
.
Pigments - Pinke
[
edit
]
In the 17th century, the word
pink
or
pinke
was also used to describe a yellowish pigment, which was mixed with blue colors to yield greenish colors.
Thomas Jenner
's
A Book of Drawing, Limning, Washing
(1652) categorises "Pink &
blew
bice
" amongst the
greens
(p. 38),
[32]
and specifies several admixtures of greenish colors made with pink?e.g. "Grasse-green is made of Pink and Bice, it is shadowed with
Indigo
and Pink … French-green of Pink and Indico [shadowed with] Indico" (pp. 38?40). In
William Salmon
's
Polygraphice
(1673), "Pink yellow" is mentioned amongst the chief
yellow
pigments (p. 96), and the reader is instructed to mix it with either
Saffron
or
Ceruse
for "sad" or "light" shades thereof, respectively.
Sonics
[
edit
]
- Pink noise
(
sample
ⓘ
), also known as 1/f noise, in
audio engineering
is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum such that the power spectral density is proportional to the reciprocal of the frequency.
Lighting
[
edit
]
- Grow lights
often use a combination of red and blue wavelengths, which generally appear pink to the human eye.
[33]
- Pink
neon signs
are generally produced using one of two different methods. One method is to use neon gas and a blue or purple phosphor, which generally produces a warmer (more reddish) or more intense shade of pink. Another method is to use an argon/mercury blend and a red phosphor, which generally produces a cooler (more purplish) or softer shade of pink.
- Pink
LEDs
can be produced using two methods, either with a blue LED using two phosphors (yellow for the first phosphor, and red, orange, or pink for the second), or by placing a pink dye on top of a white LED. Color shifting was a common issue with early pink LEDs, where the red, orange, or pink phosphors or dyes faded over time, causing the pink color to eventually shift towards white or blue. These issues have been mitigated by the more recent introduction of more fade-resistant phosphors.
Engineering
[
edit
]
- Insulation manufactured by
Owens Corning
is dyed pink, with the
Pink Panther
as its corporate mascot. The company holds a trademark on the color pink for insulation products in order to prevent competitors from using it, and is the first company in the United States to trademark a color.
[34]
- The United States
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
specifies fluorescent pink as an optional color for
traffic signs
used for
incident management
as an alternative to the traditional orange in order to distinguish them from construction zone signs.
[35]
In symbolism and culture
[
edit
]
Common associations and popularity
[
edit
]
According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, softness, childhood, the feminine, and the romantic.
[36]
Although it did not have any strong negative associations in these surveys, few respondents chose pink as their favorite color. Pink was the favorite color of only two percent of respondents.
[37]
There was a notable difference between men and women in regards to a preference for pink; three percent of women chose pink as their favorite color, compared with less than one percent of men. Many of the men surveyed were unable to even identify pink correctly, confusing it with
mauve
. Pink was also more popular with older people than younger.
[38]
In Japan, pink is the color most commonly associated with
springtime
due to the blooming cherry blossoms.
[39]
[40]
This is different from surveys in the United States and Europe where
green
is the color most associated with springtime.
Pink in other languages
[
edit
]
In many languages, the word for the color pink is based on the name of the
rose
flower; like
rose
in French;
roze
in Dutch;
rosa
in German, Latin, Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish, Italian, Swedish and Norwegian (
Nynorsk
and
Bokmal
);
rozovyy/розовый
in Russian;
ro?owy
in Polish; ???? (
varod
) in Hebrew; ?????? (
golapi
) in Bangla; and ?????? (
gul?bee
) in Hindi. In English "rose", too, often refers to both the flower and the color.
In Danish, Faroese and Finnish, the color pink is described as a lighter shade of red:
lyserød
in Danish,
ljosareyður
in Faroese and
vaaleanpunainen
in Finnish, all meaning "light red". Similarly, some Celtic languages use a term meaning "whitish red":
gwynnrudh
in Cornish,
bandearg
in Irish,
bane-yiarg
in Manx,
ban-dhearg
in Scottish Gaelic (which also uses
liath-dhearg
"greyish/pale red" and
pinc
from English). In Icelandic, the color is called
bleikur
, originally meaning "pale".
