Town in Colorado, United States
Town in Colorado, United States
Parker, Colorado
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![Mainstreet in downtown Parker](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Parker%2C_Colorado.JPG/275px-Parker%2C_Colorado.JPG) Mainstreet in downtown Parker
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![Flag of Parker, Colorado](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Parker%2C_Colorado.svg/100px-Flag_of_Parker%2C_Colorado.svg.png) Flag
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![Location of Parker in Douglas County, Colorado](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Douglas_County_Colorado_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Parker_Highlighted_0857630.svg/250px-Douglas_County_Colorado_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Parker_Highlighted_0857630.svg.png) Location of Parker in Douglas County, Colorado
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Coordinates:
39°31′10″N
104°45′57″W
/
39.51944°N 104.76583°W
/
39.51944; -104.76583
|
Country
| United States
|
---|
State
| Colorado
|
---|
County
| Douglas
|
---|
Founded
| 1864
|
---|
Incorporated
| May 1, 1981
|
---|
Named for
| James Parker
|
---|
|
? Type
| Home rule municipality
|
---|
?
Mayor
| Jeff Toborg
|
---|
? Council Members
| Anne Barrington, John Diak, Laura Hefta, Todd Hendreks, Joshua Rivero, Brandi Wilks
|
---|
|
?
Town
| 22.455 sq mi (58.158 km
2
)
|
---|
? Land
| 22.447 sq mi (58.138 km
2
)
|
---|
? Water
| 0.008 sq mi (0.022 km
2
)
|
---|
Elevation
| 5,870 ft (1,789 m)
|
---|
|
?
Town
| 58,512
|
---|
? Estimate
| 61,222
|
---|
? Rank
| US: 633rd
CO:
19th
|
---|
? Density
| 406.57/sq mi (1,053.01/km
2
)
|
---|
?
Urban
| 2,686,147 (US:
18th
)
|
---|
?
Metro
| 2,985,871 (US:
19th
)
|
---|
?
Combined
| 3,663,515 (US:
18th
)
|
---|
Time zone
| UTC?7
(
Mountain (MST)
)
|
---|
? Summer (
DST
)
| UTC?6
(MDT)
|
---|
ZIP Codes
[5]
| 80134, 80138
|
---|
Area code(s)
| 303, 720, and 983
|
---|
FIPS code
| 08-57630
|
---|
GNIS
feature ID
| 0185051
[2]
|
---|
Sales tax
| 8.0%
[6]
|
---|
Website
| www
.parkerco
.gov
|
---|
Parker
is a
home rule municipality
in
Douglas County, Colorado
, United States. As a self-declared "town" under the home rule statutes, Parker is the second most populous town in the county;
Castle Rock
is the most populous (the community of
Highlands Ranch
, with a population of over 100,000, is an unincorporated CDP).
[7]
In recent years, Parker has become a
commuter town
at the southeasternmost corner of the
Denver metropolitan area
. The population was 58,512 at the
2020 census
.
[3]
Parker is now the 19th
most populous municipality
in the state of Colorado.
History
[
edit
]
Native Americans
[
edit
]
The first known people to live in the area were
ancient
and
Plains
Woodland
peoples.
Utes
,
Arapaho
, and
Cheyenne
were in the area by the 1800s. They were all
hunter-gatherers
who established seasonal camps to acquire food.
[8]
A nearby rock shelter,
Franktown Cave
, shows evidence of habitation beginning in the early
Archaic period
about 6400 BC and continuing through each of the intervening cultural periods to 1725 AD.
[9]
Pine Grove
[
edit
]
Stage roads were established on historic
Cherokee
and
Trapper's Trails
through present-day Denver. In 1864, Alfred Butters established the Pine Grove Way Station in a small one-room building (south of the current Parker United Methodist Church) to sell provisions, handle mail and messages, and provide respite for travelers.
