Polish aerospace manufacturer
PZL
(
Pa?stwowe Zakłady Lotnicze
- State Aviation Works) was the largest
Polish
aerospace manufacturer
of the
interwar period
, and a
brand
of their aircraft. Based in
Warsaw
between 1928 and 1939, PZL introduced a variety of well-regarded aircraft, most notably the
PZL P.11
fighter
, the
PZL.23 Kara?
light bomber
, and the
PZL.37 Ło?
medium bomber
.
In the post-war era, aerospace factories in Poland were initially run under the name WSK (Transport Equipment Manufacturing Plant), but returned to adopt PZL acronym in late 1950s. This was used as a common aircraft brand and later as a part of names of several Polish state-owned aerospace manufacturers referring to PZL traditions, and belonging to the
Zjednoczenie Przemysłu Lotniczego i Silnikowego PZL
- PZL Aircraft and Engine Industry Union. Among the better-known products during this period is the
PZL TS-11 Iskra
jet trainer and
PZL-104 Wilga
STOL
utility aircraft.
After the
fall of communism in Poland
in 1989, these manufacturers became separate companies, still sharing the PZL name. In the case of
PZL Mielec
, the abbreviation was later developed as
Polskie Zakłady Lotnicze
- Polish Aviation Works. Over time, the now-separate divisions were purchased by foreign concerns but many continue to use the PZL brand.
History
[
edit
]
PZL (1928?1939)
[
edit
]
Pa?stwowe Zakłady Lotnicze was established in Warsaw in 1928 as a state-owned company, and was based on the earlier
Centralne Warsztaty Lotnicze
- Central Aviation Workshops.
[1]
First to be produced was a licensed version of a French fighter, the
Wibault 70
, but from then on the company produced exclusively its own designs. In the next decade a talented designer
Zygmunt Puławski
designed a series of high-wing, all-metal modern fighters:
PZL P.1
,
P.6
,
P.7
and
P.11
. The latter two types were used as basic fighters in the
Polish Air Force
from 1933 onwards. The last variant,
PZL P.24
, developed after Puławski's death in an air crash, was exported to four countries. PZL also mass-produced a light bomber,
PZL.23 Kara?
, and a modern medium bomber,
PZL.37 Ło?
, as well as building small numbers of sport aircraft (
PZL.5
,
PZL.19
,
PZL.26
), and
liaison aircraft
(
PZL Ł.2
); and developing prototypes of passenger aircraft. In the late 1930s the company also developed several prototypes of more modern fighters and bombers — and a passenger airliner, the
PZL.44 Wicher
. However,
World War II
prevented these aircraft from entering production. PZL was the largest Polish pre-war aircraft manufacturer.
In 1934, the main factory in Warsaw was named
PZL WP-1
(
Wytwornia Płatowcow 1
- Airframe Works 1) in the
Ok?cie
district of
Warsaw
. A new division
PZL WP-2
was built in
Mielec
in 1938-1939, but production was only just starting there at the outbreak of World War II.
[1]
An engine factory division,
PZL WS-1
in Warsaw-Ok?cie (
Wytwornia Silnikow
- Engine Works 1), produced mostly licensed versions of British Bristol engines, such as the
Bristol Pegasus
and the
Bristol Mercury
. The WS-1 factory was former
Polskie Zakłady Skody
, the Polish division of
Skoda Works
, and was nationalized and renamed in 1936. In 1937-1939 a new engine division,
PZL WS-2
, was built in
Rzeszow
.
[2]
Situation post-war
[
edit
]
During
World War II
and the five-year German occupation, all Polish aviation industry was taken over by German firms, and as a result, almost completely destroyed. By the end of the war, all factories were either ruined or robbed of tooling.
[3]
Despite it, from 1944 there were carried out efforts to design new aircraft, in primitive conditions (first of all, in the
LWD
). No engines nor suitable production facilities were available at first.
[4]
The post-war
communist
government of Poland wanted to break all connections with pre-war Poland
[
citation needed
]
: from the late 1940s the name PZL ceased to be used, and new aerospace factories were named
WSK
(
Wytwornia Sprz?tu Komunikacyjnego
- Transport Equipment Manufacturing Plant). Under the Soviet-influenced,
centrally planned economy
, all indigenous projects were abandoned, in a favour of manufacturing Soviet-licensed aircraft.
