Flat board for communicating with spirits
Not to be confused with
Ouida
.
An original Ouija board created
c.
1890
Norman Rockwell
cover of the May 1, 1920 issue of
The Saturday Evening Post
, showing a Ouija board in use.
The
Ouija
(
WEE
-j?
,
-jee
), also known as a
Oujia board
,
spirit board
,
talking board
, or
witch board
, is a flat board marked with the letters of the
Latin alphabet
, the numbers 0?9, the words "yes", "no", and occasionally "hello" and "goodbye", along with various symbols and graphics. It uses a
planchette
(a small heart-shaped piece of wood or plastic) as a movable indicator to spell out messages during a
seance
. Participants place their fingers on the planchette, and it is moved about the board to spell out words. The name "Ouija" is a
trademark
of
Hasbro
[1]
(inherited from
Parker Brothers
[
citation needed
]
), but is often used
generically
to refer to any talking board.
Spiritualists
in the
United States
believed that the dead were able to contact the living and reportedly used a talking board very similar to a modern Ouija board at their camps in the U.S. state of Ohio in 1886 to ostensibly enable faster communication with spirits.
[2]
Following its commercial patent by businessman
Elijah Bond
on 1 July 1890,
[
citation needed
]
the Ouija board was regarded as an innocent parlor game unrelated to the occult until American spiritualist
Pearl Curran
popularized its use as a divining tool during
World War I
.
[3]
Paranormal
and
supernatural
beliefs associated with Ouija have been criticized by the scientific community and are characterized as
pseudoscience
. The action of the board can be most easily explained by unconscious movements of those controlling the pointer, a
psychophysiological
phenomenon known as the
ideomotor effect
.
[2]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Mainstream
Christian denominations
, including
Catholicism
, have warned against the use of Ouija boards, considering their use
Satanic
practice, while other religious groups hold that they can lead to
demonic possession
.
[8]
[9]
Occultists
, on the other hand, are divided on the issue, with some claiming it can be a tool for positive transformation, while others reiterate the warnings of many Christians and caution "inexperienced users" against it.
[8]
Etymology
[
edit
]
The popular belief that the word
Ouija
comes from the French (
oui
) and German (
ja
) words for
yes
is a misconception. In fact, the name was given from a word spelled out on the board when medium
Helen Peters Nosworthy
asked the board to name itself. When asked what the word meant, it responded "Good Luck."
[2]
[10]
History
[
edit
]
Precursors
[
edit
]
A model of a scene depicting divination
Wang Chongyang
, founder of the
Quanzhen School
, depicted in
Changchun Temple
,
Wuhan
One of the first mentions of the
automatic writing
method used in the Ouija board is found in
China
around 1100 AD, in historical documents of the
Song dynasty
. The method was known as
fuji
"planchette writing". The use of planchette writing as an ostensible means of
necromancy
and communion with the spirit-world continued, and, albeit under special rituals and supervisions, was a central practice of the
Quanzhen School
, until it was forbidden by the
Qing dynasty
.
[11]
Talking boards
[
edit
]
As a part of the
spiritualist
movement, mediums began to employ various means for communication with the dead. Following the
American Civil War
in the
United States
, mediums did significant business in allegedly allowing survivors to contact lost relatives. Use of talking boards was so common by 1886 that news reported the phenomenon taking over the spiritualists' camps in
Ohio
.
[2]
The Ouija was named in 1890 in
Baltimore, Maryland
by medium and spiritualist
Helen Peters Nosworthy
.
[10]
Commercial parlor game
[
edit
]
Charles Kennard, the founder of Kennard Novelty Company, claims to have invented the board with his business partner,
Elijah Bond
, who patented it with help from his sister-in-law, spiritualist and medium
Helen Peters Nosworthy
.
The local patent office at first refused a patent. Bond and Nosworthy then traveled to
Washington, D.C.
where they were also denied a patent until the chief patent officer asked the board to spell out his name, which it did.
[13]
In 1901, an employee of Bond,
William Fuld
, took over the talking board production under the name "Ouija."