[8]
[10]
The area was then within the
Territory of Colorado
(1861?1876). Butters became a state senator and representative. His house is on the
National Register of Historic Places listings in downtown Denver
.
[10]
George Long and his wife purchased the building, moved it to its present location on Main Street, and expanded it to include ten rooms, a ball room and outbuildings.
[8]
Built at the junction of stage routes, it was called Twenty Mile House for its distance to
Denver
. The
stage station
offered provisions, meals, and lodging, as well as protection for early settlers against attacks by Native Americans.
[8]
[11]
Initially, there were peaceful interactions with Native Americans. Chiefs Washington and
Colorow
led their tribes along
Sulphur Gulch
, passing and sometimes visiting cabins of early settlers, like
John and Elizabeth Tallman
. During one visit, Chief Washington offered up to 20 ponies in trade for their red-headed son. They occasionally heard the sounds of celebration and mourning from nearby encampments.
[10]
Tension between settlers and Native Americans began to build in the 1860s due to broken treaties, aggression, and cultural misunderstanding. People became especially fearful following the
Hungate massacre
of 1864 in present-day
Elbert County
, which may have been started by Nathan Hungate shooting a Native American who stole his horse. It may have been a precipitating factor in the
Sand Creek massacre
led by General
John Chivington
later that year. John Tallman was one of the first to arrive at the scene of the Hungate Massacre and he served under Chivington during the Sand Creek massacre. The citizens of Parker became quite concerned and closed the school for a brief time after the massacres. In 1870, Jonathan Tallman (John's brother) was killed by Native Americans while out riding his mule.
[10]
Twenty Mile House, Parker, Colorado, 1908
In 1869, Twenty Mile House was owned by Nelson and Susan Doud.
[8]
[11]
In 1870, the Douds purchased the
Seventeen Mile House
in what is now
Centennial
and sold the Twenty Mile House
[12]
to James S. Parker, an
American Civil War
veteran from Illinois who came to Colorado in 1865.
[8]
[13]
He added a
blacksmith
shop and
mercantile
store. In December 1870,
[8]
or 1873, a post office was established for the Pine Grove settlement; James Parker was the postmaster.
[14]
He built a schoolhouse and provided lodging and the first year's salary for the teacher.
[8]
George Parker, James' brother, homesteaded and built a saloon on land east of Parker Road.
[8]
George owned most of the land that ultimately became the town of Parker. He encouraged settlers and business development by "parceling out his spread" to newcomers.
[8]
[10]
Parker
[
edit
]
The name of the settlement was changed to Parker in 1882.
[14]
[15]
It was first called Parkers' for the two brothers and largest landowners, but the apostrophe was later dropped.
[10]
That year, the
Denver and New Orleans Railroad
completed the initial railroad route
[16]
that provided service between Denver, Parker, and
Colorado Springs
. To ensure that the railroad came through the center of town, rather than along
Cherry Creek
, James Parker sold his right-of-way for $1 and his brother George sold his right-of-way to bring the railroad into the center of town to Parker station.
[17]
Rhode Island Hotel, 1908. Built near the railroad depot, the hotel had
modern conveniences
, a livery stable, a telephone company for the town, and a telegraph office. Over the years, it has been used for multiple purposes. It is now contained within the 20 Mile Center on Mainstreet. The outline of the old hotel can be seen from the rear of the building.
[18]
James donated three acres for
Parker Cemetery
around 1884, at which time it held the graves of his two sons. It holds the graves of early settlers, the earliest known death was in 1870. Parker (died 1910) and his wife Mattie (died 1887) are also buried there.
[8]
In the mid-1880s, gold was found at Newlin Gulch (site of the current
Rueter?Hess Reservoir
.) More businesses were added, including a
dry goods
store, two more general mercantile stores, another blacksmith shop, a
livery stable
, barber shop,
creamery
,
stockyard
, hotel, church, and a
brickworks
. Many of these were added by 1900.
[8]
[10]
Victorian architectural style
houses were built along Pikes Peak Drive in the 1910s.