In the Japanese language, the traditional word for pink,
momo-iro
(
ももいろ
)
, takes its name from the peach blossom. There is a separate word for the color of the cherry blossom:
sakura-iro
. In recent times a word based on the English version,
pinku
(
ピンク
)
, has begun to be used.
In Chinese, the color pink is named with a compound noun 粉紅色, meaning "powder red" where the powder refers to substances used for women's make-up.
The Thai word for the color, ???? (
chom-puu
), derives ultimately from Sanskrit ????? (
jamb?
) "
rose apple
".
Idioms and expressions
[
edit
]
- In the pink
. To be in top form, in good health, in good condition. In Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio says; "I am the very pink of courtesy." Romeo: Pink for flower? Mercutio: Right. Romeo: Then my pump is well flowered."
[41]
- To see pink elephants
means to hallucinate from alcoholism. The expression was used by American novelist
Jack London
in his book
John Barleycorn
in 1913.
- Pink slip
. To be given a pink slip means to be fired or dismissed from a job. It was first recorded in 1915 in the United States.
- The phrase "
pink-collar worker
" refers to persons working in jobs conventionally regarded as "
women's work
".
- Pink money
,
the pink pound
or
pink dollar
is an economic term which refers to the spending power of the
LGBT
community.
[42]
Advertising
agencies sometimes call the gay market the
pink economy
.
- Tickled pink
means extremely pleased.
- The Pink Tax
refers to the invisible price women must pay for goods that are created and advertised specifically for them. It is the tendency for products targeted specifically toward women to be more expensive than those targeted toward men.
[43]
Architecture
[
edit
]
Early pink buildings were usually built of brick or
sandstone
, which takes its pale red color from hematite, or iron ore. In the 18th century - the golden age of pink and other pastel colors - pink mansions and churches were built all across Europe. More modern pink buildings usually use the color pink to appear exotic or to attract attention.
-
Casa Rosada
, or the "Pink House", in
Buenos Aires
, built between 1713 and 1855 as a fort and then customs house, is the official residence and office of the President of Argentina.
-
A pink building in
Vaaksy
,
Asikkala
, Finland.
-
The City Center in
Kannur
, India.
-
Ostankino Palace
, outside of Moscow, is an 18th-century country house built by
Pyotr Sheremetev
, then the richest man in Russia.
-
Macau Government Headquarters
(1849), an example of Portuguese colonial architecture and the
Pombaline style
in
Macau
.
-
The
Royal Hawaiian Hotel
in
Honolulu
, Hawaii, built in 1927, was the first hotel on
Waikiki Beach
. Its pink color was designed to match an exotic setting, and to contrast with the blue of the sea and green of the landscape.
-
The
Georgia-Pacific Tower
in
Atlanta, Georgia
(1981), a modernist pink skyscraper.
-
Canada Place Building
, in
Edmonton
,
Alberta
, Canada (1988) a
post-modernist
style government office building.
-
"big Pink" The
US Bancorp Tower
in
Portland, Oregon
pink granite and windows(ground breaking 1981 dedicated 1983)
-
The
Norfolk Royale Hotel
in
Bournemouth
,
England
was built between 1840 and 1850.
-
-
-
Necessidades Palace
, headquarters of the
Portuguese Foreign Ministry
. It served previously as a royal residence.
-
The
Imperial Museum of Brazil
. Formerly used as the summer residence by the
Brazilian imperial family
.
-
The
Presidential Palace of Sao Tome
, built in the late 19th century.
Food and beverages
[
edit
]
According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with sweet foods and beverages. Pink is also one of the few colors to be strongly associated with a particular aroma, that of roses.
[44]
Many
strawberry
and
raspberry
-flavored foods are colored pink and light red as well, sometimes to distinguish them from
cherry
-flavored foods that are more commonly colored dark red (although raspberry-flavored foods, particularly in the United States, are often colored blue as well). The drink
Tab
was packaged in pink cans, presumably to subconsciously convey a sweet taste.
The pink color in most packaged and processed foods, ice creams, candies and pastries is made with artificial
food coloring
. The most common pink food coloring is
erythrosine
, also known as Red No. 3, an
organoiodine compound
, a derivative of
fluorone
, which is a cherry-pink synthetic.