[4]
No own designs were produced for a decade, and only in late 1950s, after the
stalinist
period (1956), did the PZL brand return to designing new aircraft.
The ZPLiS PZL -
Zjednoczenie Przemysłu Lotniczego i Silnikowego PZL
- PZL Aircraft and Engine Industry Union, which grouped all state-owned aerospace industry factories, was created in following years, but it only enjoyed some economic autonomy from 1973 onwards.
[5]
It consisted of 19 factories, a research institute, and the Pezetel Foreign Trade Center - CHZ Pezetel, which represented all the Polish aerospace industry abroad (
Pezetel
being the pronunciation of an abbreviation PZL in Polish).
[5]
Consequently, in the 1970s some WSK factories also introduced the PZL abbreviation to their names. After the fall of communism in Poland in 1989, all manufacturers became separate companies, initially state-owned, still sharing the PZL name.
Locations
[
edit
]
PZL "Warszawa-Ok?cie"
[
edit
]
The main factory PZL WP-1 in Warsaw was destroyed during World War II, mostly during the German evacuation in 1944. In 1946, the
CSS
construction bureau (
Centralne Studium Samolotow
- Central Aircraft Study) was set up there. As the factory was rebuilt, it was renamed in 1950 as the WSK Nr.4, and in 1956 as the
WSK-Ok?cie
.
[6]
It first produced licensed versions of Soviet types and aircraft developed by other Polish companies. From 1958 onwards it started to produce its own designs under the PZL brand, starting with the
PZL-101 Gawron
. The factory developed mainly light sports, trainer and utility aircraft. An attempt of producing and airliner
PZL MD-12
was unsuccessful. The best-known designs are the
PZL-104 Wilga
utility aircraft, which was produced in larger numbers than any other Polish-designed aircraft; and the
PZL-106 Kruk
agricultural aircraft. During the 1970s the factory adopted the name
WSK "PZL Warszawa-Ok?cie"
, which after the fall of the communist system was changed in 1989 to
PZL Warszawa-Ok?cie
. In 2001 the factory was bought by the Spanish company
EADS CASA
(now part of
Airbus Defence and Space
) and since then has been known as
EADS PZL Warszawa-Ok?cie
SA
.
WSK "PZL-Mielec" / PZL Mielec
[
edit
]
The PZL WP2 factory in Mielec became a part of
Heinkel
during the German occupation of Poland, and manufactured parts for German aircraft. After the war the factory was named first
PZL
No.1 works,
[7]
then from 1949
WSK-Mielec
, and later
WSK "PZL-Mielec"
. It became the biggest post-war Polish aircraft producer.
[7]
It manufactured mostly licensed Soviet types, such as the
Antonov An-2
transport biplane and early jet fighters:
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
(as Lim-1 and Lim-2) and
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17
(as Lim-5 and
Lim-6
). It also produced the Polish-designed
TS-8 Bies
piston trainer and
TS-11 Iskra
jet trainer, and the
PZL M-15 Belphegor
the world's only jet
agricultural aircraft
. Large numbers of aircraft were exported abroad, mostly to the USSR.
[7]
From the 1970s onward it produced mostly its own developments of licensed civil aircraft, the best known are the
PZL M-18 Dromader
agricultural aircraft, which was exported to numerous countries, and the
PZL M-28
Skytruck/Bryza light transport aircraft. In 1998 the state factory WSK PZL-Mielec went bankrupt and was changed into the state-owned
Polskie Zakłady Lotnicze
Sp.z o.o.
(Polish Aviation Works) (
PZL Mielec
).
On March 16, 2007, PZL Mielec was purchased by the
Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation
, a unit of
United Technologies Corporation
(UTX). It still produces M-18 and M-28 aircraft.
