Uniformed police force of Nazi Germany (1936?1945)
Law enforcement agency
Order Police
Ordnungspolizei
|
---|
Orpo flag
|
- Clockwise from top left:
Kurt Daluege
(right), Chief of the Order Police, with
Heinrich Himmler
, 1943
- Unit inspection at
Strasbourg
, 1940: Daluege (centre), with Bomhard, and Winkler
- Ordnungspolizei
in
Minsk
,
Reichskommissariat Ostland
, 1943
- Police raid (
razzia
) in the
Krakow Ghetto
, January 1941
- Biała Podlaska
Ghetto liquidation action, 1942
|
Common name
| Grune Polizei
|
---|
Abbreviation
| Orpo
|
---|
|
Formed
| 26 June 1936
; 87 years ago
(
26 June 1936
)
|
---|
Dissolved
| 1945
; 79 years ago
(
1945
)
|
---|
Employees
| 401,300 (1944
est.
)
[1]
|
---|
Legal personality
| Governmental:
Government agency
|
---|
|
Legal jurisdiction
|
Nazi Germany
Occupied Europe
|
---|
General nature
| |
---|
|
Headquarters
| Berlin NW 7, Unter den Linden 72/74
52°30′26″N
13°22′57″E
/
52.50722°N 13.38250°E
/
52.50722; 13.38250
|
---|
Elected officers responsible
| |
---|
Agency executives
| |
---|
Parent agency
| Interior Ministry
|
---|
The
Ordnungspolizei
(
German:
[???dn?ŋspoli?tsa?]
),
abbreviated
Orpo
, meaning "Order Police", were the uniformed
police force
in
Nazi Germany
from 1936 to 1945.
[2]
The Orpo organisation was absorbed into the Nazi monopoly on power after regional police jurisdiction was removed in favour of the central Nazi government ("
Reich
-ification",
Verreichlichung
, of the police). The Orpo was controlled nominally by the
Interior Ministry
, but its executive functions rested with the leadership of the
SS
until the end of
World War II
.
[2]
Owing to their green uniforms, Orpo were also referred to as
Grune Polizei
(green police). The force was first established as a centralised organisation uniting the municipal, city, and rural uniformed police that had been organised on a state-by-state basis.
[2]
The
Ordnungspolizei
encompassed virtually all of Nazi Germany's law-enforcement and emergency response organisations, including
fire brigades
,
coast guard
, and
civil defence
. In the prewar period,
Heinrich Himmler
, head of the
SS
, and
Kurt Daluege
, chief of the Order Police, cooperated in transforming the police force of the
Weimar Republic
into militarised formations ready to serve the regime's aims of conquest and racial annihilation. Police troops were first formed into battalion-sized formations for the
invasion of Poland
, where they were deployed for security and policing purposes, also taking part in executions and mass deportations.
During
World War II
, the force had the task of policing the civilian population of the occupied and colonised countries beginning in spring 1940.
[4]
Orpo's activities escalated to genocide with the invasion of the Soviet Union,
Operation Barbarossa
. Twenty-three
Order Police battalions
, formed into independent regiments or attached to
Wehrmacht
security divisions
and
Einsatzgruppen
, perpetrated mass-murder in the
Holocaust
and were responsible for widespread
crimes against humanity
and
genocide
targeting the civilian population.
History
[
edit
]
Heinrich Himmler
, head of the
SS
, was named Chief of German Police in the Interior Ministry on 17 June 1936 after Hitler announced a decree to "unify the control of police duties in the Reich".
Traditionally, law enforcement in Germany had been a state and local matter. In this role, Himmler was nominally subordinate to Interior Minister
Wilhelm Frick
. However, the decree effectively subordinated the police to the
SS
. Himmler gained authority as all of Germany's uniformed law enforcement agencies were amalgamated into the new
Ordnungspolizei
, whose main office became populated by officers of the
SS
.
The police were divided into the
Ordnungspolizei
(Orpo or order police) and the
Sicherheitspolizei
(
SiPo
or security police), which had been established in June 1936.
The Orpo assumed duties of regular uniformed law enforcement while the SiPo consisted of the secret state police (
Geheime Staatspolizei
or
Gestapo
) and criminal investigation police (
Kriminalpolizei
or Kripo). The
Kriminalpolizei
was a corps of professional detectives involved in fighting crime and the task of the Gestapo was combating
espionage
and
political dissent
. On 27 September 1939, the
SS
security service, the
Sicherheitsdienst
(SD) and the
SiPo
were folded into the
Reich Security Main Office
(
Reichssicherheitshauptamt
or RSHA). The RSHA symbolised the close connection between the
SS
(a party organisation) and the police (a state organisation).
In broad terms, Himmler pursued the amalgamation of
SS
and police into a form of "State Protection Corps" (
Staatsschutzkorps
), and used the expanded reach the police powers gave him to persecute ideological opponents and "undesirables" of the Nazi regime such as Jews,
freemasons
, churches, homosexuals,
Jehovah's Witnesses
, and other groups defined as "
asocial
". The Nazi conception of criminality was racial and biological, holding that criminal traits were hereditary, and had to be exterminated to purify German blood. As a result, even ordinary criminals were consigned to concentration camps to remove them from the German racial community (
Volksgemeinschaft
) and ultimately exterminate them.
