Bicameral legislature of the Australian state of South Australia
The
Parliament of South Australia
is the
bicameral
legislature
of the
Australian
state of
South Australia
. It consists of the 47-seat
House of Assembly
(
lower house
) and the 22-seat
Legislative Council
(
upper house
).
[2]
General elections are held every 4 years, with all of the lower house and half of the upper house filled at each election. It follows a
Westminster system
of
parliamentary
government with the executive branch required to both sit in parliament and hold the confidence of the House of Assembly. The parliament is based at
Parliament House
on
North Terrace
in the state capital of
Adelaide
.
Unlike the
federal parliament
and the parliaments of most other states, the
South Australian Constitution
does not define the parliament as including either the
monarch
or the
governor of South Australia
as one of its constituent parts. However, the constitution also vests legislative power in the state's governor acting with the advice and consent of both houses of parliament,
[3]
making the role of the governor effectively the same as those of the other states.
[1]
The parliament may make laws for any matter within South Australia, subject to the
Constitution of South Australia
. Its power is further limited by the ability for the federal parliament to override it in some circumstances, subject to the
Constitution of Australia
. Similarly, the
Supreme Court of South Australia
, and ultimately the
High Court of Australia
, provides judicial oversight of parliament. The parliament is also vested with other powers, such as the means to investigate matters, conduct research and summon witnesses.
[4]
History
[
edit
]
Early colonial period and establishment
[
edit
]
At the founding of the Province of South Australia under the
South Australia Act 1834
, governance of the new colony was divided between the
Governor of South Australia
and a
Resident Commissioner
, who reported to a new body known as the
South Australian Colonization Commission
. Under this arrangement, there was also a governing Council comprising the Governor, the
Judge or Chief Justice
, the
Colonial Secretary
, the
Advocate-General
and the Resident Commissioner, with broad legislative and executive powers including the imposition of rates, duties, and taxes.
[5]
This council was sometimes referred to as the "Legislative Council".
[6]
Confusion and dispute about the division of power between the two roles led to the
South Australia Government Act 1838
, which combined the role of Resident Commissioner with that of the Governor.
[7]
In 1842, the
South Australia Act 1842
was passed in order to replace the South Australian Colonisation Commission appointed in 1834 with a more standard British model of government, with a Governor advised by a Legislative Council. The 1842 Act gave the British Government, which was responsible for appointing a Governor and at least seven other officers to the Legislative Council, full control of South Australia as a
Crown Colony
, after financial mismanagement by the first administration had nearly bankrupted the colony.
[8]
This new Legislative Council was the first true parliamentary body in South Australia. The Act also made provision for a commission to initiate the establishment of democratic government, electoral districts, requirements for voting rights, and terms of office.
[9]
Although the old governing Council advising the Governor met at
Government House
, this new Legislative Council met at a new purpose built chamber on North Terrace. This chamber eventually grew into what is now known as "Old Parliament House".
[6]
The
Australian Colonies Government Act 1850
was a landmark development which granted representative constitutions to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments with the
British monarch
as the symbolic head of state.
[10]
In 1851 elections for the Legislative Council were held.
[11]
The new Council consisted of 24 members, four official (filling what would be today ministerial positions) and four non-official members, both nominated by the governor on behalf of the Crown, and 16 elected members chosen from single-member districts. The right to vote for these positions was not universal, however, being limited to propertied men. In addition, the reforms meant that the Governor no longer oversaw proceedings, with the role being filled by a Speaker who had been elected by the members.
[12]
[13]
In 1853 the Legislative Council sent London a
Parliament Act 1853
that provided for a new constitution that established a bicameral parliament with an elected lower house and an upper house made up of members nominated for life.
[14]
The colonists were mistakingly under the impression that only such a scheme would be acceptable to the British Government. The Governor,
Sir Henry Young
, had been advised that this was not the case but he kept this information to himself. The colonists were furious and 5,000 petitioned Westminster to give them two elected houses. The offending constitution was returned and in 1855, a new Legislative Council was elected with a mandate to establish something far more radical and democratic than had been seen in the British Empire before.