WSK "PZL-?widnik"
[
edit
]
In 1951 a third national aerospace factory,
WSK-?widnik
, was built in
?widnik
,
[8]
and in 1957 it was renamed to
WSK "PZL-?widnik"
. Since 1956 it has become one of the world's major
helicopter
manufacturers, producing helicopters under Soviet licences, starting from the SM-1 (
Mil Mi-1
).
[8]
?widnik was the main producer of the Mi-1 and the exclusive producer of the
Mil Mi-2
, which was widely used throughout the world. Since the late 1980s, ?widnik has been producing a Polish-designed medium helicopter
PZL W-3 Sokoł
. It also produces a light helicopter, the
PZL SW-4 Puszczyk
. After 1991 the state factory became a state-owned corporation (WSK "PZL-?widnik"
SA
). It also produced the
SZD-30 Pirat
,
PW-5
and
PW-6
gliders
and cooperates widely with other nations' manufacturers,
e.g.
, in the manufacture of
Agusta A109
fuselages.
In early 2010 the factory was acquired by
AgustaWestland
.
PZL-Bielsko / Allstar PZL Glider
[
edit
]
Glider
manufacturer SZD (
Szybowcowy Zakład Do?wiadczalny
- Glider Experimental Works) was created in
Bielsko-Biała
in 1948. The company grew and had production plants in additional locations, during this process it was renamed several times until it got its name
PZL-Bielsko
in the 1990s. It was one of the biggest sailplane factories and exported its gliders world-wide.
[9]
In 2002
Allstar PZL Glider
Sp. z o.o. acquired the production plant in Bielsko-Biala and the Type Certificates of the following SZD sailplanes:
SZD-59-1 Acro
- a single-seater for aerobatics and cross-country,
SZD-54-2 Perkoz
? a double-seater training-glider for aerobatic and cross-country,
SZD-55-1 Nexus
? a single seater glider of the standard class,
SZD-51-1 Junior
- single seater training glider of the club class,
SZD-50 Puchacz
- double-seater training-glider and
SZD-48-3 Jantar Standard 3
? single-seater glider of standard class.
The company further manufactures and develops the first four SZD-glider models. Allstar PZL Glider is also producing and distributing spare parts for all six types mentioned above.
On the occasion of the air show “Aero” 2019 in Friedrichshafen Allstar PZL Glider has presented its proof-of-concept of a new electric propulsion system for the SZD-55 Nexus. The electric sustainer, developed by the company and named “Allstar-e-motion”, is right now in the advanced certification process. The system will also be available as an assembly kit for retrofitting of existing SZD-55s.
[10]
WSK-Rzeszow
[
edit
]
The engine division WS-2 of the PZL was built in
Rzeszow
in 1937-1939.
[2]
After the war it still bore a name PZL (
Pa?stwowe Zakłady Lotnicze
) until 1951, when it was renamed WSK-Rzeszow.
[11]
From 1949 it manufactured Soviet-licensed M-11 engines, later, among others,
ASh-62IR
, turboshaft engines
GTD-350
and Polish jet engines
SO-1
.
[11]
The factory was bought by
United Technologies
in 2002 and changed its name to
Pratt & Whitney Rzeszow
in 2015.
[12]
WSK "PZL-Kalisz"
[
edit
]
In 1952 the engine manufacturer
WSK-Kalisz
was created. It manufactured mostly Soviet-licensed engines, first piston (the
Shvetsov ASh-82
and the
Ivchenko AI-14
) and then jet (the
Klimov VK-1
). It also produced Polish piston engines, such as the
WN-3
, and other equipment. In October 1996 it was renamed
WSK "PZL-Kalisz"
and became a corporation (
SA
).
WSK "PZL Warszawa II"
[
edit
]
WSK Warszawa II was created in 1952 in Warsaw as a manufacturer of aircraft parts and military equipment parts. In 1995 it was changed from a state factory to a corporation WSK "PZL Warszawa II" SA.
