Munich phenomenology
(also
Munich phenomenological school
) is the philosophical orientation of a group of
philosophers
and
psychologists
that studied and worked in
Munich
at the turn of the twentieth century. Their views are grouped under the names
realist
(also
realistic
)
phenomenology
or
phenomenology of essences
. Munich phenomenology represents one branch of what is referred to as the
early phenomenology
. One of their contributions was the theory that there are different kinds of intentionality.
[1]
History
[
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]
In 1895, a number of students working with the psychologist
Theodor Lipps
at the
University of Munich
founded the
Psychologische Verein
("Psychological Association"). An account stated that this association emerged from a reading group, which was occupied by the works of the
School of Brentano
.
[2]
Out of this development emerged the notion that
Edmund Husserl
became the successor to
Franz Brentano
's
Austrian philosophy
.
[2]
It is said that the Austrian phenomenology had been distinct from everything within the phenomenological movement such as the German and French strands but it had identifiable historical ties with the Munich phenomenological school.
[3]
This relationship is also partly attributed to Husserl and
Hans Cornelius
.
[3]
A number of the participants in the student association, notably
Johannes Daubert
[
de
]
,
Moritz Geiger
,
Alexander Pfander
, and
Adolf Reinach
, were inspired by Edmund Husserl's
Logical Investigations
(1900/01). The book was critical of the psychologism of their teacher (Lipps), and presented a new way of doing philosophy, known as "
phenomenology
." Choosing to align themselves with Husserl, they became the
Munich Circle
of phenomenologists. While Cornelius' early work was rejected by the phenomenologists, his succeeding essays were embraced for their discussions of Brentano,
Carl Stumpf
, and
Alexius Meinong
's works.
[4]
A notable aspect to Munich phenomenology was the extension of the realist analysis of the
a priori
knowledge to different kinds of entities and domains such as the psychology of willing and motivation.
[5]
It was Pfander, a leding representative of the Munich Phenomenology, who wrote the 1911 essay on this subject entitled
Motive and Motivation
.
[6]
Husserl considered this an important work and it inspired him to publish a series of analyses of volitional consciousness.
[6]
Husserl previously focused on "concrete" analyses founded on arithmetic and logic. He would only broaden his phenomenology later when he started addressing the
a priori
structures of consciousness.
[7]
Around 1905, many of Lipps' students (following the lead of Daubert) temporarily abandoned Munich and headed to the
University of Gottingen
to study with Husserl directly. This is referred to as the "
Munich invasion of Gottingen
," and is generally considered to be the starting point of the phenomenological movement proper. The arrival of students from Munich eventually led to the establishment of a similar student group in Gottingen circa 1910, known as the "
Gottingen Circle
."
In 1912 the
Jahrbuch fur Philosophie und phanomenologische Forschung
was founded with Husserl, Geiger, Reinach, Pfander, and
Max Scheler
as its editors. After Husserl's publication of the
Ideen zu einer reinen Phanomenologie und phanomenologischen Philosophie. Erstes Buch
(
Ideas I
) in the first edition of the
Jahrbuch
, a number of his followers took a critical stance towards Husserl's new vision of phenomenology. Many members of the Munich group distanced themselves from Husserl's idealism and his
transcendental phenomenology
, preferring the earlier realist phenomenology of the first edition of the
Logical Investigations
.
The Munich phenomenologists
[
edit
]
Other members of the Munich Circle and the Psychologische Verein
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Salice, Alessandro (2020),
"The Phenomenology of the Munich and Gottingen Circles"
, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(Winter 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
, retrieved
2021-09-27
- ^
a
b
Santis, Daniele De; Hopkins, Burt C.; Majolino, Claudio (2020-08-24).
The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy
. Routledge.
ISBN
978-1-000-17058-0
.
- ^
a
b
Rollinger, Robin D. (2008).
Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Object
. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag. pp. 16, 17.
- ^
Poli, Roberto (1997).
In Itinere: European Cities and the Birth of Modern Scientific Philosophy
. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 36.
ISBN
90-420-0201-8
.
- ^
Santis, Daniele De; Hopkins, Burt C.; Majolino, Claudio (2020).
The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy
. Oxon: Routledge. p. 21.
ISBN
978-0-367-53999-3
.
- ^
a
b
Bernet, Rudolf; Welton, Donn; Zavota, Gina (2005).
Edmund Husserl: Horizons : life-world, ethnics, history, and metaphysics
. Oxon: Taylor & Francis. pp. 63?64.
ISBN
0-415-34536-7
.
- ^
Husserl, Edmund (2001).
The Shorter Logical Investigations
. Routledge. pp. xxx.
ISBN
0-415-24192-8
.
Sources
[
edit
]
- Karl Schuhmann
, "Philosophy and Art in Munich around the turn of the Century," in
Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities
, Vol. 54, 1997, pp. 35?51.
- Karl Schuhmann and
Barry Smith
, "
Adolf Reinach: An Intellectual Biography
," in
Speech Act and Sachverhalt: Adolf Reinach and the Foundations of Realist Phenomenology
, ed. Kevin Mulligan, Springer, 1987, pp. 1?27.
- Barry Smith
, "
Realistic Phenomenology
”, in L. Embree (ed.),
Encyclopedia of Phenomenology
, Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer, 1997, 586?590.
- Josef Seifert and Cheikh Mbacke Gueye (Eds.),
Anthologie der Realistischen Phanomenologie
, Walter de Gruyter, 2009.
- Herbert Spiegelberg
,
The Phenomenological Movement
(The Hague/Boston/London 1982)
- Helmut Kuhn, Ederhard Ave-Lallemant, R. Gladiator (Eds.),
Die Munchener Phanomenologie
, Phaenomenologica 65, 1976
External links
[
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]