[14]
[
failed verification
]
Scientific investigation
[
edit
]
Video capture of experiment
[15]
The Ouija phenomenon is considered by the scientific community to be the result of the
ideomotor response
.
[4]
[16]
[17]
[18]
Michael Faraday
first
described
this effect in 1853, while investigating
table-turning
.
[19]
[20]
Various studies have been conducted, recreating the effects of the Ouija board in the lab and showing that, under laboratory conditions, the subjects were moving the planchette involuntarily.
[16]
[21]
A 2012 study found that when answering yes or no questions, Ouija use was significantly more accurate than guesswork, suggesting that it might draw on the unconscious mind.
[17]
Skeptics have described Ouija board users as "operators".
[22]
Some critics have noted that the messages ostensibly spelled out by spirits were similar to whatever was going through the minds of the subjects.
[23]
According to professor of neurology
Terence Hines
in his book
Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
(2003):
[24]
The planchette is guided by unconscious muscular exertions like those responsible for table movement. Nonetheless, in both cases, the illusion that the object (table or planchette) is moving under its own control is often extremely powerful and sufficient to convince many people that spirits are truly at work ... The unconscious muscle movements responsible for the moving tables and Ouija board phenomena seen at seances are examples of a class of phenomena due to what psychologists call a dissociative state. A dissociative state is one in which consciousness is somehow divided or cut off from some aspects of the individual's normal cognitive, motor, or sensory functions.
Some involuntary movements are known as "Automatism".
[25]
This correlates with the ideomotor phenomenon because both rely on unconscious movement. The difference is that the ideomotor phenomenon is based on the idea that just the idea that something can happen tricks the brain into doing it. For example, thinking about not moving the planchette leads to the possibility of the planchette moving, which then makes someone unconsciously move the planchette.
[25]
Ouija boards were already criticized by scholars early on, being described in a 1927 journal as
"
'vestigial remains' of primitive belief-systems" and a con to part fools from their money.
[26]
Another 1921 journal described reports of Ouija board findings as 'half truths' and suggested that their inclusion in national newspapers at the time lowered the national discourse overall.
[27]
Religious responses
[
edit
]
Since early in the Ouija board's history, it has been criticized by several
Christian
denominations.
[8]
The
Catholic Church
in the
Catechism of the Catholic Church
explicitly forbids any practice of divination which includes the usage of Ouija boards.
[28]
Catholic Answers
, a Roman Catholic
Christian apologetics
organization, claims that "The Ouija board is far from harmless, as it is a form of divination (seeking information from supernatural sources)."
[29]
In 2005, Catholic
bishops
in the
Chuuk State
of the
Federated States of Micronesia
called for the boards to be banned and warned congregations that they were talking to
demons
when using Ouija boards.
[30]
In a 1995
pastoral letter
, The
Dutch Reformed Churches
encouraged its communicants to avoid Ouija boards, as it is a practice "related to the occult".
[31]
The
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
forbids its faithful from using Ouija boards as a violation of the
Ten Commandments
.
[32]
In 2001, Ouija boards were burned in
Alamogordo, New Mexico
, by
fundamentalist
groups as "symbols of witchcraft".
[33]
[34]
[35]
Religious criticism has expressed beliefs that the Ouija board reveals information which should only be in God's hands, and thus it is a tool of Satan.
[36]
A spokesperson for
Human Life International
described the boards as a portal to talk to spirits and called for Hasbro to be prohibited from marketing them.
[37]
These religious objections to use of the Ouija board have given rise to
ostension
type
folklore
in the communities where they circulate.
Cautionary tales
that the board opens a door to evil spirits turn the game into the subject of a supernatural dare, especially for young people.
[3]
Notable users
[
edit
]
Literature
[
edit
]
Ouija boards have been the source of inspiration for literary works, used as guidance in writing or as a form of
channeling
literary works. As a result of Ouija boards' becoming popular in the early 20th century, by the 1920s many "psychic" books were written of varying quality often initiated by Ouija board use.
