Petros Voulgaris
(
Greek
:
Π?τρο? Βο?λγαρη?
, 13 September 1883 ? 26 November 1957) was a
Greek
Admiral
who served briefly as
Prime Minister of Greece
in 1945. He was famous for his role in suppressing the
1944 Greek naval mutiny
and restoring the fleet to combat readiness, for which he was awarded the Commander's Cross of the
Cross of Valour
.
Life
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]
Early career
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]
He was born in the island of
Hydra
on 13 September 1883,
[2]
to Georgios Voulgaris and Archonto Vatsaxi. After the death of his father in 1885, his family settled in
Athens
, with his mother's relatives.
After finishing school, he entered the
Hellenic Naval Academy
on 10 October 1899, and was commissioned as
Ensign
of the Line on 16 July 1903.
[2]
In 1908?1910 he was detached for training abroad, and briefly served aboard the
French Navy
cruiser
Ernest Renan
in 1912.
[2]
Promoted to Sub-Lieutenant on 29 March 1910, he participated in the
Balkan Wars
of 1912?13 aboard the destroyer
Panthir
, taking part in the
Battle of Elli
and the operations to capture
Imbros
,
Samothrace
, and
Mount Athos
.
[2]
On 2 June 1913 he was promoted to lieutenant and to lieutenant first class on 16 July 1916, serving as adjutant to the
Minister for Naval Affairs
, Admiral
Pavlos Kountouriotis
(1915?16) and captain of the torpedo boat
Thetis
.
[2]
When the
National Defence revolt
broke out in
Thessaloniki
in August 1916, the pro-
Venizelist
Voulgaris, like his mentor and fellow Hydriot Kountouriotis, left Athens and joined the revolutionary government.
[2]
On 26 December 1917 he was promoted to lieutenant commander, retroactive to 3 March.
[2]
From 1916 to 1919 he commanded the destroyer
Velos
, participating in the Allied naval operations in the Aegean during
World War I
, the 1919
Allied Expedition to the Ukraine
, and the opening phase of the
Asia Minor Campaign
.
[2]
In 1919?20 he served as adjutant and then as head of the private office of the Minister for Naval Affairs
Athanasios N. Miaoulis
, being promoted to commander on 22 March 1920.
[2]
After the Venizelist
electoral defeat
in November 1920, he was suspended from active service on 18 March 1921 by the new royalist government. Following the collapse of the Asia Minor front and the outbreak of the
11 September 1922 Revolution
, he was recalled to active duty on 15 September.
[2]
He then served as captain of the destroyer
Leon
(1922?23), commander of the
Faliro
Naval Aviation
Base (1923), and captain of the
Panthir
(1923?24).
[2]
He was one of the leaders of the so-called "Navy Strike" of June 1924, he resigned from the navy but was recommissioned on 21 August. On 28 August 1925, following the coup d'etat of general
Theodoros Pangalos
, Voulgaris again resigned his commission, with the rank of captain in retirement. Following Pangalos' overthrow in August 1926, he re-entered service as having never retired. He was promoted to the rank of
captain
on 15 September 1926.
[2]
Voulgaris served as Superior Commander of Naval Aviation in 1926?30. When the Aviation Ministry was established in 1930, he became Director of the Air Force office in the ministry. In 1931, he was appointed commander of the
Salamis Naval Base
, and in 1931?34 he served as Superior Submarines Commander. In 1934, he was placed as
military attache
to
Ankara
and
Belgrade
, based at
Istanbul
.
[2]
It was there that the unsuccessful
Venizelist coup attempt
of March 1935 found him. Being a committed Venizelist, he was suspended (3 May) and then dismissed (30 July) by the subsequent purges of the armed forces. On 11 November 1935 however, with the return of the monarchy and a partial pardon, his dismissal was revoked and he was listed as placed in reserve, with the rank of
rear admiral
in retirement.
[2]
World War II and aftermath
[
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]
For the next few years, he worked in the private sector, eventually working for the Greek industry magnate
Prodromos Bodosakis-Athanasiadis
in
Egypt
.
[2]
On 6 May 1943, the
Greek government in exile
recalled him to service, alongside many other officers who had been expelled in 1935, and promoted him to Rear Admiral (retroactively since 26 February 1937). He was again retired on 15 September 1943 as a vice admiral in retirement.
[2]
On 20 May 1943, he received the post of Aviation Minister in the cabinet of
Emmanouil Tsouderos
, which he held until 14 April 1944, when the Tsouderos cabinet resigned.
[3]
With the ongoing pro-
EAM
Navy mutiny
reaching its climax, on 20 April he was recalled to active service with the rank of vice admiral, and was placed as Chief of Fleet Command on the next day. From this position, he oversaw the violent recapture of the mutinied ships by officer detachments.
[2]
In October 1944, he led the Greek fleet back to Greece, and assumed the duties of Chief of the Navy General Staff.
In the months after liberation, the political situation in Greece was extremely unstable: following
month-long clashes
between government and British forces and the guerrillas of
EAM-ELAS
, the
Treaty of Varkiza
had resulted in the latter's disarmament. However the situation remained explosive. The moderate government of
Nikolaos Plastiras
resigned under British pressure on 8 April 1945, and the Regent,
Archbishop Damaskinos of Athens
, appointed Voulgaris to head an interim government.
While remaining an active officer,
[2]
Voulgaris headed two consecutive cabinets, from 8 April to 11 August, during which he also held the posts of Minister for Military Affairs, Naval Affairs, and Aviation,
[4]
and from 11 August until 17 October, where he initially also headed the Interior and Foreign Affairs ministries, but gradually passed them on to civilian ministers.
[5]
On 8 October 1945, he retired from active service for the last time.
[2]
On 1 July 1947, in recognition of his role in suppressing the Navy mutiny, rapidly restoring its combat effectiveness, and leading it again to home waters, he was awarded the highest Greek decoration for valour, the Commander's Cross of the
Cross of Valour
.
[2]
He died in the Athens Naval Hospital on 26 November 1957 of heart failure and was buried in the
First Cemetery of Athens
.
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Recipients are in alphabetical, not chronological, order
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