From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Political beliefs
Pacificism
is the general term for
ethical
opposition to
violence
or
war
unless force is deemed necessary. Together with pacifism, it is born from the Western tradition or attitude that calls for
peace
.
[
citation needed
]
The former involves the unconditional refusal to support violence or absolute pacifism, but pacificism views the prevention of violence as its duty but recognizes the controlled use of force to achieve such objective.
[1]
According to Martin Caedel, pacifism and pacificism are driven by a certain political position or ideology such as
liberalism
,
socialism
or
feminism
.
[2]
Ceadel has categorized pacificism among positions about war and peace, ordering it among the other categories:
[3]
Development
[
edit
]
Pacificism ranges between total
pacifism
, which usually states that killing, violence or war is unconditionally wrong in all cases, and
defensivism
, which accepts all
defensive
acts as morally just.
[4]
Pacificism states that war may ever be considered only as a firm "last resort" and condemns both
aggression
and
militarism
. In the 1940s, the two terms were not conceptually distinguished, and pacificism was considered merely an archaic spelling.
[5]
The term
pacificism
was first used in 1910 by William James.
[6]
The distinct theory was later developed by
A. J. P. Taylor
in
The Trouble-Makers
(1957)
[7]
and was subsequently defined by Ceadel in his 1987 book,
Thinking About Peace and War
.
[8]
[9]
It was also discussed in detail in
Richard Norman
's book,
Ethics, Killing and War
. The concept came to mean "the advocacy of a peaceful policy."
[10]
The largest national peace association in history, the British
League of Nations Union
, was pacificist rather than pacifist in orientation.
[11]
Historically, the majority of peace activists have been pacificists rather than strict pacifists.
[12]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Yamamoto, Mari (2004-11-04).
Grassroots Pacifism in Post-War Japan: The Rebirth of a Nation
. London: Routledge.
ISBN
9781134308170
.
- ^
Nishikawa, Yukiko (2018).
Political Sociology of Japanese Pacifism
. London: Routledge.
ISBN
9781351672955
.
- ^
Alexandra, Andrew (2011-11-16).
"On the Distinction between Pacifism and Pacificism"
.
Academia.edu
. Retrieved
2022-10-25
.
- ^
Western Herald ? Pacifism cannot hold up under scrutiny
Archived
2008-06-29 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"Pacificist or Pacifism ?"
.
The Spectator
. 5 September 1940. p. 13.
- ^
Fiala, Andrew (2018-02-02).
The Routledge Handbook of Pacifism and Nonviolence
. Routledge.
ISBN
9781317271970
.
- ^
‘By ‘pacificism’ I mean the advocacy of a peaceful policy; by ‘pacifism’ (a word invented only in the twentieth century) the doctrine of non-resistance. The latter is the negation of policy, not an alternative, and therefore irrelevant to my theme. Hence my disregard for the Peace Societies.’ AJP Taylor,
The Trouble-Makers
, London: H Hamilton, 1957, p. 51
- ^
Pacifism ? Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^
Pledge Peace Union ? Debating Peace and War
- ^
Trovato, Sara (2016).
Mainstreaming Pacifism: Conflict, Success, and Ethics
. London: Lexington Books. p. 12.
ISBN
9780739187180
.
- ^
Donald Birn,
The League of Nations Union
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981
- ^
Martin Ceadel,
Semi Detached Idealists: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854?1945
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 7
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Peace advocates
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Ideologies
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Media and cultural
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Slogans and tactics
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Opposition to specific
wars or their aspects
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Countries
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