[19]
The Parker station of the
Colorado and Southern Railway
, which was renamed as it expanded its route, closed in 1931.
[17]
Pikes Peak Grange
(1908), north of
Franktown
, near the entrance to Hidden Mesa Open Space
At least through the 1930s, there were dances the first Saturday of each month at
Pikes Peak Grange
, located north of
Franktown
. The dances were attended by teenagers from Parker and
Elizabeth
.
[20]
The Parker City Land Company began development of a "modern western town" in the 1960s, but they did not complete the housing projects due to financial short-falls. The developer skipped town in 1971. About 1980 or 1981, the development was completed by another builder. Dean Salibury advocated for Parker's incorporation to protect its landowners.
[20]
The town was incorporated in 1981,
[21]
and Salisbury was Parker's first mayor.
[20]
Parker grew exponentially in the mid-1990s and mid-2000s, during the growth of Denver's southern suburbs.
[21]
In 1981 there were 285 people in Parker and by 2014 48,000 people resided in the town.
[19]
Historic places
[
edit
]
Ruth Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church
, listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
The Twenty Mile post office, originally the Pine Grove post office building, was restored by the Parker Area Historical Society. It is located on Mainstreet, just west of
Parker Road
.
[22]
Ruth Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church
is listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
.
[23]
The town of Parker was given a grant by the History Colorado State Historical Fund a restoration project for the Parker Consolidated School at the Mainstreet Center.
[24]
The Hood House, one of two houses that did not sustain any damage during the flood of Tallman Gulch in 1912, is located in Preservation Park.
[25]
Some of the other historic sites include
Tallman?Newlin Cabin
and Parker Cemetery.
[19]
Geography
[
edit
]
Parker is located in northeastern Douglas County.
[26]
Its northernmost border follows the
Arapahoe County
line, and the city of
Aurora
touches the town's northeast border. The center of Parker is 23 miles (37 km) southeast of downtown
Denver
.
[27]
Castle Rock
, the Douglas County seat, is 15 miles (24 km) to the southwest. Unincorporated communities that border Parker are
Dove Valley
to the northwest,
Stonegate
to the west, and
The Pinery
to the south.
[28]
Parker sits at an elevation of 5,900 feet above sea level.
According to the
United States Census Bureau
, the town has a total area of 22.455 square miles (58.158 km
2
), of which 0.00 square miles (0.008 km
2
), or 0.02%, is water.
[1]
Cherry Creek
flows through Parker on its way north toward Denver.
[29]
Climate
[
edit
]
This climate type is usually found in the outskirts of true deserts in low-latitude,
semi-arid
regions. It has cooler, wetter weather resulting from the higher latitude and mid-latitude frontal cyclone activity. Annual precipitation totals are greater than in tropical and subtropical desert climates. Yearly variations in amount are not as extreme as in the true deserts but are nevertheless large. The
Koppen Climate Classification
subtype for this climate is "
BSk
". (mid latitude Steppe Climate).
Climate data for Parker, Colorado
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
|
43
(6)
|
46
(8)
|
51
(11)
|
60
(16)
|
69
(21)
|
80
(27)
|
86
(30)
|
84
(29)
|
77
(25)
|
66
(19)
|
52
(11)
|
45
(7)
|
63
(18)
|
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
|
15
(?9)
|
18
(?8)
|
23
(?5)
|
31
(?1)
|
40
(4)
|
49
(9)
|
55
(13)
|
54
(12)
|
46
(8)
|
35
(2)
|
23
(?5)
|
17
(?8)
|
34
(1)
|
Average
precipitation
inches (mm)
|
0.3
(7.6)
|
0.3
(7.6)
|
0.9
(23)
|
1.3
(33)
|
2.5
(64)
|
1.9
(48)
|
2.2
(56)
|
1.9
(48)
|
1.1
(28)
|
0.8
(20)
|
0.7
(18)
|
0.3
(7.6)
|
14.1
(360)
|
Source: Weatherbase
[30]
|
Demographics
[
edit
]
Historical population
Census
| Pop.