[45]
It is usually listed on package labels as E-127. Another common red or pink (particularly in the United States where erythrosine is less frequently used) is
Allura Red AC
(E-129), also known as Red No. 40. Some products use a natural red or pink food coloring,
Cochineal
, also called
carmine
, made with crushed insects of the family
Dactylopius coccus
.
Gender
[
edit
]
In Europe and the United States, pink is often associated with girls, while blue is associated with boys. These colors were first used as
gender
signifiers just prior to World War I (for either girls or boys), and pink was first established as a female gender signifier in the 1940s.
[46]
: 87
[47]
In the 20th century, the practice in Europe varied from country to country, with some assigning colors based on the baby's complexion, and others assigning pink sometimes to boys and sometimes to girls.
[48]
Many
[49]
[50]
[51]
[52]
[53]
have noted the contrary association of pink with boys in 20th-century America. An article in the trade publication
Earnshaw's Infants' Department
in June 1918 said:
The generally accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls. The reason is that pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is more suitable for the boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl.
One reason for the increased use of pink for girls and blue for boys was the invention of new chemical dyes, which meant that children's clothing could be mass-produced and washed in hot water without fading. Prior to this time, most small children of both sexes wore white, which could be frequently washed.
[54]
Another factor was the popularity of blue and white sailor suits for young boys, a fashion that started in the late 19th century. Blue was also the usual color of school uniforms, for boys and girls. Blue was associated with seriousness and study, while pink was associated with childhood and softness.
By the 1950s, pink was strongly associated with femininity, but to an extent that was "neither rigid nor universal" as it later became.
[46]
: 92
[55]
[56]
One study by two neuroscientists in
Current Biology
examined color preferences across British and Chinese cultures and found significant differences between male and female responses. Both groups favored blues over other hues, but women had more favorable responses to the reddish-purple range of the spectrum and men had more favorable responses to the greenish-yellow middle of the spectrum. Despite the fact that the study used adults in mainstream cultures, and both groups preferred blues, and responses to the color
pink
were never even tested, the popular press represented the research as an indication of an innate preference by girls for pink. The misreading has been often repeated in market research, reinforcing American culture's association of pink with girls on the basis of imagined innate characteristics.
[46]
: 97?8
[57]
As of 2008 various feminist groups and the
Breast Cancer Awareness Month
use the color pink to convey empowerment of women.
[58]
Breast cancer charities around the world have used the color to symbolize support for people with breast cancer and promote awareness of the disease. A key tactic of these charities is encouraging women and men to wear pink
[59]
to show their support for breast cancer awareness and research.
Pink has symbolized a "welcome embrace" in India and masculinity in Japan.
[58]
-
In the United States and Europe, baby girls are often dressed in pink and white.
-
Boy in a sailor suit (1883). The blue sailor suit helped make blue instead of pink the color for boys in the 20th century.
-
Indian actress
Shriya Saran
. In many cultures, pink is associated with femininity.
-
Women of the
Herero people
from
Namibia
. Pink stands out.
-
Three nuns in pink in
Yangon
,
Burma
.
-
A cake with a pink middle layer indicating a baby girl at a
gender reveal party
Toys
[
edit
]
Toys aimed at girls often display pink prominently on packaging and the toy themselves. This is a relatively recent trend, with toys from the 1920s to the 1960s not being gendered by color (though they were gendered by a focus on domesticity and nurturing). The current color-based gendering of toys can be traced back to the deregulation of children's television programs. This allowed toy companies to produce shows that were designed specifically to sell their products, and gender was an important differentiator of these shows and the toys they were advertising.
[60]
In its 1957 catalog,
Lionel Trains
offered for sale a pink model
freight train
for girls. The
steam locomotive
and
coal car
were pink and the freight cars of the freight train were various
pastel colors
. The
caboose
was
baby blue
. It was a marketing failure because any girl who might want a
model train
would want a realistically colored train, while boys in the 1950s did not want to be seen playing with a pink train. However, today it is a valuable collector's item.
[61]
Sexuality
[
edit
]
As noted above, pink combined with black or violet is commonly associated with eroticism and seduction.
- In street slang,
the pink
sometimes refers to the
vagina
.