Aircraft
[
edit
]
Model name
|
First flight
|
Number built
|
Type
|
PZL P.1
|
1929
|
2
|
Single piston engine monoplane fighter
|
PZL Ł.2
|
1930
|
31
|
Single piston engine monoplane liaison airplane
|
PZL.3
|
N/A
|
0
|
Four piston engine monoplane bomber
|
PZL.4
|
1932
|
1
|
Three piston engine monoplane airliner
|
PZL.5
|
1930
|
15
|
Single piston engine biplane sport airplane
|
PZL P.6
|
1930
|
1
|
Single piston engine monoplane fighter
|
PZL P.7
|
1930
|
151
|
Single piston engine monoplane fighter
|
PZL P.11
|
1931
|
325
|
Single piston engine monoplane fighter
|
PZL.12
|
1931
|
1
|
Single piston engine monoplane flying boat
|
PZL.16
|
1932
|
1
|
Single piston engine monoplane utility airplane
|
PZL.19
|
1932
|
3
|
Single piston engine monoplane sport airplane
|
PZL.23 Kara?
|
1934
|
253
|
Single piston engine monoplane light bomber
|
PZL P.24
|
1933
|
184
|
Single piston engine monoplane fighter
|
PZL.26
|
1934
|
5
|
Single piston engine monoplane sport airplane
|
PZL.27
|
1934
|
1
|
Three piston engine monoplane airliner
|
PZL.30 ?ubr
|
1936
|
20
|
Two piston engine monoplane bomber
|
PZL.37 Ło?
|
1936
|
120+
|
Two piston engine monoplane bomber
|
PZL.38 Wilk
|
1938
|
2
|
Two piston engine monoplane fighter-bomber
|
PZL.43
|
1937
|
54
|
Single piston engine monoplane light bomber
|
PZL.44 Wicher
|
1938
|
1
|
Twin piston engine monoplane airliner
|
PZL.45 Sokoł
|
N/A
|
0
|
Single piston engine monoplane fighter
|
PZL.46 Sum
|
1938
|
2
|
Single piston engine monoplane light bomber
|
PZL.48 Lampart
|
N/A
|
0
|
Two piston engine monoplane fighter-bomber
|
PZL.49 Mi?
|
N/A
|
0
|
Two piston engine monoplane bomber
|
PZL.50 Jastrz?b
|
1939
|
2
|
Single piston engine monoplane fighter
|
PZL.53 Jastrz?b II
|
N/A
|
0
|
Single piston engine monoplane fighter
|
PZL.54 Ry?
|
N/A
|
0
|
Two piston engine monoplane heavy fighter
|
PZL.55
|
N/A
|
0
|
Single piston engine monoplane fighter
|
PZL.56 Kania
|
N/A
|
0
|
Single piston engine monoplane fighter
|
CSS -> WSK-Ok?cie -> PZL "Warszawa-Ok?cie"
|
CSS-10
[
pl
]
|
1948
|
2
|
Single piston engine monoplane trainer
[13]
|
CSS-11
[
pl
]
|
1948
|
2
|
Single piston engine monoplane trainer
[14]
|
CSS-13
|
1948
|
~500
|
License built single piston engine biplane utility airplane
|
LWD Junak
|
1948
|
252
|
Single piston engine monoplane trainer
|
CSS-12
|
1950
|
1
|
Two piston engine monoplane airliner
|
CSS S-13
|
1953
|
91
|
License built single piston engine biplane utility airplane
|
WSK Jak-12
|
|
1,191
|
License built single piston engine monoplane utility airplane
|
PZL-101 Gawron
|
1958
|
325
|
Single piston engine monoplane utility airplane
|
PZL-102 Kos
|
1958
|
10
|
Single piston engine monoplane sport airplane
|
PZL MD-12
|
1959
|
3
|
Four piston engine monoplane airliner
|
PZL-104 Wilga
|
1962
|
1,000+
|
Single piston engine monoplane utility airplane
|
PZL-105 Flaming
|
1989
|
2
|
Single piston engine monoplane utility airplane
|
PZL-106 Kruk
|
1973
|
275+
|
Single piston engine monoplane agricultural airplane
|
PZL-110 Koliber
|
1978
|
|
Single piston engine monoplane sport airplane
|
PZL-112 Junior
|
2000
|
1
|
