British politician (1919?2018)
Peter Alexander Rupert Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, Baron Carington of Upton
,
KG
,
GCMG
,
CH
,
MC
,
PC
,
DL
(6 June 1919 ? 9
July 2018), was a
British Conservative Party
politician and
hereditary peer
who served as
Defence Secretary
from 1970 to 1974,
Foreign Secretary
from 1979 to 1982, Chairman of the
General Electric Company
from 1983 to 1984, and
Secretary General of NATO
from 1984 to 1988. In
Margaret Thatcher
's first government, he played a major role in negotiating the
Lancaster House Agreement
that ended the conflict in
Rhodesia
and enabled the creation of
Zimbabwe
.
Carington was Foreign Secretary in 1982 when
Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands
. He took full responsibility for the failure to foresee this and resigned. As
NATO
secretary general, he helped prevent a war between Greece and Turkey during the
1987 Aegean crisis
.
[1]
Following the
House of Lords Act 1999
, which removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the
House of Lords
, Carington was created a
life peer
as Baron Carington of Upton.
Background and early life
[
edit
]
The surname "Carrington" (with two Rs) was adopted by royal licence dated 1839 by his direct male ancestor
Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington
, in lieu of Smith.
[2]
The latter's father,
Robert Smith
, MP for Nottingham, was created
Baron Carrington
in 1796 (Peerage of Ireland) and 1797 (Peerage of Great Britain).
[3]
The spelling of the surname was changed by royal licence to "Carington" (with one r) in 1880 by the 2nd Baron's sons, but the spelling of the title did not change.
Born in
Chelsea
on 6 June 1919,
[4]
[5]
Peter Alexander Rupert Carington
[6]
was the only son of the
5th Baron Carrington
by his wife, the Hon. Sybil Marion Colville, a daughter of
Charles Colville, 2nd Viscount Colville of Culross
.
[7]
His great-uncles were the
Liberal
statesman
Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire
, and politician and courtier the Hon.
Sir William Carington
.
[
citation needed
]
Carington grew up in Millaton House, in
Bridestowe
, Devon.
[8]
He went to
Sandroyd School
from 1928 to 1932,
[9]
based at that time in
Cobham, Surrey
, and
Eton College
. On leaving Eton, his housemaster, Cyril Butterwick, said of Carington, "For a really stupid boy, there are three possible professions: farming, soldiering and stockbroking".
[6]
Military service
[
edit
]
After training at the
Royal Military College, Sandhurst
, Carington was commissioned into the
Grenadier Guards
as a
second lieutenant
on 26 January 1939.
[10]
He served with the regiment during the
Second World War
, was promoted to
lieutenant
on 1 January 1941,
[11]
and later temporary
captain
[12]
and acting
major
. Carington was a tank commander during
Operation Market Garden
in the Netherlands in 1944. He led the first group of four
Sherman
tanks to cross the
Nijmegen road bridge
across the
Waal River
and was awarded the
Military Cross
(MC) on 1 March 1945 "in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in North West Europe".
[13]
[12]
After the war, Carington remained in the army until 1949.
[14]
Political career 1946?1982
[
edit
]
In 1938, Carington succeeded
his father
as 6th Baron Carrington. Although he became eligible to take his seat in the
House of Lords
on his 21st birthday in 1940, since he was on active service, he did not do so until 9 October 1945.
[15]
After leaving the Army, Carington became involved in politics, and served in the Conservative governments of
Winston Churchill
and
Anthony Eden
as
Parliamentary secretary
to the
Minister of Agriculture and Food
from November 1951 to October 1954. He was also appointed
Deputy lieutenant
of
Buckinghamshire
on 2 July 1951.
[16]
During the
Crichel Down affair
, which led to the resignation of minister
Thomas Dugdale
, Carington tendered his resignation, which was refused by the Prime Minister. Carington was Parliamentary Secretary to the
Minister of Defence
from October 1954 to October 1956, and was then appointed
High Commissioner to Australia
, a post he held until October 1959. He became a
Privy Counsellor
in 1959.
[17]
Following his return to Britain he served under
Harold Macmillan
as
First Lord of the Admiralty
until October 1963.