[6]
This was expressed by the
Constitution Act 1856
(headed "1855?6: No. 2" and followed by the long title "An Act to establish a Constitution for South Australia, and to grant a Civil List to Her Majesty") establishing the constitution of the Parliament of the Province of South Australia.
[15]
Responsible government
[
edit
]
This Constitution Act provided for a
bicameral
parliament with full authority to enact laws, apart from a few Acts requiring the monarch's personal Royal Assent. The 18-member Legislative Council was elected by property owners only, while the 36-member House of Assembly was elected by a full male franchise.
[16]
The Act also provided for a system of
responsible government
, where the members of the executive branch must sit in parliament and, by convention, can only remain in office while they hold the confidence of a majority of the members of the House of Assembly.
[17]
It was the first Constitution in the Australian colonies to provide "manhood" suffrage.
[15]
[18]
The adoption of the "one man, one vote" principle also removed the ability of voters to vote in any electorate in which they owned property. The Act also defined the rules of tenure for the parliamentarians.
[16]
Later in 1856, in preparation for responsible government, the old Legislative Council passed an Electoral Act providing for the
secret ballot
system of voting to be used for the new parliament, also known as the Australian Ballot.
[19]
The first bicameral parliament of South Australia was elected on 9 March 1857, with
Boyle Travers Finniss
as the inaugural
Premier of South Australia
responsible to parliament. The parliament first sat on 22 April 1857.
[20]
Until 1887, membership of parliament was an unpaid position as members were expected to be able to support themselves through other means. This changed with the passage of the
Payment of Members Act 1887
that set an annual salary of 200 pounds for members of both Houses who were not ministers.
[21]
This rate has subsequently continued to evolve with the rate now set by an independent remuneration tribunal.
[22]
In 1889, the House of Assembly moved out of the original Parliament House and took up residence in a new building constructed next door. Due to costs, this "New Parliament House" would remain unfinished for 50 years while the Legislative Council continued to be housed in the original Parliament House.
[6]
Women
gained the right to vote and stand for election
in 1895, taking effect at the
1896 election
. Once passed, South Australia become the
fourth state in the world
to give women the vote and the first to give women the right to be elected to parliament.
[23]
[24]
After federation
[
edit
]
South Australia became a state of the
Commonwealth of Australia
in 1901, following a vote to
federate
with the other British colonies of Australia.
[25]
One consequence of federation was that the powers of the Parliament of South Australia were limited by the provisions of the
Constitution of Australia
, with some powers transferred to the federal parliament. Another consequence was a bit of a "brain drain", with many of the parliament's most prominent members moving to the federal sphere.
From 1857 to 1933, the House of Assembly was elected from multi-member districts, commonly known as "
seats
," with each district returning between one and six members. The size of the Assembly grew during the colonial period?36 members from 1857 to 1875, 46 members from 1875 to 1884, 52 members from 1884 to 1890, 54 members from 1890 to 1902.
[26]
In response to the Federation of Australia, the House of Assembly was reduced to 42 members from 1902 to 1912 and 40 members from 1912 to 1915. From 1915 to 1938 the size was again increased to 46 members.
[26]
The Legislative Council half of the "New Parliament House" was finally completed in 1939, 50 years after the House of Assembly portion of the building.
[6]
Playmander years
[
edit
]
One distinctive aspect of the history of the South Australian parliament was the "
Playmander
", a
gerrymandering system
that instituted a pro-rural electoral
malapportionment
introduced by the incumbent
Liberal and Country League
(LCL) government, and in place for 32 years from 1936 to 1968.
[27]
The already entrenched rural overweighting was increased to a 2:1 ratio, the number of MPs was reduced to 39 and the multi-member seats were abandoned for single-member seats. The House of Assembly now consisted of 26 low-population rural seats, which due to population shifts, were holding up to a 10-to-1 advantage over the 13 high-population metropolitan seats, even though rural seats contained only a third of South Australia's population. At the peak of the malapportionment in
1968
, the rural seat of
Frome
had 4,500 formal votes, while the metropolitan seat of
Enfield
had 42,000 formal votes.
[17]
Labor
managed to win enough parliamentary seats to form government just once during the Playmander against the odds ? in
1965
. Labor won comprehensive majorities of the statewide
two-party
vote whilst failing to form government in
1944
,
1953
,
1962
and
1968
.