Single piston engine monoplane trainer
|
PZL-130 Orlik
|
1984
|
59
|
Single turboprop engine monoplane trainer
|
PZL-126 Mrowka
|
1990
|
2
|
Single piston engine monoplane agricultural airplane
|
PZL-230 Skorpion
|
N/A
|
0
|
Two jet engine monoplane attack airplane
|
WSK-Mielec -> PZL-Mielec
|
PZL Szpak-4T
|
1948
|
10
|
Single piston engine monoplane utility airplane
|
PZL S-1
|
1945
|
1
|
Single piston engine monoplane trainer
|
PZL S-4 Kania
|
1957
|
3
|
Single piston engine monoplane trainer
|
PZL TS-8 Bies
|
1955
|
251
|
Single piston engine monoplane trainer
|
PZL M2
|
1958
|
2
|
Single piston engine monoplane trainer
|
PZL M3 Pliszka
|
1959
|
3
|
Glider
|
PZL M7
|
N/A
|
0
|
Two jet engine monoplane trainer
[15]
|
PZL M8 Pelikan
|
N/A
|
0
|
Glider
[16]
|
PZL M4 Tarpan
|
1961
|
2
|
Single piston engine monoplane trainer
|
PZL An-2
|
1961
|
11,000+
|
License built single piston engine biplane utility airplane
|
PZL Lim-1
|
1952
[17]
|
227
|
License built single jet engine monoplane fighter
|
PZL Lim-2
|
|
500
|
License built single jet engine monoplane fighter
|
PZL Lim-5
|
1956
[18]
|
666
|
License built single jet engine monoplane fighter
|
PZL Lim-6
|
|
110
|
License built single jet engine monoplane attack airplane
|
PZL TS-11 Iskra
|
1960
|
424
|
Single jet engine monoplane trainer
|
PZL TS-16 Grot
|
N/A
|
0
|
Single jet engine monoplane trainer
|
PZL M12
|
N/A
|
0
|
Two piston engine monoplane utility airplane
[19]
|
PZL M19
|
N/A
|
0
|
Two jet engine monoplane trainer
[20]
|
PZL M14
|
N/A
|
0
|
Single turboprop engine monoplane agricultural airplane
[21]
|
PZL M15 Belphegor
|
1973
|
175
|
Single jet engine biplane agricultural airplane
|
PZL M16
|
N/A
|
0
|
Two jet engine monoplane trainer
[22]
|
PZL M18 Dromader
|
1976
|
759
|
Single piston engine monoplane agricultural airplane
|
PZL M17
|
1977
|
1
|
Single piston engine monoplane utility airplane
|
PZL M20 Mewa
|
1979
|
33
|
Two piston engine monoplane utility airplane
|
PZL M19
|
N/A
|
0
|
Two turboprop engine monoplane transport airplane
[23]
|
PZL M21 Dromader Mini
|
1982
|
2
|
Single piston engine monoplane agricultural airplane
[24]
|
PZL M24 Dromader Super
|
1987
|
4
|
Single piston engine monoplane agricultural airplane
|
PZL M25 Dromader Micro
|
N/A
|
0
|
Single piston engine monoplane agricultural airplane
[24]
|
PZL M26 Iskierka
|
1986
|
9
|
Single piston engine monoplane trainer
|
PZL An-28
|
1984
|
|
Two turboprop engine monoplane transport
|
PZL M28 Skytruck
|
1993
|
|
Two turboprop engine monoplane transport
|
PZL M30
|
N/A
|
0
|
Single turboprop engine monoplane agricultural airplane
[25]
|
PZL M32
|
N/A
|
0
|
Two turboprop engine monoplane utility airplane
[26]
|
PZL M34
|
N/A
|
0
|
Two turboprop engine monoplane transport
[27]
|
PZL I-22 Iryda
|
1985
|
17
|
Two jet engine monoplane trainer
|
WSK "PZL ?widnik" -> PZL-?widnik
|
PZL SM-1
|
1956
|
1,594
|
License built single piston engine utility helicopter
|
PZL SM-2
|
1959
|
89
|
Single piston engine utility helicopter
|
PZL Mi-2
|
1965
[28]
|
5,400+
|
License built two turboshaft engine utility helicopter
|
PZL SM-4 Ł?tka
|
N/A
|
1
|