| Note
| %±
|
1980
| 290
| | ?
|
---|
1990
| 5,450
| | 1,779.3%
|
---|
2000
| 23,558
| | 332.3%
|
---|
2010
| 45,297
| | 92.3%
|
---|
2020
| 58,512
| | 29.2%
|
---|
2022 (est.)
| 61,222
| [4]
| 4.6%
|
---|
2022 estimate
[
edit
]
As of the
American Community Survey
of 2022, there were 61,222 people, 20,083 households, and 6,525 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,619.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,011.5/km
2
). There were housing units at an average density of 897.8 per square mile (346.6/km
2
). The racial makeup of the town was 84.4%
White
, 4.9%
Asian
, 0.4%
Native American
, 0.03%
Pacific Islander
, 1.88% from
other races
, 1.01%
Black
, and 6.6% from two or more races.
Hispanic
or
Latino
of any race were 12.1% of the population.
There were 20,083 households, out of which 45.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.1% were married couples living together, 18.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.7% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of people living alone, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.28.
In the town, the age of the population is trending older, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $120,075, and the median income for a family was $136,520. Males had a median income of $93,090 versus $63,008 for females. The per capita income for the town was $48,857. About 1.8% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.9% of those under age 18 and 1.3% of those age 65 or over.
2010 census
[
edit
]
As of the
2010 census
, there were 45297 people, _ households, and _ families residing in the town.
2000 census
[
edit
]
As of the
2000 census
, there were 23,558 people, 7,929 households, and 6,525 families residing in the town. The
population density
was 1,615.2 people per square mile (623.4/km²). There were 8,352 housing units at an average density of 572.6 per square mile (221.0/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 92.60%
White
, 1.71%
Asian
, 1.01%
African American
, 0.45%
Native American
, 0.03%
Pacific Islander
, 1.88% from
other races
, and 2.33% from two or more races.
Hispanic
or
Latino
of any race were 5.80% of the population.
There were 7,929 households out of which 52.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.8% were
married couples
living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.7% were non-families. 13.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 1.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.27.
In the town the population was spread out with 34.0% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 43.4% from 25 to 44, 15.0% from 45 to 64, and 2.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.3 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $74,116, and the median income for a family was $77,384. Males had a median income of $52,070 versus $35,700 for females. The
per capita income
for the town was $27,479. About 1.7% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the
poverty line
, including 2.2% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over.
Education
[
edit
]
Parker is served by
Douglas County School District
. Douglas County School District has among the highest level of students in Colorado. Students have scored, on average, 12 to 19 percent above the state average.
[32]
The district was rated 9th in the state in 2009.
[33]
The Pine Lane Elementary School had the largest student enrollment in Parker until Mammoth Heights Elementary opened in January 2007 and took the overload.
Two of the three principal high schools in the area,
Ponderosa
and
Chaparral High School
, have a cross-town rivalry and compete annually for The Pride of Parker trophy.
Legend High School
opened in 2008, as Douglas County's ninth high school.
Private schools in Parker include:
- Ave Maria Catholic School (PK-8)
- Southeast Christian School (PK-8)
- Lutheran High School Parker (9?12)
- Parker Montessori Educational Institute (PK-K)
- Montessori Academy (PK-K)
For other Parker and Douglas County school information:
- Pine Lane Primary
- Frontier Valley Elementary School
- Pine Lane Intermediate
- Pine Grove Elementary School
- Mammoth Heights Elementary School
- Cherokee Trail Elementary
- Iron Horse Elementary
- Prairie Crossing Elementary
- Legacy Point Elementary
- Gold Rush Elementary
- Pioneer Elementary School
- Global Village Academy
Parker Secondary Schools:
Parker also has six public charter schools:
- American Academy (annual lottery)
- Challenge to Excellence Charter School (annual lottery)
- North Star Academy (annual lottery)
- Parker Core Knowledge Charter School (students selected through a wait list; application at birth strongly recommended in order to gain entry for kindergarten)
- Leman Academy of Excellence (K-8)
- Parker Performing Arts School (K-8)
College classes:
- The University Center at Chaparral
- Arapahoe Community College
(Parker campus)
- University of Colorado South Denver Campus (Located at the old Wildlife Experience on Lincoln Ave.)