[18]
In this role, Carington worked with
Lord Mountbatten
, who was
Chief of the Defence Staff
, during a time of major restructuring and reform of the
Admiralty
.
[19]
After
Alec Douglas-Home
became prime minister in October 1963, Carington held the posts of
minister without portfolio
and
Leader of the House of Lords
until October 1964, when the
general election
led to a change of government. From 1964 to 1970 he was
Leader of the Opposition
in the
House of Lords
.
When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 under
Edward Heath
, Carington became
Defence Secretary
, where he remained until the
February 1974 general election
. In a 1977 letter discussing the policy of torture of
Irish republican
internees during
Operation Demetrius
in August 1971, the then Home Secretary
Merlyn Rees
attributed the origins of the policy to Carington: '"It is my view (confirmed by
Brian Faulkner
before his death [NI's prime minister at the time]) that the decision to use methods of torture in Northern Ireland in 1971/72 was taken by ministers ? in particular Lord Carrington, then secretary of state for defence."
[20]
[21]
Carington became shadow defence secretary in 1968 after
Enoch Powell
was dismissed, following his controversial
Rivers of Blood speech
on immigration.
[22]
He also served as
Chairman of the Conservative Party
from 1972 to 1974, and was briefly
Secretary of State for Energy
from January to March 1974.
Carington was again leader of the opposition in the House of Lords from 1974 to 1979. In 1979 he was made
Foreign Secretary
and
Minister for Overseas Development
in the first cabinet of
Margaret Thatcher
. Thatcher spoke highly of Carington, stating that "Peter had great panache and the ability to identify immediately the main points in any argument; and he could express himself in pungent terms. We had disagreements, but there were never any hard feelings."
[23]
Carington chaired the
Lancaster House conference
in 1979, attended by
Ian Smith
,
Abel Muzorewa
,
Robert Mugabe
,
Joshua Nkomo
and
Josiah Tongogara
, which brought to an end
Rhodesia
's
Bush War
. He later expressed his support for Mugabe over Smith.
[24]
Carington was primarily responsible for ensuring the
1982 Canada act
passed the House of Lords. Under the provisions of the act, which received
Royal Assent
on 29 March 1982, the British Parliament renounced any future role in amending the
Canadian constitution
, a process known in the former dominion as
patriation
.
Carington was foreign secretary when Argentina
invaded
the
Falkland Islands
on 2 April 1982. He resigned his position on 5 April, taking full responsibility for the complacency of the
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
in its failure to foresee this development
[25]
and for the misleading signals sent by the Foreign Office on British intentions for retaining control over the Falklands.
[26]
In her autobiography,
Margaret Thatcher
later expressed her sorrow at his departure.
[27]
She had asked him to stay but he left because he and the Foreign Office were distrusted and even hated by many back-bench Conservatives.
[28]
Lord Carrington was the last
hereditary peer
to hold one of the four
Great Offices of State
. After his resignation, no other member of the
House of Lords
held one of these offices until the appointment of former Prime Minister
David Cameron
as foreign secretary in 2023.
[29]
[b]
Later life and death
[
edit
]
Carington served as
Secretary General of NATO
from 1984 to 1988. He was chairman of the
Victoria and Albert Museum
from 1983 to 1988.
[31]
He was appointed Chancellor of the
Order of St Michael and St George
on 1 August 1984,
[32]
serving until June 1994.
[33]
In 1991, he presided over diplomatic talks about the
breakup of Yugoslavia
and attempted to pass a plan to end the wars and result in each republic becoming an independent nation.
[34]
Aside from his political posts, Carington was chancellor of the
University of Reading
and served as chairman of several companies, including
Christie's
, and as a director of many others, including
Barclays Bank
,
Cadbury Schweppes
and
The Daily Telegraph
. He also chaired the
Bilderberg conferences
from 1990 to 1998, being succeeded in 1999 by
Etienne Davignon
.
[35]
From 1983 to 2002, he was president of the
Pilgrims Society
,
[36]
[37]
and from 1971 to 2018 president of the
Britain?Australia Society
.
[38]
He was appointed
Chancellor of the Order of the Garter
on 8 November 1994,
[39]
a role from which he retired in October 2012.