Single piston engine utility helicopter
|
PZL Kania
|
1979
|
19
|
Two turboshaft engine utility helicopter
|
PZL W-3 Sokoł
|
1979
|
149
|
Two turboshaft engine utility helicopter
|
PZL SW-4 Puszczyk
|
1996
|
40
|
Single turboshaft engine utility helicopter
|
PZL PW-5
|
1993
|
|
Glider
|
PZL PW-6
|
1998
|
~26
|
Glider
|
PZL I-23 Manager
[
pl
]
|
1999
|
2
|
Single piston engine monoplane sport airplane
|
PZL-Bielsko -> Allstar PZL Glider
|
SZD-50-3 Puchacz
|
1979
|
333
[29]
|
Glider double seater
|
SZD-48-3 Jantar Standard 3
|
1983
|
349
[30]
|
Glider standard class
|
SZD-51-1 Junior
|
1984
|
246
[31]
|
Glider club class
|
SZD-59-1 Acro
|
1993
|
48
[32]
|
Glider single seater, aerobatic and utility
|
SZD-55-1 Nexus (Promyk)
|
1998
|
125
[33]
|
Glider standard class
|
SZD-54-2 Perkoz
|
2010
|
30
[34]
|
Glider double seater, aerobatic and utility
|
Other types of aircraft
[
edit
]
Engines
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
A. Glass (1977), p. 26-31
- ^
a
b
A. Glass (1977), p. 41-44
- ^
Babiejczuk, J. and Grzegorzewski, J. (1974), p. 54
- ^
a
b
Cynk, Jerzy B. (4 January 1962).
"Progress in Poland"
.
Flight International
. Vol. 81, no. 2756. pp. 14?17.
- ^
a
b
Babiejczuk, J. and Grzegorzewski, J. (1974), p. 11, 16
- ^
Babiejczuk, J. and Grzegorzewski, J. (1974), p. 67-72
- ^
a
b
c
Babiejczuk, J. and Grzegorzewski, J. (1974), p. 90-98
- ^
a
b
Babiejczuk, J. and Grzegorzewski, J. (1974), p. 101-103
- ^
History
- ^
Allstar-e-motion
- ^
a
b
Babiejczuk, J. and Grzegorzewski, J. (1974), p. 132-134
- ^
"History"
.
Pratt & Whitney
. Retrieved
8 March
2021
.
- ^
Luto, Krzysztof.
"CSS-10, 1948"
.
SamolotyPolskie.pl
(in Polish)
. Retrieved
14 March
2021
.
- ^
Luto, Krzysztof.
"CSS-11, 1948"
.
SamolotyPolskie.pl
(in Polish)
. Retrieved
14 March
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a
b
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Polskie Szybowce SZD, Tomasz Murawski,(Warszawa 2016),ISBN 978-83-937805-6-3, p. 193
- ^
Sylwetki Szybowcow SZD, Tomasz Murawski,(2020), p. 222
- ^
Polskie Szybowce SZD, Tomasz Murawski,(Warszawa 2016),ISBN 978-83-937805-6-3, p. 218
- ^
Sylwetki Szybowcow SZD, Tomasz Murawski,(2020), p. 224
- ^
Sylwetki Szybowcow SZD, Tomasz Murawski,(2020), p. 221
- ^
Sylwetki Szybowcow SZD, Tomasz Murawski,(2020), p. 206
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Glass, Andrzej (1977).
Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939
[
Polish aviation designs 1893-1939
] (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Ł?czno?ci.
- Babiejczuk, Janusz; Grzegorzewski, Jerzy (1974).
Polski przemysł lotniczy 1945?1973
[
Polish aviation industry 1945-1973
] (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo MON.
- Cynk, Jerzy B. (4 January 1962).
"Progress in Poland"
.
Flight International
. Vol. 81, no. 2756. pp. 14?17.
- Murawski, Tomasz (2016).
Polskie Szybowce SZD
[
Polish SZD gliders
] (in Polish). Warszawa.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- Murawski, Tomasz (2020).
Sylwetki Szybowcow SZD
[
SZD gliders models
] (in Polish).
External links
[
edit
]
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