[62]
- In Russian, pink (
розовый
,
rozovyj
) is used to refer to
lesbians
, and
light blue
(
голубой
,
goluboj
) refers to gay men.
[63]
- In Japan, a genre of low budget,
erotic cinema
is referred to as
Pink films
(
ピンク映?
,
Pinku Eiga
)
.
[64]
- In India, Pink colored turbans are worn at Hindu weddings.
Politics
[
edit
]
Social movements
[
edit
]
Pink is often used as a symbolic color by groups involved in issues important to women, as well as to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people.
- A Dutch newsgroup about homosexuality is called
nl.roze
(
roze
being the Dutch word for pink), while in Britain,
Pink News
is a gay newspaper and online news service. There is a magazine called
Pink
for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community which has different editions for various
metropolitan areas
.
[69]
In France
Pink TV
is an LGBT cable channel.
- In Ireland, Support group for Irish
Pink
Adoptions defines a
pink
family as a relatively neutral umbrella term for the single gay men, single lesbians, or same-gender couples who intend to adopt, are in the process of adopting, or have adopted. It also covers adults born/raised in such families. The group welcome the input of other people touched by adoption, especially people who were adopted as children and are now adults.
[70]
[
non-primary source needed
]
- Pinkstinks
, a campaign founded in London in May 2008
[71]
to raise awareness of what they claim is the damage caused by
gender
stereotyping
of children.
[72]
[73]
- The
Pink Pistols
is a gay
gun rights
organization.
[74]
- The
pink ribbon
is the international symbol of
breast cancer
awareness. Pink was chosen partially because it is so strongly associated with femininity.
[75]
Academic dress
[
edit
]
- In the French
academic dress
system, the five traditional fields of study (Arts, Science, Medicine, Law and Divinity) are each symbolized by a distinctive color, which appears in the
academic dress
of the people who graduated in this field. Redcurrant, an extremely red shade of pink, is the distinctive color for Medicine (and other health-related fields)
fr:Groseille (couleur)
.
Heraldry
[
edit
]
The word pink is not used for any tincture (color) in heraldry, but there are two fairly uncommon tinctures which are both close to pink:
- The heraldic color of
rose
is a modern innovation, mostly used in Canadian heraldry, depicting a reddish pink color like the shade usually called
rose
.
- In French heraldry, the color
carnation
is sometimes used, corresponding to the skin color of a light skinned Caucasian human. This can also be seen as a pink shade but is usually depicted slightly more brownish beige than the rose tincture.
Calendars
[
edit
]
The press
[
edit
]
Pink is used for the newsprint paper of several important newspapers devoted to business and sports, and the color is also connected with the press aimed at the gay community.
Since 1893 the London
Financial Times
newspaper has used a distinctive
salmon pink
color for its newsprint, originally because pink dyed paper was less expensive than bleached white paper.
[76]
Today the color is used to distinguish the newspaper from competitors on a press kiosk or news stand. In some countries, the
salmon press
identifies economic newspapers or economics sections in "white" newspapers. Some sports newspapers, such as
La Gazzetta dello Sport
in Italy, also use pink paper to stand out from other newspapers. It awards a pink jersey to the winner of Italy's most important bicycle race, the
Giro d'Italia
. (See
#Sports
).
- In England and Wales, a
brief
delivered to a
barrister
by a
solicitor
is usually tied with pink ribbon. Pink was traditionally the color associated with the defense, while white ribbons may have been used for the
prosecution
.
[77]
Literature
[
edit
]
- In Spanish and Italian, a
romantic novel
is known as a "pink novel" (
novela rosa
in Spanish,
romanzo rosa
in Italian).
- In
Nathaniel Hawthorne
's 1835 short story,
Young Goodman Brown
, Faith is wearing a pink ribbon in her hair which represents her
innocence
.
[78]
- Carl Surely's short story "Dinsdale's Pink" is a
coming of age
tale of a young man growing up in Berlin in the 1930s, dealing with issues of gender, sexuality and politics.
- In
Louisa May Alcott
's 1868-69 book
Little Women
, Amy March uses blue and pink ribbons to tell the difference between her sister Meg's newborn twins.