Post-Secondary Education:
- Rocky Vista University - College of Osteopathic Medicine
Recreation
[
edit
]
The Town maintains 10 trails with over 27 miles of concrete paved, multi-use trails, over 6 miles of natural surface equestrian trails and a 1.8-mile natural surface, multi-use loop trail. The Cherry Creek Trail runs along
Cherry Creek
, north and south through Parker. Bicycling, hiking, nature walks, and cross-country skiing are all popular uses.
The
Rueter?Hess Reservoir
is located west of town and is not yet open for recreational use of the water as of 2021, although trails around the reservoir are open. Planned activities there include fishing, hiking, and non-motorized boating.
[34]
No natural streams flow into the reservoir, instead, water rights owned by the Parker Water and Sanitation District provide water delivered via Cherry Creek and local canals. If filled to capacity, the surface size would be 1,140 acres.
The Parker Recreation Center is located alongside Lincoln Avenue and has several amenities such as gyms, swimming pools, fitness and cycling studios, sports and fitness classes, and more.
The Parker Field House offers 100,000 square feet (9,300 m
2
) of space, including sports turf, batting cages, gymnasiums, inline rink with Sport Court flooring, and climbing.
The Parker Racquet Club opened in 2019 and offers six indoor courts to tennis and pickleball enthusiasts. Phase 2, opening in 2023, adds one of the first paddle courts in Colorado, and additional outdoor tennis courts and pickleball courts.
Attractions
[
edit
]
The town currently maintains about 250 acres of developed parkland and more than 900 acres of open space.
[35]
Parker is home to the Parker Arts, Culture, & Events Center (PACE). It is a venue that hosts art exhibits, art classes, theater productions, and concerts. It is the official home of the Parker Symphony Orchestra, a community orchestra established in 1994, that offers a full season of orchestra concerts annually. The Parker Symphony was formerly the South Suburban Community Orchestra.
Parker is also home to Colorado School of Dance, which partners with PACE each December to produce the "Nutcracker of Parker." The annual ballet has been a Parker tradition since 2003.
Local media
[
edit
]
Parker currently has one local magazine and one local paper.
Search Parker Magazine
is the local magazine and the
Parker Chronicle
is the local paper. Parker also receives the county-wide channel, Douglas County 8, which broadcasts school sports events and assorted programs run by residents.
[36]
Notable people
[
edit
]
Notable individuals who were born in or have lived in Parker include:
- Josh Adams
(born 1993), basketball point guard
[37]
- George Brauchler
- attorney, former district attorney for Colorado's 18th Judicial District
[38]
- Hayden Dalton
(born 1996), basketball player for
Hapoel Holon
of the
Israeli Basketball Premier League
- Kellen Damico
(born 1989), tennis player
[39]
- Scott Elrod
(born 1975), actor
[40]
- John Grant
(born 1968), singer-songwriter
[41]
- Milan Hejduk
(born 1976), former ice hockey player for
Colorado Avalanche
. Won his lone Stanley Cup in 2001.
- Michael "Ffish" Hemschoot
(born 1973), animator, film director
[42]
- Hal Koerner
(born 1976), distance runner
[43]
- John C. Malone
(born 1941), billionaire media magnate
[44]
- Chris Martinez
(born 1970), soccer defender
[45]
- Bob McCord
(1934?2016), ice hockey player
- Dana Perino
(born 1972),
White House Press Secretary
(2007-2009)
[46]
- Scott Petersen
(born 1970), golfer
[47]
- Mark Scheffel
(born 1959), Colorado state legislator
[48]
- Cal Turner Jr.