[17]
More equitable boundaries were subsequently put in place following the
1968
(with the House increased to 47 members),
1975
, and
1989
elections.
[17]
Since 1975, the distribution of the 47 electoral boundaries has been set by the
South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission
, an independent body.
[26]
Since a
referendum in 1991
, boundaries have been redistributed after each election. Previously they were redistributed after every third election. There are currently 34 in the
Adelaide
metropolitan area and 13 in rural areas. These seats are intended to represent approximately the same population in each electorate.
[26]
Evolution of the Legislative Council
[
edit
]
The Legislative Council's numbers and electoral makeup have also varied over time. From the inception of responsible government to 1882, it had 18 members elected by a single colony-wide district, with the scheme originally set up so that 6 members would be elected every 4 years to serve a 12 year term. In 1882, the single colony-wide district was split into 4 electoral districts which were drawn with a heavy bias in favour of rural areas in place. The new scheme was set up so that half of the Council was being elected each election. Originally these electoral districts were the "
Central District
", the "
Southern District
", the "
North-Eastern District
" and the "
Northern District
", with each being represented by 6 members each. From 1902, the Central District continued to be represented by 6 members, while the rural districts were reduced to 4 members each. The North-Eastern District was replaced by the "
Midland District
" from the 1910 election and in 1915 the Central District was split in half and became the "
Cantral District No. 1
" and the "
Central District No. 2
", each being represented by 4 members.
[11]
As for the size of the Council as a whole, from 1882 until 1902 it had 24 members; until 1915, 18 members; and until 1975, 20 members.
[11]
From 1975, the Council size was increased to 22 members, with half (11) to be elected at each election by the entire state voting as one electorate.
[11]
Although the lower house had universal suffrage from 1895, the upper house, the Legislative Council, remained the domain of property owners until the
Labor
government of
Don Dunstan
managed to achieve reform of the chamber in 1973.
Under the original 1856 Constitution, the franchise was restricted to men, "having a
freehold
estate in possession, either legal or equitable, situate within the said Province, of the clear value of Fifty Pounds sterling money above all charges and encumbrances affecting the same, or having a
leasehold estate
in possession, situate within the said Province, the lease thereof having been registered in the General Registry Office, for the registration of deeds, and having three years to run at the time of voting, or containing a clause authorising the lessee to become the purchaser of the land thereby demised, or occupy a dwelling house of the clear annual value of Twenty-five Pounds sterling money."
[17]
In 1907, the right to vote was extended to any person occupying a dwelling house, or "dwelling house and premises appurtenant thereto", with an annual rent of at least 17 pounds per annum (excluding any payment of rent by a wife to her husband); to a registered proprietor of a leasehold on which there were improvements to the value of at least 50 pounds and which were the property of the proprietor. At the same time, the franchise was also extended to ministers of religion, school head teachers, postmasters, railway stationmasters, and the officer in charge of a police station.
[17]
A further extension of the franchise came in 1913, when the qualification of an occupier of a dwelling house was altered to include any inhabitant occupier, whether owner or tenant.
[17]
In 1918, the right to vote for members of the upper house was extended to all those who had served in armed forced in the First World War. This was subsequently extended to Second World War veterans in 1940 and in 1969, it was simplified to apply to all Australian war veterans regardless of the war they served in.
[17]
In 1969, the franchise was granted to any person who owned or rented property, regardless of the value of the property. Further, the franchise was extended to the wedded spouse of the owner or renter.
[17]
Finally in 1973, all property qualifications were removed and the Council became a body elected via
proportional representation
by a single state-wide electorate from the same universal franchise as the House of Assembly.
[28]
Since the following
1975 South Australian state election
, no one party has had control of the state's upper house with the balance of power controlled by a variety of minor parties and independents.
Electoral systems
[
edit
]
Originally, the electoral system for both houses was a form of
plurality voting
, where each voter is given as many votes as there are candidates to be elected. From 1929, this was changed to
instant-runoff voting
, with multi-member districts using the
preferential block voting
variant of the system.
