Genus of viruses
Picobirnavirus
is a genus of
double-stranded RNA viruses
. It is the only genus in the family
Picobirnaviridae
.
[1]
Although
amniotes
, especially mammals, were thought to serve as hosts, it has been recently suggested that these viruses might infect bacteria and possibly some other invertebrates. If they do infect bacteria, then they are
Bacteriophages
.
[2]
[3]
There are three species in this genus. Associated symptoms include
gastroenteritis
in animals and humans, though the disease association is unclear.
[4]
[5]
Etymology
[
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]
Picobirnavirus is a small (
pico
,
Spanish
for
small
), bisegmented (
bi
,
Latin
for
two
), double-stranded RNA virus. Picobirnaviruses were initially considered to be birna-like viruses, and the name was derived from birnavirus (bisegmented RNA), but the virions are much smaller (diameter 35 nm vs. 65 nm).
[6]
Picobirnaviruses were first detected in humans and black-footed pigmy rice rats in 1988.
[7]
Structure
[
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]
Viruses in the genus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 35?40 nm.
[5]
[4]
Genome
[
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]
The
genome
is linear, bipartite, and composed of double-stranded
RNA
. It includes a
segment 1
which is 2.2?2.7
kilobases
(kb) in length and a
segment 2
which is 1.2?1.9 kb in length. The genome codes for three to four proteins.
[4]
The capsid protein gene is encoded by the second
open reading frame
of the larger genomic segment 1.
[4]
Picobirnaviruses are divided into two genogroups on the basis of the sequence of
segment 2
. The
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
(RdRp) is encoded by
segment 2
. The group viruses have been isolated from humans and other mammals, as well as birds and
squamates
.
[8]
Life cycle
[
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]
Picobirnaviruses target intestine tissue. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Once in the host cell, viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The viruses are released from the cell by budding. Mammals serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal-oral.
[5]
[4]
Taxonomy
[
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]
Picobirnaviruses were initially thought to belong to the family
Birnaviridae
, but later were confirmed to differ with respect to host, virion size, capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, genome size, and organization.
[9]
The family
Picobirnaviridae
is now classified distinctly and composed of one genus
Picobirnavirus
, which has three species:
[10]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Delmas, B; Attoui, H; Ghosh, S; Malik, YS; Mundt, E; Vakharia, VN; Ictv Report, Consortium (February 2019).
"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Picobirnaviridae"
.
The Journal of General Virology
.
100
(2): 133?134.
doi
:
10.1099/jgv.0.001186
.
hdl
:
11603/12290
.
PMID
30484763
.
- ^
Krishnamurthy, Siddharth R.; Wang, David (1 March 2018). "Extensive conservation of prokaryotic ribosomal binding sites in known and novel picobirnaviruses".
Virology
.
516
: 108?114.
doi
:
10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.006
.
ISSN
0042-6822
.
PMID
29346073
.
- ^
Yinda, Claude Kwe; Ghogomu, Stephen Mbigha; Conceicao-Neto, Nadia; Beller, Leen; Deboutte, Ward; Vanhulle, Emiel; Maes, Piet; Van Ranst, Marc; Matthijnssens, Jelle (January 2018).
"Cameroonian fruit bats harbor divergent viruses, including rotavirus H, bastroviruses, and picobirnaviruses using an alternative genetic code"
.
Virus Evolution
.
4
(1): vey008.
doi
:
10.1093/ve/vey008
.
ISSN
2057-1577
.
PMC
5888411
.
PMID
29644096
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Viral Zone"
. ExPASy
. Retrieved
15 June
2015
.
- ^
a
b
c
"ICTV Report: Picobirnaviridae"
.
- ^
Malik, Yashpal S.; Ghosh, Souvik (January 2020).
"Etymologia: Picobirnavirus"
.
Emerging Infectious Diseases
.
26
(1): 89.
doi
:
10.3201/eid2601.et2601
.
PMC
6924892
.
- ^
Pereira, HG; Flewett, TH; Candeias, JAN; Barth, OM (1988).
"A virus with a bisegmented double-stranded RNA genome in rat (Oryzomys nigripes) intestines"
.
J Gen Virol
.
69
(11): 2749?2754.
doi
:
10.1099/0022-1317-69-11-2749
.
PMID
3053986
.
- ^
Smits, SL; van Leeuwen, M; Schapendonk, CM; Schurch, AC; Bodewes, R; Haagmans, BL; Osterhaus, AD (2012).
"Picobirnaviruses in the human respiratory tract"
.
Emerging Infectious Diseases
.
18
(9): 1539?40.
doi
:
10.3201/eid1809.120507
.
PMC
3437736
.
PMID
22932227
.
- ^
Malik, YS; Kumar, N; Sharma, K; Dhama, K; Shabbir, MZ; Ganesh, B; Kobayashi, N; Banyai, K (2014).
"Epidemiology, phylogeny, and evolution of emerging enteric Picobirnaviruses of animal origin and their relationship to human strains"
.
Biomed Res. Int
.
2014
: 1?13.
doi
:
10.1155/2014/780752
.
PMC
4124650
.
PMID
25136620
.
- ^
"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)"
.
talk.ictvonline.org
. Retrieved
8 October
2020
.
External links
[
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]