[38]
- Emily Grant Hutchings claimed that her novel
Jap Herron: A Novel Written from the Ouija Board
(1917) was dictated by
Mark Twain
's spirit through the use of a Ouija board after his death
[39]
- Pearl Lenore Curran (1883?1937), alleged that for over 20 years she was in contact with a spirit named
Patience Worth
. This
symbiotic
relationship produced several novels, and works of poetry and prose, which Pearl Curran claimed were delivered to her through channelling Worth's spirit during sessions with a Ouija board, and which works Curran then transcribed
- Much of
William Butler Yeats
's later poetry was inspired, among other facets of occultism, by the Ouija board
[
citation needed
]
- In late 1963,
Jane Roberts
and her husband Robert Butts started experimenting with a Ouija board as part of Roberts' research for a book on
extra-sensory perception
.
[40]
According to Roberts and Butts, on 2 December 1963, they began to receive coherent messages from a male personality (an "energy personality essence no longer focused in the physical world") who eventually identified himself as "Seth", culminating in a series of books dictated by "Seth"
- In 1982, poet
James Merrill
released an
apocalyptic
560-page
epic poem
titled
The Changing Light at Sandover
, which documented two decades of messages dictated from the Ouija board during seances hosted by Merrill and his partner
David Noyes Jackson
.
Sandover
, which received the
National Book Critics Circle Award
in 1983,
[41]
was published in three volumes beginning in 1976. The first contained a poem for each of the letters A through Z, and was called
The Book of Ephraim
. It appeared in the collection
Divine Comedies
, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1977.
[42]
According to Merrill, the spirits ordered him to write and publish the next two installments,
Mirabell: Books of Number
in 1978 (which won the
National Book Award for Poetry
)
[43]
and
Scripts for the Pageant
in 1980.
Aleister Crowley
[
edit
]
Aleister Crowley
had great admiration for the use of the ouija board and it played a passing role in his magical workings.
Jane Wolfe
, who lived with Crowley at
Abbey of Thelema
, also used the Ouija board. She credits some of her greatest spiritual communications to use of this implement. Crowley also discussed the Ouija board with another of his students, and the most ardent of them,
Frater Achad
(
Charles Stansfeld Jones
): it is frequently mentioned in their unpublished letters. In 1917 Achad experimented with the board as a means of summoning Angels, as opposed to
Elementals
. In one letter Crowley told Jones:
Your Ouija board experiment is rather fun. You see how very satisfactory it is, but I believe things improve greatly with practice. I think you should keep to one angel, and make the magical preparations more elaborate.
Over the years, both became so fascinated by the board that they discussed marketing their own design. Their discourse culminated in a letter, dated 21 February 1919, in which Crowley tells Jones,
Re: Ouija Board. I offer you the basis of ten percent of my net profit. You are, if you accept this, responsible for the legal protection of the ideas, and the marketing of the copyright designs. I trust that this may be satisfactory to you. I hope to let you have the material in the course of a week.
In March, Crowley wrote to Achad to inform him, "I'll think up another name for Ouija." But their business venture never came to fruition and Crowley's new design, along with his name for the board, has not survived. Crowley has stated, of the Ouija Board, that
There is, however, a good way of using this instrument to get what you want, and that is to perform the whole operation in a consecrated circle, so that undesirable aliens cannot interfere with it. You should then employ the proper magical invocation in order to get into your circle just the one spirit you want. It is comparatively easy to do this. A few simple instructions are all that is necessary, and I shall be pleased to give these, free of charge, to any one who cares to apply.