(born 1940), billionaire retail executive
[49]
- Derrick White
(born 1994),
NBA
player
[50]
- Bobby Dalbec
(born 1995), baseball player
[51]
- Chad Muma
, football player
[52]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"2023 U.S. Gazetteer Files"
.
Census.gov
. United States Census Bureau
. Retrieved
July 24,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Parker, Colorado
- ^
a
b
c
"Explore Census Data"
.
United States Census Bureau
. Retrieved
February 9,
2024
.
- ^
a
b
"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022"
. United States Census Bureau. February 9, 2024
. Retrieved
February 9,
2024
.
- ^
"ZIP Code Lookup"
(
JavaScript
/
HTML
)
.
USPS.com
.
United States Postal Service
. Retrieved
February 9,
2024
.
- ^
"Parker (CO) sales tax rate"
. Retrieved
February 9,
2024
.
- ^
"U.S. Census website"
.
United States Census Bureau
. Retrieved
June 26,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
"A Brief History of Parker, Colorado"
.
Parker Area Historical Society, Parker Colorado
. Retrieved
June 26,
2018
.
- ^
Gilmore, Kevin P. (April 24, 2012).
"National Register Nomination Form: Franktown Cave. Site 5DA272"
. University of Denver. pp. 1?2, 4. Archived from
the original
on April 24, 2012.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Michlewicz, Chris (December 11, 2014).
"Echoes of Parker's Past - The Early Years: 1864-1910"
.
Parker Chronicle
. Retrieved
June 26,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"Tales Told with Markers"
(PDF)
.
Colorado Magazine
. Summer 1970. p. 223. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on June 12, 2018
. Retrieved
June 25,
2018
.
- ^
"17 Mile Farm Park Master Plan"
. Arapahoe County Government. October 2007. p. 16
. Retrieved
June 26,
2018
.
- ^
Bishop, Will C. (1911).
The Trail: A Magazine "for Colorado."
. W.C. Bishop. p. 27.
- ^
a
b
Bright, William (2004).
Colorado Place Names
. Big Earth Publishing. p. 135.
ISBN
978-1-55566-333-9
.
- ^
Donald R. Elliott (1999). Doris L. Elliott (ed.).
"Colorado Place Names"
(PDF)
. Denver Public Library. p. 464
. Retrieved
June 25,
2018
.
- ^
Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey
. United States Geological Survey. 1910. p.
339
.
- ^
a
b
Sandra Jane Whelchel (2015).
Parker
. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 7?8.
ISBN
978-1-4671-3315-9
.
- ^
Smith, Larry T.
"Rhode Island Hotel"
.
Parker Area Historical Society - Parker Colorado
. Retrieved
June 26,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
c
Michlewicz, Chris (December 11, 2014).
"Echoes of Parker's Past - The Changes: 1995-2014"
.
Parker Chronicle
. Retrieved
June 26,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
c
Michlewicz, Chris (December 11, 2014).
"Echoes of Parker's Past - The Simple Life: 1911-1994"
.
Parker Chronicle
. Retrieved
June 26,
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.
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- McLaughlin, Frank B. (1998).
A Guidebook to Historic Sites in the Parker Area: What They Look Like, what They Looked Like, how to Find Them, Their History
. Parker Area Historical Society.
- Miller, Ruth L. (2005).
Parker, Colorado: An Historical Narrative
. Parker Area Historical Society.
- Whelchel, Sandy (1996).
A Folk History of Parker and Hilltop
. Parker Distributing/Paintbrush Press.
ISBN
978-1-878406-08-8
.
- Whiteley, Lee (1999).
The Cherokee Trail: Bent's Old Fort to Fort Bridger
. Johnson Printing.
ISBN
978-0-9671351-1-3
.
External links
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edit
]
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