[40]
After the
House of Lords Act 1999
removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the
House of Lords
, Carington, along with all former leaders of the House of Lords, was given a
life peerage
on 17 November 1999. He took this as Baron Carington of Upton, of Upton in the County of Nottinghamshire.
[41]
He was the longest-serving member of the House of Lords, and following the retirement of
Lord Barber of Tewkesbury
in 2016, had been the oldest. He was the second longest-serving member of the
Privy Council
after the
Duke of Edinburgh
.
He died on 9 July 2018, aged 99, of natural causes
[42]
[43]
[4]
at his home, the Manor House,
[44]
in
Bledlow
, Buckinghamshire.
[45]
His son
Rupert
succeeded him as 7th Baron Carrington.
[6]
A memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey on 31 January 2019.
[46]
Family
[
edit
]
Carington married Iona McClean (19 March 1920 ? 7 June 2009), daughter of Lt Col.
Sir Francis McClean
AFC
and Aileen Wale, on 25 April 1942. They had three children: Alexandra de Bunsen
DL
(born 1943), Virginia Carington
CVO
(born 1946; formerly married to
Lord Ashcombe
),
[47]
and
Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington
DL
(born 1948). Carington's wife, Lady Carrington, died on 7 June 2009, aged 89.
[48]
[49]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
Carington was a guest on
BBC Radio 4
's long-running programme
Desert Island Discs
in 1975
[50]
and on the same station's
A Good Read
in 2004.
[51]
In the 1977 war film
A Bridge Too Far
,
John Stride
played a Grenadier Guards captain at
Nijmegen Bridge
based on Carington. This portrayal depicted the historical argument between Carington and Major
Julian Cook
on whether to move forward along the "
Hell's Highway
" route.
[52]
In February 1982 Carington was portrayed by
Rowan Atkinson
in a
Not the Nine O'Clock News
parody of
Question Time
, pedantically discussing an imminent
nuclear holocaust
.
[53]
[54]
Carington was portrayed by
James Fox
in the 2002
BBC
production of
Ian Curteis
's
The Falklands Play
.
[55]
He was also briefly portrayed by
James Smith
in the 2011 film
The Iron Lady
,
[56]
and by
Jeff Rawle
in the 2014 play
Handbagged
.
[57]
Honours
[
edit
]
Honorary degrees
[
edit
]
Arms
[
edit
]
Coat of arms of Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington
|
- Notes
- 6th Baron Carrington since 1938
- Coronet
- A
coronet of a Baron
- Crest
- An elephant's head erased or eared gules charged on the neck with three fleurs-de-lis, two and one azure
.
- Torse
- Mantling:
Or and sable
.
- Escutcheon
- Or, a chevron cotised between three demi-griffins couped those in chief respectant sable
.
[73]
[74]
- Supporters
- Two griffins wings elevated sable, the dexter charged on the body with three fleurs-de-lis palewise or and the sinister with three trefoils slipped palewise of the last
.
[75]
- Motto
- TENAX ET FIDELIS
Latin
:
Tenacious and faithful
- Orders
- The
Order of the Garter
circlet.
[76]
- Banner
- The banner of the Baron Carrington's arms as Knight Companion of the Garter
|
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Reflect on Things Past ? The Memoirs of Lord Carrington
. Published by William Collins, 1988.
[77]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Alan Cowell (29 March 1987).
"Greeks and Turks ease Aegean crisis"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
2 July
2017
.
- ^
Cokayne, and others,
The Complete Peerage
, volume II, p. 197.
- ^
Kidd, Charles.
Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage
, 2015 Edition. London, England. p. 220.
- ^
a
b
"Peter Carington, Last Survivor of Churchill Govt, Dies at 99"
. Archived from
the original
on 10 July 2018
. Retrieved
10 July
2018
.
- ^
Publications, Europa (10 July 2018).
The International Who's Who 2004
. Psychology Press.
ISBN
9781857432176
. Retrieved
10 July
2018
– via Google Books.
- ^
a
b
c
"Lord Carrington ? obituary"
.
The Telegraph
. 10 July 2018.
Archived
from the original on 12 January 2022
. Retrieved
4 August
2020
.
- ^
"Index entry"
.
FreeBMD
. ONS
. Retrieved
14 November
2017
.