[29]
In 1973, as part of the reforms to the upper house, the Legislative Council switched to using a
party list
form of
proportional representation
voting that was subsequently changed to the
single transferable vote
in 1982.
[11]
From 1985 until 2017, the Legislative Council also used a form of
Group voting tickets
similar to that used in the Senate at the time. This enabled voters to choose between voting 'above the line' (for a single party preference ticket that ranked all candidates on the ballot paper in the party's preferred order) or 'below the line' and number all candidates in order of preference, on the ballot paper. In 2017 this was changed to a form of
optional preferential voting
? instructions for above the line votes are to mark '1' and then further preferences are optional as opposed to preference flows from simply '1' above the line being determined by group voting tickets, while instructions for voters who instead opt to vote below the line are to provide at least 12 preferences as opposed to having to number all candidates, and with a savings provision to admit ballot papers which indicate at least 6 below the line preferences.
[30]
Today, the House of Assembly continues to use instant-runoff voting with compulsory preferences.
[31]
Compulsory voting
was introduced for the House of Assembly in 1942 and for the Legislative Council in 1985.
[32]
Elections were held every 3 years until 1985 (with a brief flirtation with 5 year terms for the House of Assembly in the 1933-1938 parliament
[33]
[34]
), when the parliament switched to 4 year terms, meaning 8 year terms for the upper house.
[35]
Beginning in
2006
, election dates have been fixed at the third Saturday in March of every fourth year.
[26]
House of Assembly
[
edit
]
The House of Assembly (or "lower house") is made up of 47 members who are each elected by the full-preference
instant-runoff voting
system in
single-member electorates
. Each of the 47 electoral districts (electorates) contains approximately the same number of voters.
Casual vacancies
, when a member retires or dies in office mid-term, are filled by a
by-election
in that member's district.
Since 1975, the distribution of electoral boundaries has been set by the
South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission
, an independent body.
[26]
Since a
referendum in 1991
, boundaries have been redistributed after each election. Previously they were redistributed after every third election.
Government is formed in the House of Assembly by the leader of the party or coalition who can demonstrate they have the support of the majority of the House, and is called upon by the
Governor
to form government. The leader of the government becomes the
Premier
. The House is presided over by a Speaker, who, as of the passage of the
Constitution (Independent Speaker) Amendment Act 2021
, is constitutionally banned from being a member of a registered political party outside of a "relevant election period".
[36]
While
South Australia
's total population is 1.7 million,
Adelaide
's population is 1.3 million ? uniquely, over 75 percent of the state's population resides in the metropolitan area and has 72 percent of seats (34 of 47) alongside a lack of comparatively-sized rural population centres, therefore the metropolitan area tends to decide election outcomes. At the
2014 election
for example, although the statewide
two-party vote
(2PP) was 47.0% Labor v 53.0% Liberal, the metropolitan area recorded a 2PP of 51.5% Labor v 48.5% Liberal.
[37]
The term for the House of Assembly is a fixed 4-year term but the state Constitution does allow the Governor to dissolve the House early and call for a fresh general election under certain circumstances. These are: If the House passes a motion of no confidence in the government, the House defeats a motion of confidence in the government, or if a bill that has been designated by the House as a "bill of special importance" is passed by the House of Assembly but is rejected by the Legislative Council.
[38]
The House of Assembly can also be dissolved early together with the full Legislative Council in what is knows as a
double dissolution
in order to resolve deadlocks between the two Houses. The circumstances for such a double dissolution are outlined below.
Legislative Council
[
edit
]
The Legislative Council (or "upper house") is made up of 22 councillors (MLCs) who are elected for the entire state by the
Proportional Representation
single transferable voting
system (with
optional preferential voting
) to serve for a term that is usually 8 years. Elections for the Legislative Council are staggered so that 11 seats are up for re-election every 4 years, at the same time as House of Assembly elections. Legislative Councillors may serve shorter or longer terms than the usual 8 years in the event of an early dissolution of the House of Assembly. If half the chamber has served at least 6 years at the time of a dissolution, then they go up for election, but if all Legislative Councillors have served less than 6 years, only the House of Assembly faces the people.
