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1555 treaty between Safavid Iran and the Ottoman Empire
The
Peace of Amasya
(
Persian
:
????? ??????
("Peym?n-e Amasiyeh");
Turkish
:
Amasya Antla?ması
) was a treaty agreed to on May 29, 1555, between Shah
Tahmasp I
of
Safavid Iran
and Sultan
Suleiman the Magnificent
of the
Ottoman Empire
at the city of
Amasya
, following the
Ottoman?Safavid War of 1532?1555
.
Overview
[
edit
]
The treaty defined the border between Iran and the Ottoman Empire and was followed by twenty years of peace. By this treaty,
Armenia
and
Georgia
were divided equally between the two, with
Western Armenia
and western Georgia (incl. western
Samtskhe
) falling in Ottoman hands while
Eastern Armenia
and eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe) stayed in Iranian hands.
[1]
The Ottoman Empire obtained most of
Iraq
, including
Baghdad
, which gave them access to the
Persian Gulf
, while the Persians retained their former capital
Tabriz
and all their other northwestern territories in the
Caucasus
and as they were prior to the wars, such as
Dagestan
and all of what is now
Azerbaijan
.
[2]
[3]
[4]
The frontier thus established ran across the
mountains
dividing eastern and western Georgia (under native vassal princes), through Armenia, and via the western slopes of the
Zagros
down to the Persian Gulf.
Several buffer zones were established as well throughout
Eastern Anatolia
, such as in
Erzurum
,
Shahrizor
, and
Van
.
[5]
Kars
was declared neutral, and its existing fortress was destroyed.
[6]
[7]
The Ottomans, further, guaranteed access for Persian pilgrims to go to the Muslim holy cities of
Mecca
and
Medina
as well as to the
Shia
holy sites of pilgrimages in Iraq.
[8]
The decisive parting of the
Caucasus
and the irrevocable ceding of
Mesopotamia
to the Ottomans happened per the next major peace treaty known as the
Treaty of Zuhab
in 1639 CE/AD.
[9]
Another term of the treaty was that the Safavids were required to end the ritual cursing of the first three
Rashidun
Caliphs,
[10]
Aisha
and other
Sahaba
(companions of Muhammad) ? all held in high esteem by Sunnis. This condition was a common demand of Ottoman-Safavid treaties,
[11]
and in this case was considered humiliating for Tahmasp.
[12]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).
Historical Dictionary of Georgia
(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. xxxi.
ISBN
978-1442241466
.
- ^
The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520?1566
, V.J. Parry,
A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730
, ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94.
- ^
Mikaberidze, Alexander
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1.
ABC-CLIO, 31 jul. 2011
ISBN
1598843362
p 698
- ^
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010). 516.
- ^
Ate?, Sabri (2013).
Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843?1914
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20.
ISBN
978-1107245082
.
- ^
Mikaberidze, Alexander
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1.
ABC-CLIO, 31 jul. 2011
ISBN
1598843362
p 698
- ^
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).
Historical Dictionary of Georgia
(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. xxxi.
ISBN
978-1442241466
.
- ^
Shaw, Stanford J. (1976),
History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey
, Volume 1, p. 109.
Cambridge University Press
,
ISBN
0-521-29163-1
- ^
Феодальный строй
Archived
2009-04-26 at the
Wayback Machine
, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
(in Russian)
- ^
Andrew J Newman (11 Apr 2012).
Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire
. I.B.Tauris. p. 46.
ISBN
9780857716613
.
- ^
Suraiya Faroqhi (3 Mar 2006).
The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It
(illustrated, reprint ed.). I.B.Tauris. pp. 36, 185.
ISBN
9781845111229
.
- ^
Bengio, Ofra; Litvak, Meir, eds. (8 Nov 2011).
The Sunna and Shi'a in History: Division and Ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East
. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 60.
ISBN
9780230370739
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Atcıl, Zahit (2019). "Warfare as a Tool of Diplomacy: Background of the First Ottoman-Safavid Treaty in 1555".
Turkish Historical Review
.
10
(1): 3?24.
doi
:
10.1163/18775462-01001006
.
S2CID
198615063
.
- Allouche, Adel (2015).
"Amasya, Treaty of"
. In Fleet, Kate;
Kramer, Gudrun
; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
Rowson, Everett
(eds.).
Encyclopaedia of Islam
(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
ISSN
1873-9830
.
- Kohbach, M. (1989).
"AMASYA, PEACE OF"
.
Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9
. p. 928.
- McLachlan, Keith (2000).
"BOUNDARIES i. With the Ottoman Empire"
.
Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4
. pp. 401?403.
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