- ^
Lee, Christopher (2018).
Carrington: An Honourable Man
(1st paperback ed.).
Viking
.
ISBN
9780670916467
.
- ^
"The Papers of Lord Carrington, Churchill Archives Centre"
. Retrieved
10 June
2024
– via University of Cambridge.
- ^
"No. 34593"
.
The London Gazette
. 27 January 1939. p. 608.
- ^
"No. 35077"
.
The London Gazette
(Supplement). 14 February 1941. p. 954.
- ^
a
b
"No. 36961"
.
The London Gazette
(Supplement). 27 February 1945. pp. 1173?1175.
- ^
"No. 36961"
.
The London Gazette
(Supplement). 27 February 1945. p. 1171.
- ^
"No. 37815"
.
The London Gazette
(Supplement). 10 December 1946. p. 2877.
"No. 38636"
.
The London Gazette
(Supplement). 10 June 1949. p. 2877.
"No. 38654"
.
The London Gazette
(Supplement). 1 July 1949. p. 3231.
- ^
Membership and principal office holders
. Parliament of the United Kingdom.
- ^
"No. 39278"
.
The London Gazette
. 6 July 1951. p. 3687.
- ^
'List of current Privy Counsellors'
Archived
21 December 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
. Privy Council of the United Kingdom.
- ^
"No. 41860"
.
The London Gazette
. 3 November 1959. p. 6942.
"No. 41891"
.
The London Gazette
. 11 December 1959. p. 7851.
"No. 41966"
.
The London Gazette
. 26 February 1960. p. 1451.
"No. 42044"
.
The London Gazette
. 27 May 1960. p. 3736.
"No. 42249"
.
The London Gazette
. 13 January 1961. p. 263.
"No. 42321"
.
The London Gazette
. 7 April 1961. p. 2546.
"No. 42476"
.
The London Gazette
. 29 September 1961. p. 7055.
"No. 42504"
.
The London Gazette
. 3 November 1961. p. 7931.
"No. 42564"
.
The London Gazette
. 5 January 1962. p. 145.
"No. 42909"
.
The London Gazette
. 1 February 1963. p. 980.
"No. 42925"
.
The London Gazette
. 19 February 1963. p. 1619.
"No. 42995"
.
The London Gazette
. 17 May 1963. p. 4217.
"No. 43077"
.
The London Gazette
. 9 August 1963. p. 6683.
- ^
C. Lee. Carrington. An Honourable Man. Viking. Milton Keynes (2018) pp. 169?70.
- ^
Hennessy, Mark.
"British ministers sanctioned torture of NI internees"
.
The Irish Times
. Retrieved
25 January
2022
.
- ^
"British government authorised use of torture methods in NI in early 1970s"
.
BBC News
. 5 June 2014
. Retrieved
25 January
2022
.
- ^
"Powell's 'rivers of blood' legacy"
.
BBC News
. 18 April 2008.
- ^
Margaret Thatcher
(1993).
The Downing Street Years
. HarperCollins. p. 27.
ISBN
0002550490
- ^
Holland, Heidi
(February 2009).
Dinner with Mugabe: The Untold Story of a Freedom Fighter Who Became a Tyrant
. London:
Penguin Books
. p. 64.
ISBN
978-0-14-104079-0
.
- ^
Erik J. Evans,
Thatcher and Thatcherism
(1997), p. 99.
- ^
"The dishonourable Boris Johnson has brought us to the brink of catastrophe"
.
The Guardian
. 15 July 2018
. Retrieved
25 January
2022
.
- ^
Charles Moore,
Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography: Volume I: From Grantham to the Falklands
(2015), 1:674?75.
- ^
Hugo Young,
One of Us: A Biography of Mrs. Thatcher
(1989), p. 265.
- ^
"Peter Carrington"
. European Leadership Network. Archived from
the original
on 12 July 2018
. Retrieved
12 July
2018
.
- ^
Scott, Jennifer; Osborne, Samuel (13 November 2023).
"David Cameron appointed foreign secretary and made peer in shock cabinet reshuffle move"
.
Sky News
. Retrieved
13 November
2023
.
- ^
Lee, Christopher (2018).
Carrington: An Honourable Man
(1st paperback ed.).