[39]
In the event of a casual vacancy, members of the Legislative Council are filled by an assembly of the members of both houses of parliament. If the member whose seat has become vacant was elected as a member of a political party, the assembly must, if possible, replace them with a nominated member of that party.
[40]
The Legislative Council has almost equal powers to the House of Assembly. The only difference is that the upper house does not have the ability to initiate or amend bills that appropriate money or levy taxes. The Council may still request amendments to these bills and retains the right to reject money bills that it disagrees with.
[41]
The primary function of the Legislative Council is to review
legislation
which has been passed by the House of Assembly. This can cause tensions between the government and the Legislative Council, which may be viewed by the former as obstructionist if it rejects key legislation, as can happen at times when the electoral makeup of the two Houses are different. Another important function of the upper house is to scrutinise government activity, which it does both in the chamber and through
committees
. As Legislative Councillors have been elected using proportional representation since the mid-1970s, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. A government or opposition majority in the upper house has been unachievable since the introduction of this system, with the balance of power being held by a number of minor parties and independents.
[11]
Resolution of deadlocks between the Houses
[
edit
]
In the event that there is a conflict between the two Houses over legislation, the South Australian Constitution lays out a mechanism for how these deadlocks can be resolved.
Under section 41 of the South Australian Constitution, if a bill is passed by the House of Assembly during a session of parliament and in the following parliament after a general election for the lower house is rejected by the Legislative Council on both occasions, it is permitted for the
Governor of South Australia
to either issue a writ for the election of 2 additional members of the Legislative Council or to dissolve both Houses at the same time to elect an entirely new parliament.
[42]
This procedure is known as a
double dissolution
. As the upper house consists of 22 members, with 11 elected statewide at each general election for an 8-year term at a quota of 8.33%, this would result in an election for all 22 members at a quota of 4.35%. In the event of a double dissolution election, the 11 Legislative Councillors that would not have won their seats under an ordinary election go up for re-election at the first general election after only serving 3 years, rather than the usual 6 years.
[43]
Although it has been threatened, this South Australian double dissolution procedure has never been used.
[20]
[44]
Although the practice has mostly fallen out of favour in other parliaments that use a bicameral Westminster system, the South Australian parliament still regularly appoints a "Conference of Managers" from each House to negotiate compromises on disputed bills in private. The Conference Managers then prepare a report of recommendations that is submitted to both Houses.
[45]
State First Nations Voice
[
edit
]
As of the passage of the
First Nations Voice Act 2023
in March 2023, South Australia also has an
Indigenous Voice to Parliament
able to represent South Australia's
indigenous
population to the state parliament and government.
[46]
[47]
[48]
The Act was launched in a ceremony led by premier
Peter Malinauskas
, who acknowledged the work done by Attorney-General and Aboriginal Affairs Minister
Kyam Maher
, and First Nations Commissioner
Dale Agius
, to achieve the passing of the bill. A large crowd attended despite rainy weather, and
Major "Moogy" Sumner
spoke, danced, and performed the
Welcome to Country
.
[49]
[47]
The state is divided into six regions, whose
Indigenous
voters will, at each state election, elect a "Local Voice" with gender parity. These local voices then elect one male and one female member each to be their joint presiding officers and sit on the "State First Nations Voice". The State Voice then in turn elects its own male and female joint presiding officers who have the right to enter either house of parliament to make speeches on bills that are of interest to
Indigenous peoples in South Australia
. They do not have the ability to vote on legislation. The State Voice can also address state cabinet and government departments.
[46]
Location
[
edit
]
The seat of the Parliament of South Australia is
Parliament House
in the state capital of
Adelaide
. Parliament House sits on the North-Western corner of the intersection of
King William Street
and
North Terrace
.
[50]
It was built to replace the adjacent and overcrowded Parliament House, now referred to as "Old Parliament House", which dated from 1843 with extensions in 1857. Due to financial constraints, the current Parliament House was constructed in stages over 65 years from 1874 to 1939.
[
citation needed
]
Following the completion of the New Parliament House in 1939, The Old Parliament House has been used for a variety of functions including as a
Royal Australian Air Force
recruiting office, offices for government departments and as a "Constitutional Museum." In 1995, the building reverted to use by the parliament and has been used as offices and committee rooms ever since.