[79]
Religion
[
edit
]
- In the
Yogic Hindu
,
Shaktic Hindu
and
Tantric Buddhist
traditions rose is one of the colors of the fourth primary energy center, the
heart chakra Anahata
. The other color is
green
.
- In
Catholicism
, pink (called
rose
by the Catholic Church) symbolizes joy and happiness. It is used for the Third Sunday of
Advent
(
Gaudete Sunday
) and the Fourth Sunday of
Lent
(
Laetare Sunday
) to mark the halfway point in these seasons of penance. For this reason, one of the candles in an
Advent wreath
may be pink, rather than purple.
[80]
- Pink is the color most associated with Indian spiritual leader
Meher Baba
, who often wore pink coats to please his closest female follower, Mehera Irani, and today pink remains an important color, symbolizing love, to Baba's followers.
- Some
Wiccans
believe that it represents affection, friendship, companionship, and spiritual healing. It is often used for love spells.
[81]
Sports
[
edit
]
- Palermo
, a soccer team based in
Palermo
, Italy, traditionally wears pink home jerseys.
- Cerezo Osaka
, a soccer team based in
Osaka
, Japan, typically wears pink home shirts.
Cerezo
is the Spanish translation for cherry tree, which are known for its pink
blossoms
.
- Inter Miami
, a soccer team based in
South Florida
, USA, features pink home shirts. The club wore white home shirts in its first two seasons in existence.
- In
Major League Baseball
,
pink bats
are used by baseball players on Mother's Day as part of a week-long program to benefit
Susan G. Komen for the Cure
.
- Pink can mean the
scarlet
coat worn in
fox hunting
(a.k.a. "riding to hounds"). One legend about the origin of this meaning refers to a tailor named Pink (or Pinke, or Pinque).
- The leader in the
Giro d'Italia
cycle race
wears a pink jersey (
maglia rosa
); this reflects the distinctive pink-colored newsprint of the sponsoring Italian
La Gazzetta dello Sport
newspaper
.
- The
University of Iowa
's Kinnick Stadium visitors'
locker room
is painted pink. The decor has sparked controversy, perceived by some people as suggesting
sexism
and
homophobia
.
[82]
- WWE Hall of Famer
Bret Hart
, as well as other members of the
Hart wrestling family
, is known for his pink and black wrestling attire.
- The
Western Hockey League
team
Calgary Hitmen
originally wore pink as a tribute to the aforementioned Bret Hart, who was a part team owner at the time.
- Snooker
uses a pink-colored object ball that is worth 6pts when legally potted.
- Formula One
constructors
Force India
and
Racing Point
used pink as the primary color on their cars during the 2017?2020 seasons. At the
2017 United States Grand Prix
, the purple side-wall branding on the ultra-soft compound tire was replaced by pink for the race to raise awareness of
Breast Cancer Awareness Month
. Several teams also incorporated pink into their liveries to support the cause (except Force India, whose cars were pink to begin with).
- To distinguish tuned performance models from ordinary ones,
Subaru
uses a badge with a pink background on their cars. Also the logo of their motorsports arm
Subaru Tecnica International
is colored pink.
- The
NFL
among other sports have incorporated pink into their promotions, team uniforms and equipment during the month of October in support of
Breast Cancer Awareness Month
.
Music
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Heller, Eva (2009).
Psychologie de la couleur ? Effets et symboliques
. Pyramyd (French translation).
ISBN
978-2-35017-156-2
.
- Broecke, Lara (2015).
Cennino Cennini's
Il Libro dell'Arte
: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription
. Archetype.
ISBN
978-1-909492-28-8
.
- Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Think Pink, 2014.
Exhibition Link
- Susan Stamberg/NPR, "Girls Are Taught To 'Think Pink,' But That Wasn't Always So, 2014.
Story link.
Notes and citations
[
edit
]
- ^
"W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords"
. W3.org
. Retrieved
2010-09-11
.
- ^
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press.
- ^
Webster New World Dictionary
, Third College Edition: "Any of a genus (
Dianthus
) of annual and perennial plants of the pink family with white, pink or red flowers.; its pale red color."
- ^
"pink,
n.
? and
adj.