Viking
.
ISBN
9780670916467
.
- ^
a
b
"No. 49826"
.
The London Gazette
. 3 August 1984. p. 10601.
- ^
"Court Circular"
.
Independent
. 10 June 1994. Archived from
the original
on 20 December 2013.
- ^
"Obituary: Lord Carrington"
.
BBC News
. 10 July 2018
. Retrieved
6 September
2018
.
- ^
Rockefeller, David
(2002).
Memoirs
. Random House. p.
412
.
ISBN
0-679-40588-7
.
- ^
Who's Who
. 1999.
- ^
"Centennial History"
.
pilgrimsociety.org
.
- ^
"Vale Lord Carrington"
.
britain-australia.org.uk
. Archived from
the original
on 6 June 2019
. Retrieved
6 June
2019
.
- ^
a
b
"No. 53843"
.
The London Gazette
. 8 November 1994. p. 15625.
- ^
"No. 60301"
.
The London Gazette
. 17 October 2012. p. 19937.
- ^
a
b
"No. 55676"
.
The London Gazette
. 23 November 1999. p. 12466.
- ^
"Ex-foreign secretary Lord Carrington dies"
.
BBC News
. 10 July 2018
. Retrieved
10 July
2018
.
- ^
Langdon, Julia (10 July 2018).
"Lord Carrington obituary"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
10 July
2018
.
- ^
"The Manor House, Bledlow"
.
- ^
Heffer, Simon J.
(10 March 2022). "Carington, Peter Alexander Rupert, sixth Baron Carrington and Baron Carington of Upton (1919?2018), politician".
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi
:
10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.90000380447
.
(Subscription or
UK public library membership
required.)
- ^
"Lord Carrington remembered at Westminster Abbey service"
.
- ^
"Obituary: Lord Ashcome"
.
The Telegraph
. 25 December 2013.
Archived
from the original on 12 January 2022
. Retrieved
28 December
2013
.
- ^
"Lady Carrington"
.
The Daily Telegraph
. London. 24 June 2009.
Archived
from the original on 12 January 2022
. Retrieved
22 May
2010
.
- ^
Langdon, Julia (10 July 2018).
"Lord Carrington obituary"
.
The Guardian
.
- ^
"BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Lord Carrington"
.
- ^
"BBC Radio 4 - A Good Read, Lord Carrington & Clare Francis"
.
- ^
"Carrington's One Man Decision"
. Key Military. 29 August 2019.
- ^
"Not The Nine O'Clock News episode guide, see: Season 4, Episode 4"
. SOTCAA.
- ^
"Episode 1, Compilations, Not the Nine O'Clock News ? BBC Two"
. BBC. 27 October 1995
. Retrieved
10 July
2018
.
- ^
"James Fox"
. British Film Institute. Archived from
the original
on 11 March 2016
. Retrieved
10 July
2018
.
- ^
"Cast"
. Straysthefilm.com. Archived from
the original
on 10 July 2018
. Retrieved
10 July
2018
.
- ^
"Handbagged review ? Playful speculation on Thatcher's meetings with the Queen"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
10 July
2018
.
- ^
"No. 41404"
.
The London Gazette
(Supplement). 3 June 1958. p. 3514.
- ^
"No. 49375"
.
The London Gazette
(Supplement). 10 June 1983. p. 19.
- ^
"No. 50104"
.
The London Gazette
. 26 April 1985. p. 5844.
- ^
"No. 51365"
.
The London Gazette
(Supplement). 10 June 1988. p. 3.
- ^
"No. 53691"
.
The London Gazette
. 7 June 1994. p. 8301.
- ^
(in Spanish)
"
Royal Decree 554/1988, 3 June
",
Boletin Oficial del Estado
, No. 134, 4 June 1988, p. 17360.
- ^
Ronald Reagan: "
Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Lord Peter Carrington
Archived
29 June 2018 at the
Wayback Machine
", 10 May 1988. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.
- ^
"Honorary degrees conferred 1977"
(PDF)
. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
)
- ^
"Calendar of the University of Essex ? Former Chancellors, Vice-Chancellors, Emeritus Professors, Emeritus Librarians, Honorary Fellows and Honorary Graduates of the University"
. Essex.ac.uk. Archived from
the original
on 7 October 2012
. Retrieved
4 November
2010
.