[51]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Carney, Gerard (2006).
The Constitutional Systems of the Australian States and Territories
. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78?79.
ISBN
9780521863056
.
- ^
Constitution Act 1934
(SA)
s 4
- ^
Constitution Act 1934
(SA)
s 5
referencing the
Australian Constitutions Act 1850
(Imp) 13 & 14 Vict. c 59,
s 7
.
- ^
"Constitution Act 1934"
. South Australia: Parliament of the South Australia. 1934
. Retrieved
9 October
2011
.
- ^
"Order-in-Council Establishing Government 23 February 1836 (UK)"
.
Museum of Australian Democracy
. Documenting a democracy
. Retrieved
16 November
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Stretton, Pat (1988).
The Life and Times of Old Parliament House
. Old Parliament House, North Terrace, Adelaide.
ISBN
0-7243-7982-7
.
- ^
Great Britain (1838),
An act to amend an act of the fourth and fifth years of His Majesty, empowering His Majesty to erect South Australia into a British province or provinces : 31st July 1838
, Printed by George Eyre and Andrew Spottiswoode
, retrieved
5 November
2019
- ^
"South Australian Colonization Commission"
.
Bound for South Australia
. Creative Commons 3.0.
History Trust of South Australia
. 11 February 2011
. Retrieved
5 November
2019
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: others (
link
)
- ^
"An Act to provide for the better Government of South Australia [30th July 1842]: Anno 5o et 6o Victoriae"
(PDF)
.
Founding Documents
. Retrieved
13 November
2019
.
- ^
The Right to Vote in Australia
. Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Jaensch, Dean
(1 March 2007).
"History of South Australian elections 1857-2006, volume 2"
.
State Electoral Office of South Australia
. Archived from
the original
on 8 March 2016
. Retrieved
24 June
2020
.
- ^
Australian Colonies Government Act 1850
- ^
Legislative Council Act 1851 (SA)
- ^
Parliament Act 1853 (SA)
- ^
a
b
"Constitution Act (No 2 of 19 Vic, 1855-6)"
. 4 January 1856
. Retrieved
6 November
2014
.
- ^
a
b
"Constitution Act 1856 (SA)"
.
Museum of Australian Democracy
. Retrieved
13 November
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Jaensch, Dean (2002).
"Community access to the electoral processes in South Australia since 1850"
. South Australian State Electoral Office. Archived from
the original
on 8 March 2016.
- ^
Government of South Australia.
"Constitution Act 1934"
. Retrieved
13 November
2019
.
- ^
Electoral Act (No 10 of 19 Vic, 1855-6) (SA)
- ^
a
b
Combe, Gordon Desmond (2009).
Responsible Government in South Australia, Volume One, From Foundations to Playford
. Wakefield Press.
ISBN
9781862548626
.
- ^
Payment of Members Act 1887 (SA)
- ^
Parliamentary Remuneration Act 1990 (SA)
- ^
"Women's Suffrage Petition 1894: parliament.sa.gov.au"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 29 March 2011
. Retrieved
8 January
2016
.
- ^
"Women and Politics in South Australia"
. Parliament of South Australia. 19 February 2009. Archived from
the original
on 16 April 2019
. Retrieved
17 April
2015
.
- ^
Wise, Bernard Ringrose (1913).
The Making of The Australian Commonwealth
. Longmans, Green, and Co.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
History of Redistributions
, South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission
- ^
Labor and Liberal Parties, SA, Dean Jaensch
, "A 2:1 ratio of enrolments in favour of the rural areas was in force from 1936."
- ^
Dunstan, Don (1981).
Felicia: The political memoirs of Don Dunstan
. Griffin Press Limited. pp. 214?215.
ISBN
0-333-33815-4
.
- ^
Electoral Act 1929 (SA)
- ^
New Electoral System Adopted for the South Australian Legislative Council: Antony Green ABC 9 August 2017
- ^
Electoral Act 1985 (SA)
- ^
Brett, Judith (2019).
From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting
. Text Publishing Co.
ISBN
9781925603842
.
- ^
"PARLIAMENT'S RECORD REVIEWED"
.