Others
[
edit
]
- Roland Doe
used a Ouija board, which the
Catholic Church
stated led to his
possession by a demon
[45]
- Dick Brooks
, of the
Houdini Museum
in
Scranton, Pennsylvania
, uses a Ouija board as part of a paranormal and seance presentation
[46]
- G. K. Chesterton
used a Ouija board in his teenage years
- Around 1893, he had gone through a crisis of scepticism and depression, and during this period Chesterton experimented with the Ouija board and grew fascinated with the occult
[47]
- Bill Wilson
, the co-founder of
Alcoholics Anonymous
, used a Ouija board and conducted seances in attempts to contact the dead
[48]
- Early press releases stated that Vincent Furnier's stage and band name "
Alice Cooper
" was agreed upon after a session with a Ouija board, during which it was revealed that Furnier was the reincarnation of a 17th-century witch with that name. Alice Cooper later revealed that he just thought of the first name that came to his head while discussing a new band name with his band
[49]
- Former Italian Prime Minister
Romano Prodi
claimed under oath that, in a
seance
held in 1978 with other professors at the
University of Bologna
, the "ghost" of
Giorgio La Pira
used a Ouija to spell the name of the street where
Aldo Moro
was being held by the
Red Brigades
- According to Peter Popham of
The Independent
: "Everybody here has long believed that Prodi's Ouija board tale was no more than an ill-advised and bizarre way to conceal the identity of his true source, probably a person from Bologna's seething
far-left
underground whom he was pledged to protect"
[50]
- The Mars Volta
wrote their album
Bedlam in Goliath
(2008) based on their alleged experiences with a Ouija board
- According to their story (written for them by a fiction author, Jeremy Robert Johnson),
Omar Rodriguez Lopez
purchased one while traveling in Jerusalem. At first the board provided a story which became the theme for the album. Strange events allegedly related to this activity occurred during the recording of the album: the studio flooded, one of the album's main engineers had a nervous breakdown, equipment began to malfunction, and
Cedric Bixler-Zavala
's foot was injured. Following these bad experiences the band buried the Ouija board
[51]
- In the murder trial of Joshua Tucker, his mother insisted that he had carried out the murders while possessed by
the Devil
, who found him when he was using a Ouija board
[52]
[53]
- In London in 1994, convicted murderer Stephen Young was granted a retrial after it was learned that four of the jurors had conducted a Ouija board seance and had "contacted" the murdered man, who had named Young as his killer.
[54]
Young was convicted for a second time at his retrial and jailed for life
[55]
[56]
[57]
- E. H. Jones
and
C. W. Hill
, whilst prisoners of the Turks during the
First World War
, used a Ouija board to convince their captors that they were mediums as part of an escape plan
[58]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
Ouija board painted on a two-story building in downtown
Austin, Texas
Ouija boards have figured prominently in horror tales in various media as devices enabling malevolent spirits to spook their users.
In the 1960 supernatural horror film
13 Ghosts
the family Zorba plays the game "Ouija, the mystifying oracle."
Episodes of
Lost in Space
("Ghost in Space" (1966)) and
The Waltons
("The Ghost Story" (1974)) have spirit boards as part of their plots.
A Ouija board is an early part of the plot of the 1973 horror film
The Exorcist
. Using a Ouija board the young girl Regan makes what first appears to be harmless contact with an entity named "Captain Howdy." She later becomes possessed by a demon.
Based on Ouija Board, a song and album of the name,
Ojah Awake
, by
Osibisa
, was released in 1976.
The 1986 film
Witchboard
and its sequels center on the use of Ouija. The 1991 film
And You Thought Your Parents Were Weird
features use of a Ouija board in an important early scene.
What Lies Beneath
(2000) includes a
seance
scene with a board.
Paranormal Activity
(2007) involves a violent entity haunting a couple that becomes more powerful when the Ouija board is used.
Aparichithan
(The Stranger) is a 2004 Indian Malayalam-language horror film. The plot centers around a Ouija board and spiritualism.
[
citation needed
]
Another 2007 film,
Ouija
, depicted a group of adolescents whose use of the board causes a murderous spirit to follow them. In 2011,
The Ouija Experiment
portrayed a group of friends whose use of the board opens, and fails to close, a portal between the worlds of the living and the dead.
[59]
The 2012 film
I Am Zozo
follows a group of people that run afoul of a demon, based on
Pazuzu
, after using a Ouija board.
[60]
The 2014 film
Ouija
features a group of friends whose use of the board prompts a series of deaths.
[61]
A 2016 prequel,
Ouija: Origin of Evil
, also features the device.
[
citation needed
]
Romancham
(Goosebumps) is a 2023 Malayalam-language horror-comedy film. The plot involves several bachelors from
Bangalore
who improvise a Ouija board from a
Carrom
game.
[
citation needed
]
The British singer
Morrissey
released a controversial single titled "
Ouija Board, Ouija Board
" in 1989. The lyrics and the video of the song mockingly play with the idea of supernaturally contacting dead persons.