²",
Oxford English Dictionary
Online
- ^
Heller, Eva:
Psychologie de la couleur ? effets et symboliques
, pp. 179-184
- ^
Broadway, Anna (2013-08-12).
"Pink Wasn't Always Girly"
.
The Atlantic
. Retrieved
2022-05-16
.
- ^
Cornett, Peggy (January 1998).
"Pinks, Gilliflowers, & Carnations -- The Exalted Flowers | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello"
.
www.monticello.org
. Retrieved
2018-03-12
.
- ^
Collins Dictionary
- ^
The
Odyssey
, Book XII, translated by Samuel Butler.
- ^
"CTCWeb Glossary: R (ratis to ruta)"
. Ablemedia.com
. Retrieved
2010-09-11
.
- ^
"The Madonna of the Pinks"
.
The National Gallery
. Archived from
the original
on March 5, 2004
. Retrieved
October 2,
2021
.
- ^
Lara Broecke,
Cennino Cennini's
Il Libro dell'Arte
: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription
, Archetype 2015, p. 62.
- ^
Eva Heller,
Psychologie de la couleur, effets et symboliques
, pp. 182-83
- ^
a
b
St. Clair, Kassia (2016).
The Secret Lives of Colour
. London: John Murray. p. 115.
ISBN
9781473630819
.
OCLC
936144129
.
- ^
"La historia detras del rosa mexicano | Generacion Anahuac"
. Anahuac.mx
. Retrieved
2022-08-05
.
- ^
Archived at
Ghostarchive
and the
Wayback Machine
:
Jennifer Wright (14 April 2015).
"How did pink become a girly color?"
.
Vox
. Retrieved
9 August
2015
.
- ^
Eva Heller,
Psychologie de la couleur - effets et symboliques
, p. 184.
- ^
The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals
(1986) by Richard Plant (New Republic Books).
ISBN
0-8050-0600-1
.
- ^
McCormick, Joseph Patrick (27 January 2015).
"Nick Clegg calls for gay victims of the Nazis to be remembered in national Holocaust memorial"
.
Pink Triangle
. Retrieved
19 September
2015
.
- ^
Smithsonian Magazine
When Did Girls Start Wearing Pink?
In 1927,
Time
magazine printed a chart showing sex-appropriate colors for girls and boys according to leading U.S. stores. In Boston, Filene's told parents to dress boys in pink. So did Best & Co. in New York City, Halle's in Cleveland, and Marshall Field in Chicago.
Today's color dictate wasn't established until the 1940s due to Americans' preferences as interpreted by manufacturers and retailers. "It could have gone the other way"
- ^
Stamberg, Susan (April 1, 2014).
"Girls Are Taught To 'Think Pink,' But That Wasn't Always So"
.
npr.org
.
NPR
. Archived from
the original
on 2014-04-15
. Retrieved
2014-09-26
.
a 1918 trade catalog for children's clothing recommended blue for girls. The reasoning at the time was that it's a 'much more delicate and dainty tone,' Finamore says. Pink was recommended for boys 'because it's a stronger and more passionate color, and because it's actually derived from red.'
- ^
"Merriam Webster definition of the color "pink"
"
. merriam-webster.com
. Retrieved
2017-02-11
.
- ^
"Pink, a Tint of Red"
. Landscape-guide.com. Archived from
the original
on 2011-07-13
. Retrieved
2010-09-11
.
- ^
"For example, pink is a tint of red thus not a hue"
. Enchantedlearning.com
. Retrieved
2010-09-11
.
- ^
"Colors by Hue"
.
MDN Web Docs
. Retrieved
October 2,
2021
.
- ^
"Creating Styles in Fireworks"
. Adobe.com. 2009-07-14. Archived from
the original
on July 26, 2008
. Retrieved
2010-09-11
.
- ^
Dana Lee Ling.
"x11 Colors in Hue Saturation Luminosity order"
. Comfsm.fm
. Retrieved
2010-09-11
.
- ^
"Color Names"
. ImageMagick. 2010-01-02
. Retrieved
2010-09-11
.
- ^
K. Saha (2008).
The Earth's Atmosphere - Its Physics and Dynamics
. Springer. p. 107.
ISBN
978-3-540-78426-5
.
