From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Political party in Spain
The
Patriotic Union
(
Spanish
:
Union Patriotica
, UP) was the
political party
created by Spanish dictator
Miguel Primo de Rivera
, conceived as a support to his regime and integrating
political Catholicism
,
technocrats
, and the business-owning classes. The party's power was dependent upon the power of its founder and leader, not any popular mandate. Following the
dismissal of Miguel Primo de Rivera
in January 1930 by
King Alfonso XIII
, the party was succeeded by the
National Monarchist Union
.
Membership
[
edit
]
There is no reliable information on membership figures. The party review
Union Patriotica
claimed in 1927 that there were 1,319,428 people on the rolls;
[1]
in 1928 the same source reported the figure as 1,696,304.
[2]
Most historians consider these figures fairly meaningless and note that they probably reflect bureaucratic ingenuity rather than the scale of genuine recruitment.
[3]
However, some scholars settle for official figures, e.g. in the
province of Almeria
the UP membership is estimated at 30,000
[4]
and in mid-size
Valencian
towns like
Gandia
,
Torrent
or
Utiel
at 500?1,000 members.
[5]
An official yet not public note from Primo de Rivera, dated 1929, estimated membership at 600?700,000.
[6]
Many historians tend to settle for even smaller figures, ranging from 400,000
[7]
to 500,000.
[8]
These estimates are pretty much a guesswork, though some scholars base their calculations on circulation of the UP daily
La Nacion
, at its peak printed in 50,000 copies.
[9]
Figures in the range of 1.3m?1.7m would suggest the membership rate of some 6?8% (compared to the entire population), figures in the range of 0.4?0.5m would point to some 2%. In comparison to other state parties, in the mid-1930s some 10% of the Italian population were on the rolls of
PNF
;
[10]
in 1937 some 8% of Germans were members of
NSDAP
.
[11]
The communist state parties of the late 20th century recorded a membership rate between 4% in the USSR
[12]
to 8?10% in Poland
[13]
or Czechoslovakia.
[14]
FET y de las JONS
, the state party during the
Francoist dictatorship
, boasted of some 0.9m members in 1942, around 3% of the Spanish population.
[15]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Alejandro Quiroga,
La llama de la pasion. La Union Patriotica y la nacionalizacion de masas durante la dictadura de Primo de Rivera
, [in:] Fernando Molina Aparicio (ed.),
Extranjeros en el pasado. Nuevos historiadores de la Espana
, Madrid 2009,
ISBN
9788498602098
, p. 261, James H. Rial,
Revolution from Above: The Primo de Rivera Dictatorship in Spain, 1923?1930
, London 1986,
ISBN
9780913969014
, p. 128
- ^
Rose Martinez Segarra,
La Union Patriotica
, [in:]
Cuadernos constitucionales de la Catedra Fadrique Furio Ceriol
1 (1992), p. 73, Quiroga 2009, p. 261
- ^
see e.g. Shlomo Ben-Ami,
El cirujano del hierro
, Barcelona 2012,
ISBN
9788490061619
, pp. 134?135
- ^
Pedro Martinez Gomez,
La dictadura de Primo de Rivera en Almeria (1923?1930). Entre el continuismo y la modernizacion
, Almeria 2007,
ISBN
9788482408743
, p. 323
- ^
Julio Lopez Iniguez,
La Union Patriotica y el Somaten Valencianos (1923?1930)
, Valencia 2007,
ISBN
9788491341284
- ^
Quiroga 2009, p. 261
- ^
J. L. Gomez Navarro,
La U.P.: analisis de un partido en el poder
, [in:]
Estudios de Historia Social
32?34 (1955), p. 138
- ^
“Scarcely a third of that [official figure of 1,7m]” Stanley G. Payne,
Fascism in Spain, 1923?1977
, Madison 1999,
ISBN
9780299165642
, p. 29
- ^
Eduardo Gonzalez Calleja
,
La Espana de Primo de Rivera. La modernizacion autoritaria 1923?1930
, Madrid 2005,
ISBN
8420647241
, pp. 192?193
- ^
some 4m out of 42m
- ^
5,4m out of 69m
- ^
in 1957, Walter S. Hanchett,
Some observations on membership figures of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
, [in:]
The American Political Science Review
52 (1958), p. 1125
- ^
William B. Simons, Stephen White,
The Party Statutes of the Communist World
, Hague 1984,
ISBN
9789024729753
, p. 327
- ^
Jan Richter,
Twenty-six years after the Velvet Revolution
, [in:]
Radio Praha
17.11.2005, available
here
- ^
Stanley G. Payne,
The Franco Regime, 1936?1975
, Madison 2011,
ISBN
9780299110734
, p. 176