[
citation needed
]
The rap group
Bone Thugs-n-Harmony
referenced Ouija on their
Horrorcore
albums
Creepin on ah Come Up
and
E. 1999 Eternal
, having been inspired by seeing the board at
Toys "R" Us
.
[62]
Jeremy Gans' nonfiction book,
The Ouija Board Jurors: Mystery, Mischief and Misery in the Jury System
, based on an article he wrote for the University of Melbourne,
[63]
recounts an incident in which four jurors sought the help of a Ouija board during a double murder trial, both for guidance and to relieve the stress precipitated by the brutal images of evidence.
[63]
The National Geographic show
Brain Games
Season 5 episode "Paranormal" clearly showed the board did not work when all participants were blindfolded.
[64]
The sitcom
Steptoe and Son
in
Series 8 Episode 6
, includes a scene with a Ouija board where Harold briefly fools Albert into believing that they are in contact with the ghost of
Adolf Hitler
.
[65]
Ouija boards appear in the video game
Phasmophobia
as an item investigators can use to communicate with the ghost, although using it can prove dangerous.
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
U.S. Trademark 71,546,217
- ^
a
b
c
d
Rodriguez McRobbie, Linda (27 October 2013).
"The Strange and Mysterious History of the Ouija Board"
.
Smithsonian Magazine
. Retrieved
16 October
2023
.
- ^
a
b
Brunvand, Jan Harold (2006) [1996]. "Ouija".
American folklore: An encyclopedia
. Taylor & Francis. p. 534.
ISBN
978-1-135-57877-0
.
- ^
a
b
Heap, Michael (14 November 2002). "Ideomotor Effect (the Ouija Board Effect)". In
Shermer, Michael
(ed.).
The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
. ABC-CLIO. pp. 127?129.
ISBN
1-57607-654-7
.
- ^
Adams, Cecil; Ed Zotti (3 July 2000).
"How does a Ouija board work?"
. The Straight Dope
. Retrieved
6 July
2010
.
- ^
Carroll, Robert T. (31 October 2009).
"Ouija board"
. Skeptic's Dictionary
. Retrieved
6 July
2010
.
- ^
French, Chris
(27 April 2013).
"The unseen force that drives Ouija boards and fake bomb detectors"
.
The Guardian
. Archived from
the original
on 24 December 2019
. Retrieved
16 October
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
Ellis, Bill (2000).
Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media
. University Press of Kentucky. p. 65.
ISBN
978-0-8131-2682-1
. Retrieved
16 October
2023
.
Practically since its invention a century ago, mainstream Christian religions, including Catholicism, have warned against the use of Oujia boards, claiming that they are a means of dabbling with Satanism (Hunt 1985:93?95). Occultists, interestingly, are divided on the Oujia board's value. Jane Roberts (1966) and Gina Covina (1979) express confidence that it is a device for positive transformation and they provide detailed instructions on how to use it to contact spirits and map the other world. But some occultists have echoed Christian warnings, cautioning inexperienced persons away from it.
- ^
Carlisle, Rodney P. (2009).
Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society
. Sage Publications. p.
434
.
ISBN
978-1412966702
.
In particular, Ouija boards and automatic writing are kin in that they can be practiced and explained both by parties who see them as instruments of psychological discovery; and both are abhorred by some religious groups as gateways to demonic possession, as the abandonment of will and invitation to external forces represents for them an act much like presenting an open wound to a germ-filled environment.
- ^
a
b
Woods, Baynard (30 October 2016).
"The Ouija board's mysterious origins: War, spirits, and a strange death"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
16 October
2023
.
- ^
Silvers, Brock.
The Taoist Manual
(Honolulu: Sacred Mountain Press, 2005), pp. 129?132.
- ^
"Helen Peters Nosworthy"
. Pinehurst, Massachusetts, USA: Talking Board Historical Society. 22 September 2018
. Retrieved
16 October
2023
.
- ^
Orlando, Eugene.
"Ancient Ouija Boards: Fact or Fiction?"
.
Museum of Talking Boards
. Retrieved
24 April
2012
.