- ^
"Lord Carrington ? Chancellor of the University of Reading ? University of Reading"
. Rdg.ac.uk. Archived from
the original
on 10 September 2012
. Retrieved
4 November
2010
.
- ^
"honorary graduates of the university of reading ? University of Reading"
. Rdg.ac.uk. Archived from
the original
on 16 July 2009
. Retrieved
4 November
2010
.
- ^
"Harvard University Commencement | Some honorary degree recipients"
. Commencement.harvard.edu. Archived from
the original
on 24 January 2011
. Retrieved
4 November
2010
.
- ^
Honorary Graduates of the University of Nottingham
. University of Nottingham
Archived
7 December 2008 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"Home Page ? Alumni Association"
. Newcastle University. Archived from
the original
on 6 March 2012
. Retrieved
4 November
2010
.
- ^
Chancellor's choice: honorary degrees for top 10
. University of Oxford (21 November 2003)
Archived
14 May 2007 at the
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- ^
Kidd, Charles,
Debrett's peerage & Baronetage
, 2015 edition, London, 2015, p. 220, with existing addition of "couped", although demi-lions usually shown couped not erased.
- ^
Chesshyre, Hubert (1996),
The Friends of St. George's & Descendants of the Knights of the Garter Annual Review 1995/96
, vol. VII, p. 287
- ^
Kidd, Charles,
Debrett's peerage & Baronetage
, 2015 edition, London, 2015, p. 220, amended by existing text adding further clarity, namely "on the body". The charges are here not shown palewise (in a vertical column) as in the blazon. Debrett's blazon makes no mention of
beaked etc., or
as depicted.
- ^
Burke, John (1832).
A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire
. H. Colburn and R. Bentley.
- ^
"Reflect On Things Past"
.
goodreads.com
. Retrieved
6 September
2018
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Bennett, Harry. "Lord Carrington, 1979?82." in
British Foreign Secretaries Since 1974
(Routledge, 2004), pp. 131?154.
- Carrington, Peter Alexander Rupert Carington Baron.
Reflect on things past: The memoirs of Lord Carrington
(HarperCollins, 1988), a primary source.
- Kedourie, Elie. "False inevitabilities."
American Scholar
(1990) 59#3, pp. 462?468, review.
- Novak, Andrew. "Face-saving maneuvers and strong third-party mediation: the Lancaster house conference on Zimbabwe-Rhodesia."
International Negotiation
14.1 (2009): 149?174.
online
[
dead link
]
- Sharp, Paul. "The Thatcher-Carrington Partnership." in
Thatcher's Diplomacy
(Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1997), pp. 30?49.
- Tendi, Blessing-Miles. "Soldiers contra diplomats: Britain's role in the Zimbabwe/Rhodesia ceasefire (1979?1980) reconsidered."
Small Wars & Insurgencies
26.6 (2015): 937?956.
- Yorke, Edmund.
"
'A Family Affair': the Lancaster House Agreement." in
Diplomacy at the Highest Level
(Palgrave Macmillan, 1996), pp. 200?219.
External links
[
edit
]
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of the United Kingdom
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Bishops of Salisbury (1477?1550)
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Lay chancellors (1551?1671)
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Bishops of Salisbury (1671?1837)
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Bishops of Oxford (1837?1937)
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Knights Companion (since 1937)
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Party structure
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Professional
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Voluntary
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Parliamentary
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Conference
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Subnational
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Directly elected city mayoral authorities
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Local
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Other
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Associated organisations
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List
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Sectional groups
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Factional groups
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Politicians
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Wars and conflicts
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Background
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Anti-war protests
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Ex-Yugoslav formed countries
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Unrecognized entities
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United Nations protectorate
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Armies
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Military formations and volunteers
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External factors
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Politicians
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Top military commanders
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Other notable commanders
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Key foreign figures
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| Prelude
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1991
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1992
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1993–94
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1995
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| Internment camps
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Other
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Overview
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Background
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Events and actors
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Independence referendums in Yugoslavia
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Republics and provinces
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Autonomy
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| Consequences
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Nationalism
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International
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National
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Artists
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People
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Other
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