- ^
B. Guenther, ed. (2005).
Encyclopedia of Modern Optics
. Vol. 1. Elsevier. p. 186.
- ^
Coghlan, Andy (January 16, 2009).
"Colorful pigs evolved through farming, not nature"
.
New Scientist
. Retrieved
October 2,
2021
.
- ^
Jenner, Thomas (1652).
A Book of Drawing, Limning, Washing
. London: M. Simmons. p. 38.
- ^
"Indoor Vertical Farm 'Pinkhouses' Grow Plants Faster With Less Energy"
.
Inhabitat
. 23 May 2013
. Retrieved
November 16,
2015
.
- ^
"Color Branding & Trademark Rights"
.
Color Matters
. Retrieved
August 3,
2016
.
- ^
"MUTCD 2009 Edition Chapter 6F. Temporary Traffic Control Zone Devices"
.
Federal Highway Administration
. Retrieved
August 3,
2016
.
- ^
Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur - effets et symboliques, p. 179-185
- ^
Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur - effets et symboliques, p. 179.
- ^
Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur - effets et symboliques, p. 179
- ^
"Spring is Pink"
.
SRI Threads
. April 4, 2011. Archived from
the original
on March 4, 2016
. Retrieved
January 7,
2016
.
- ^
"Season Colour ? I Think Spring is Green"
.
Calvin-C.com
. Archived from
the original
on March 6, 2016
. Retrieved
February 17,
2016
.
- ^
Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 4
- ^
"Opportunities in the Pink Economy of the United Kingdom"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on March 27, 2009
. Retrieved
2010-09-11
.
- ^
"Pink Tax"
.
legalserviceindia.com
. Retrieved
2023-01-10
.
- ^
Eva Heller,
Psychologie de la couleur ? effets et symboliques
- ^
Phyllis A. Lyday "Iodine and Iodine Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
- ^
a
b
c
Paoletti, Jo B. (2012).
Pink and Blue: Telling the Girls From the Boys in America
.
Indiana University Press
.
- ^
"When Did Girls Start Wearing Pink?"
.
Smithsonian Magazine
.
- ^
"Is pink for girls or boys?"
.
BBC Radio
. 19 December 2009
. Retrieved
1 October
2012
.
- ^
Smithsonian.com:
Jeanne Maglaty, "When Did Girls Start Wearing Pink?," April 8, 2011
Archived
November 9, 2013, at the
Wayback Machine
, accessed June 4, 2011
- ^
Merkin, Daphne
.
"Gender Trouble"
,
The New York Times Style Magazine
, March 12, 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
- ^
Orenstein, Peggy
.
"What's Wrong With Cinderella?"
,
The New York Times Magazine
, December 24, 2006, retrieved December 10, 2007. Orenstein writes: "When colors were first introduced to the nursery in the early part of the 20th century, pink was considered the more masculine hue, a pastel version of red. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, was thought to be dainty. Why or when that switched is not clear, but as late as the 1930s a significant percentage of adults in one national survey held to that split."
- ^
Jude Stewart (2008).
"Pink is for Boys: cultural history of the color pink"
.
Step Inside Design Magazine
. Archived from
the original
on 2008-02-28.
- ^
Kimmell, Michael.
Manhood in America: A Cultural History
, 1996, The Free Press. p.158
- ^
Eva Heller,
Psychologie de la couleur
; effets et symboliques.
- ^
Ben Goldacre (2007-08-25).
"Bad Science"
.
Out of the Blue and into the Pink
. London.
- ^
Zucker, Kenneth J. & Bradley, Susan J. (1995).
"Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents"
.
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
.
35
(6). Guilford Press: 477?86.
doi
:
10.1177/070674379003500603
.
ISBN
0-89862-266-2
.
PMID
2207982
.
S2CID
42379128
.
- ^
Hurlbert, Anya C.; Ling, Yazhu (2007).
"Biological components of sex differences in color preference"
.
Current Biology
.
17
(16): R623-5.
Bibcode
:
2007CBio...17.R623H
.
doi
:
10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.022
.
PMID
17714645
.
- ^
a
b
"
Pink: The Color
." "Part 2: Girl Culture A to Z" - In: Mitchell, Claudia and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh (editors).