- ^
Andersen, Marc; Nielbo, Kristoffer L.; Schjoedt, Uffe; Pfeiffer, Thies; Roepstorff, Andreas; Sørensen, Jesper (17 July 2018).
"Predictive minds in Ouija board sessions"
.
Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences
.
18
(3): 577?588.
doi
:
10.1007/s11097-018-9585-8
.
ISSN
1572-8676
.
S2CID
150336658
.
- ^
a
b
Burgess, Cheryl A; Irving Kirsch; Howard Shane; Kristen L. Niederauer; Steven M. Graham; Alyson Bacon (1998). "Facilitated Communication as an Ideomotor Response".
Psychological Science
.
9
(1). Blackwell Publishing: 71.
doi
:
10.1111/1467-9280.00013
.
JSTOR
40063250
.
S2CID
145631775
.
- ^
a
b
Gauchou, Helene L.; Rensink, Ronald A.; Fels, Sidney (2012).
"Expression of nonconscious knowledge via ideomotor actions"
.
Consciousness and Cognition
.
21
(2). Elsevier: 976?982.
doi
:
10.1016/j.concog.2012.01.016
.
ISSN
1053-8100
.
PMID
22377138
.
S2CID
5728755
.
- ^
Shenefelt, Philip D. (2011). "Ideomotor Signaling: From Divining Spiritual Messages to Discerning Subconscious Answers during Hypnosis and Hypnoanalysis, a Historical Perspective".
American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
.
53
(3). Informa UK: 157?167.
doi
:
10.1080/00029157.2011.10401754
.
ISSN
0002-9157
.
PMID
21404952
.
S2CID
19324123
.
- ^
Faraday, Michael (1853).
"Experimental investigation of table-moving"
.
Journal of the Franklin Institute
.
56
(5): 328?333.
doi
:
10.1016/S0016-0032(38)92173-8
.
- ^
Podmore, Frank (1911).
"Table-turning"
. In
Chisholm, Hugh
(ed.).
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 337.
- ^
Garrow, Hattie Brown (1 December 2008).
"Suffolk's Lakeland High teens find their own answers"
.
The Virginian-Pilot
. Archived from
the original
on 29 October 2014
. Retrieved
28 October
2014
.
- ^
Dickerson, Brian (6 February 2008).
"Crying rape through a Ouija board"
.
Detroit Free Press
. Gannett. p. B1. Archived from
the original
on 29 October 2014.
- ^
Tucker, Milo Asem (April 1897). "Comparative Observations on the Involuntary Movements of Adults and Children".
The American Journal of Psychology
.
8
(3). University of Illinois Press: 402.
doi
:
10.2307/1411486
.
JSTOR
1411486
.
- ^
Hines, Terence
. (2003).
Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
. Prometheus Books. p. 47.
ISBN
1-57392-979-4
- ^
a
b
Wegner, Daniel (2018).
"An Analysis of Automatism." The Illusion of Conscious Will
. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp. 99?144.
- ^
Howerth, I. W. (August 1927). "Science and Religion".
The Scientific Monthly
. Vol. 25, no. 2. American Association for the Advancement of Science. p. 151.
JSTOR
7828
.
- ^
Lloyd, Alfred H. (September 1921).
"Newspaper Conscience--A Study in Half-Truths"
.
The American Journal of Sociology
.
27
(2). The University of Chicago Press: 198?205.
doi
:
10.1086/213304
.
JSTOR
2764824
.
- ^
Kosloski, Philip (28 October 2020).
"The spiritual dangers of playing with a Ouija board"
.
Aleteia
. Retrieved
9 February
2021
.
- ^
"Are Ouija boards harmless?"
.
Catholic Answers
. 2011
. Retrieved
25 August
2018
.
- ^
Dernbach, Katherine Boris (Spring 2005). "Spirits of the Hereafter: Death, Funerary Possession, and the Afterlife in Chuuk, Micronesia".
Ethnology
.
44
(2). Pittsburgh: 99?123.
doi
:
10.2307/3773992
.
JSTOR
3773992
.