The Advertiser (Adelaide)
. South Australia. 4 December 1937. p. 26
. Retrieved
4 October
2021
– via National Library of Australia.
- ^
"PARLIAMENTARY TERM TO BE REDUCED - Unanimous Vote in South Australia"
.
The Advocate (Australia)
. Tasmania, Australia. 17 November 1939. p. 2
. Retrieved
4 October
2021
– via National Library of Australia.
- ^
Constitution Act Amendment Act 1985 (SA)
- ^
Constitution (Independent Speaker) Amendment Act 2021 (SA)
- ^
Metropolitan 2PP correctly calculated by adding raw metro 2PP vote numbers from the 34 metro seats, both Labor and Liberal, then dividing Labor's raw metro 2PP vote from the total, which revealed a Labor metropolitan 2PP of 51.54%. Obtained raw metro 2PP vote numbers from ECSA
2014 election statistics
Archived
7 March 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
, ECSA
2014 Heysen election
Archived
11 December 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
and ABC
2014 Fisher by-election
.
- ^
South Australian Constitution Act 1934 Section 28A
- ^
South Australian Constitution Act 1934 Section 14
- ^
South Australian Constitution Act 1934 Section 13
- ^
South Australian Constitution Act 1934 Division 5 ? Money Bills
- ^
South Australian Constitution Act 1934 Section 41
- ^
South Australian Constitution Act 1934 Section 15
- ^
Martin, Robert (2009).
Responsible Government in South Australia, Volume Two, From Playford to Rann, 1957-2007
. Wakefield Press.
ISBN
9781862548626
.
- ^
Crump, Rick (2007).
"Why the Conference Procedure Remains the Preferred Method for Resolving Disputes Between the Two Houses of the South Australian Parliament"
(PDF)
.
Australasian Parliamentary Review
.
22
(2): 120?136
. Retrieved
21 February
2021
.
- ^
a
b
"
First Nations Voice Act
2023 (SA)"
(PDF)
.
legislation.sa.gov.au
. Retrieved
28 March
2023
.
- ^
a
b
McClaren, Rory; Pestrin, Stacey (26 March 2023).
"SA becomes first Australian jurisdiction to create First Nations Voice to Parliament as historic bill passes"
.
ABC News
.
- ^
"Cheers and joy as South Australia becomes first state to legislate Indigenous voice to parliament"
.
SBS News
. 26 March 2023
. Retrieved
27 March
2023
.
- ^
"South Australia becomes first state to enact Indigenous voice to parliament"
.
The Guardian
. 26 March 2023
. Retrieved
20 November
2023
.
- ^
"Google Maps"
.
Google Maps
. Retrieved
3 October
2017
.
- ^
"Old Parliament House | Adelaidia"
.
adelaidia.sa.gov.au
. 9 February 2015
. Retrieved
28 August
2017
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Combe, Gordon Desmond (2009).
Responsible Government in South Australia, Volume One, From Foundations to Playford
. Wakefield Press.
ISBN
9781862548626
.
- Martin, Robert (2009).
Responsible Government in South Australia, Volume Two, From Playford to Rann, 1957-2007
. Wakefield Press.
ISBN
9781862548626
.
- Dunstan, Don (1976).
"John Curtin Memorial Lecture: Electoral reform in South Australia"
(PDF)
.
- Finniss, B.T. (1886).
The Constitutional History of South Australia During Twenty-One Years from the Foundation of the Settlement in 1836 to the Inauguration of Responsible Government in 1857
(PDF)
. Adelaide: W.C. Rigby.
- Combe, Gordon Desmond (1960).
The parliament of South Australia : an outline of its history, its proceedings and its buildings
. Adelaide: Government Printer.
- Jaensch, Dean (1986).
The Flinders History of South Australia - Political History
. Adelaide: Wakefield Press.
- Jaensch, Dean (2002).
"Community access to the electoral processes in South Australia since 1850"
. South Australian State Electoral Office. Archived from
the original
on 8 March 2016.
- Stretton, Pat (1988).
The Life and Times of Old Parliament House
. Old Parliament House, North Terrace, Adelaide.
ISBN
0-7243-7982-7
.
External links
[
edit
]
Parliaments of Australia ? Federal, states and territories
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