Girl Culture: Studying girl culture : a readers' guide
or
Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia Volume 1
. ABC-CLIO (Greenwood Publishing Group), 2008.
ISBN
0313339090
, 9780313339097. p.
473
. "It is important to note its significance to femininity as a Western phenomenon, because the color is a sign of masculinity in Japan and signifies a welcome embrace in India.[...]of pink with femininity has been strategically used in gendered terms to convey strength and pride: pink is the color of Breast Cancer Awareness Month, and many feminist groups have adopted the color pink as a sign of empowerment." -
See Google Books search result
- ^
"Real Men Wear Pink | NBCF"
.
Real Men Wear Pink 2016 ? The National Breast Cancer Foundation
. Archived from
the original
on 2016-03-12
. Retrieved
2016-03-21
.
- ^
Sweet, Elizabeth.
"Toys Are More Divided by Gender Now Than They Were 50 Years Ago"
.
The Atlantic
. Retrieved
2018-04-07
.
- ^
"Lionel's 1957 pink train for girls"
. Lionel-train-set.com. Archived from
the original
on 2013-02-09
. Retrieved
2012-12-07
.
- ^
"What does pink mean? pink Definition"
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-10-18
. Retrieved
2012-10-29
.
- ^
"Gay in Russia"
. Gaylife. Archived from
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. Retrieved
September 5,
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.
- ^
"Pink thrills: Japanese sex movies go global | The Japan Times Online"
. Search.japantimes.co.jp. 2008-12-04
. Retrieved
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- ^
"The East is pink"
.
The Economist
. 13 August 2016.
- ^
"Why is the British Empire coloured pink on maps?"
.
Royal Museums Greenwich
. Archived from the original on October 6, 2015.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
link
)
- ^
"Filipinos wear pink in support of VP Leni as she announces presidency bid"
. Yahoo! News
. Retrieved
7 October
2021
.
- ^
"
'On Thursdays we wear pink:' Mga tagasuporta ni Leni Robredo handa na sa anunsiyo para sa #Halalan2022"
. ABSCBN News
. Retrieved
7 October
2021
.
- ^
"Website of Pink magazine"
. Pinkmag.com. Archived from
the original
on 2009-12-08
. Retrieved
2010-09-11
.
- ^
"Irish Pink Adoptions"
.
irishpinkadoptions.com
. Archived from
the original
on 2010-03-31.
- ^
Katy Guest (18 December 2011).
"Girls will be girls: The battle for our children's hearts and minds this Christmas"
.
The Independent
. London
. Retrieved
13 April
2013
.
- ^
Susanna Rustin (21 April 2012).
"Why girls aren't pretty in pink"
.
The Guardian
. London
. Retrieved
13 April
2013
.
- ^
Harry Wallop (30 November 2009).
"Pink toys 'damaging' for girls"
.
Daily Telegraph
. London
. Retrieved
13 April
2013
.
- ^
"Pink Pistols website"
. Pinkpistols.org. 2001-03-08
. Retrieved
2010-09-11
.
- ^
Fernandez, Sandy (June?July 1998).
"Pretty in Pink"
. Archived from
the original
on 2009-08-15
. Retrieved
28 May
2013
.
- ^
Cited by Stephen Fidler of the Wall Street Journal, formerly a correspondent for the Financial Times.
- ^
O'Riordain, Aoife (1998-10-03).
"The evidence: The barrister's desk"
.
The Independent
. London.
- ^
As he moves out of the darkness, a pink ribbon blows down next to him and he sees that Faith is part of the "communion" that is taking place in the woods.
- ^
Peril, Lynn (2002).
Pink Think: Becoming a Woman in Many Uneasy Lessons
. London; New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 4.
- ^
"Why is my priest wearing pink?"
. Aleteia
. Retrieved
7 October
2021
.
- ^
"Magical Properties of Colors"
.
Wicca Living
. Retrieved
2021-01-28
.
- ^
"Controversy regarding pink University of Iowa locker room"
. Sports.espn.go.com. 2005-09-28
. Retrieved
2010-09-11
.
External links
[
edit
]
- Media related to
Pink
at Wikimedia Commons
- The dictionary definition of
in the pink
at Wiktionary
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