- ^
Synod of the
Free Reformed Churches of North America
(March 1995),
Pastoral Letter Issued by the Free Reformed Churches of North America Out of concern for all confessing and baptized members
, Synod of the Free Reformed Churches Publications Committee, archived from
the original
on 8 March 2018
, retrieved
8 March
2018
- ^
Schultz, Scott (2016).
"What Does God Tell Us To Do In The Second Commandment?"
(PDF)
.
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
. p. 3. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 8 March 2018
. Retrieved
8 March
2018
.
A final way we misuse God's name is when we use any type of witchcraft such as crystal balls, Ouija boards, tarot cards, etc. Using these things are sinful because we are asking the devil to help us instead of God. In the Second Commandment God not only commands us not to do these things, but he also commands us to do certain things.
- ^
Ishizuka, Kathy (1 February 2002).
"Harry Potter book burning draws fire"
.
School Library Journal
. Vol. 48, no. 2. New York. p. 27.
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.
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(March 1943).
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. US: E. P. Dutton & CO., Inc. pp. 14?15.
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. Book Review Section.
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(Book review). 9 September 1917. p. 336
. Retrieved
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.
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ESP Power
, by Jane Roberts (2000) (introductory essay by Lynda Dahl).
ISBN
0-88391-016-0
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"All Past National Book Critics Circle Awards Winners and Finalists"
. National Book Critics Circle. Archived from
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on 8 April 2014
. Retrieved
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"Past winners & finalists by category"
.
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. Pulitzer.org
. Retrieved
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"National Book Awards ? 1979"
.
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. Retrieved
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Heiney, James J. (29 August 2016).
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. In Fee, Christopher R.; Webb, Jeffrey B. (eds.).
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.
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. p. 305.
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. psychictheater.com.
- ^
Chesterton, G.K. (2006).
Autobiography
. Ignatius Press. pp. 77ff.
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Bill W. and Mr. Wilson: The Legend and Life of A. A.'s Cofounder
. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 159.
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. Retrieved
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"Alice Cooper Biography"
.
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.
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Popham, Peter (2 December 2005).
"The seance that came back to haunt Romano Prodi"
.
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. Archived from
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. Retrieved
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"The Bedlam in Goliath Offers Weird Ouija Tale of The Mars Volta"
.
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. 2007.
- ^
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"Teen gets 41 years in Benton City slayings"
.
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. McClatchy.
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. McClatchy.
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"
.
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.
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.
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.
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"Jury deliberations may be studied"
.
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. Retrieved
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.
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"
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.
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. 7 December 2004
. Retrieved
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Jones, Emyr Gwynne (2001).
"Jones, Elias Henry"
.
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.
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.
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. Phase 4 Films Inc. n.d
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"Teaser Trailer Arrives for Ouija Thriller I Am ZoZo"
.
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. Archived from
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. Retrieved
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.
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"The Ouija Experiment (2014)"
.
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.
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.
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a
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.
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.
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.
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. Season 8. Episode 6.
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References
[
edit
]
- Cain, D. Lynn (10 December 2010).
Ouija: For the Record
. Author.
ISBN
978-0-557-15871-3
.
- Carpenter, William Benjamin
(12 March 1852).
"On the Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition"
.
Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain
.
1
(10).
Royal Institution
: 147?153.
- Cornelius, J. Edward (2005).
Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board
. Los Angeles, Calif:
Feral House
.
ISBN
978-1-932595-10-9
.
- Gruss, Edmond C. (1994).
The Ouija Board: A Doorway to the Occult
. Phillipsburg, NJ: P & R Publishing.
ISBN
0-87552-247-5
.
- Hunt, Stoker (23 October 1992).
Ouija: The Most Dangerous Game
. Harper Collins.
ISBN
0-06-092350-4
.
- Hill, Joe (13 February 2007).
Heart-Shaped Box: A Novel
. HarperCollins.
ISBN
978-0-06-114793-7
.
- Murch, R. (June 2009). "A Brief History of the Ouija Board".
Fortean Times
. No. 249. pp. 32?33.
- Schneck, R. D. (June 2009). "Ouija Madness".
Fortean Times
. No. 249. pp. 30?37.
External links
[
edit
]
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