[8]
The Order Police played a central role in carrying out the
Holocaust
. By "both career professionals and reservists, in both battalion formations and precinct service" (
Einzeldienst
) through providing men for the tasks involved.
[9]
Organization
[
edit
]
The German Order Police had grown to 244,500 men by mid-1940.
[4]
The Orpo was under the overall control of
Reichsfuhrer-SS
Himmler as Chief of the German Police in the Ministry of the Interior. It was initially commanded by
SS-
Oberstgruppenfuhrer
und
Generaloberst
der Polizei
Kurt Daluege
. In May 1943, Daluege had a massive heart attack and was removed from duty.
He was replaced by
SS-
Obergruppenfuhrer
und General der
Waffen-SS
und der Polizei
Alfred Wunnenberg
, who served until the end of the war. By 1941, the Orpo had been divided into the following offices covering every aspect of German law enforcement.
The central command office known as the
Ordnungspolizei Hauptamt
was located in
Berlin
. From 1943 it was considered a full
SS
-Headquarters command.
[11]
The Orpo main office consisted of Command Department (
Kommandoamt
), responsible for finance, personnel and medical; Administrative (
Verwaltung
) charged with pay, pensions and permits; Economic (
Wirtschaftsverwaltungsamt
); Technical Emergency Service (
Technische Nothilfe
); Fire Brigades Bureau (
Feuerwehren
); Colonial Police (
Kolonialpolizei
); and SS and Police Technical Training Academy (
Technische SS-und Polizeiakademie
).
Branches of police
[
edit
]
- Administration police
(
Verwaltungspolizei
) was the administrative branch of the Orpo and had overall command authority for all Orpo
police stations
. The
Verwaltungspolizei
also was the central office for record keeping and was the command authority for civilian law enforcement groups, which included the
Gesundheitspolizei
(health police),
Gewerbepolizei
(commercial or trade police), and the
Baupolizei
(building police). In the main towns,
Verwaltungspolizei
,
Schutzpolizei
and
Kriminalpolizei
would be organised into a police administration known as the
Polizeiprasidium
or
Polizeidirektion
, which had authority over these police forces in the urban district.
- State protection police
(
Schutzpolizei
)
, state uniformed police in cities and most large towns, which included police-station duties (Revierdienst) and barracked police units for riots and public safety (
Kasernierte Polizei
).
- Municipal protection police
(
Gemeindepolizei
)
,
[11]
municipal uniformed police in smaller and some large towns. Although fully integrated into the
Ordnungspolizei
-system, its police officers were municipal civil servants. The civilian law enforcement in towns with a municipal protection police was not done by the
Verwaltungspolizei
, but by municipal civil servants. Until 1943 they also had municipal criminal investigation departments, but that year, all such departments with more than 10 detectives, were integrated into the
Kripo
.
- Gendarmerie
(Rural police) were tasked with frontier law enforcement to include small communities, rural districts, and mountainous terrain. With the development of a network of motorways or
Autobahnen
, motorised
gendarmerie
companies were set up in 1937 to secure the traffic.
- Traffic police
(
Verkehrspolizei
) was the traffic-law enforcement agency and road safety administration of Germany. The organisation patrolled Germany's roads (other than motorways which were controlled by Motorized Gendarmerie) and responded to major accidents. The
Verkehrspolizei
was also the primary escort service for high Nazi leaders who travelled great distances by automobile.
- Fire protection police
(
Feuerschutzpolizei
)
[11]
consisted of all professional
fire departments
under a national command structure.
Hilfspolizei
[
edit
]
- The Orpo
Hauptamt
also had authority over the
Freiwillige Feuerwehren
, the local volunteer civilian
fire brigades
. At the height of the
Second World War
, in response to heavy bombing of Germany's cities, the combined
Feuerschutzpolizei
and
Freiwillige Feuerwehren
numbered nearly two million members.
- Air raid protection police
(
Luftschutzpolizei
) was the
civil protection service
in charge of air raid defence and rescue victims of bombings in connection with the
Technische Nothilfe
(Technical Emergency Service) and the
Feuerschutzpolizei
(professional fire departments). Created as the Security and Assistance Service (
Sicherheits und Hilfsdienst
) in 1935, it was renamed
Luftschutzpolizei
in April 1942. The air raid network was supported by the
Reichsluftschutzbund
(Reich Association for Air Raid Precautions) an organisation controlled from 1935 by the Air Ministry under
Hermann Goring
. The RLB set up an organisation of air raid wardens who were responsible for the safety of a building or a group of houses.
- Technical Emergency Corps
(
Technische Nothilfe
; TeNo) was a corps of engineers, technicians and specialists in construction work. The TeNo was created in 1919 to keep the public utilities and essential industries running during the wave of strikes. From 1937, the TeNo became a technical auxiliary corps of the police and was absorbed into Orpo
Hauptamt
. By 1943, the TeNo had over 100,000 members.
- Volunteer Fire Department
(
Feuerwehren
), volunteer fire departments, conscripted fire departments and industrial fire departments were auxiliary police subordinate to the Ordnungspolizei.
- Radio protection
(
Funkschutz
) was made up of SS and Orpo security personnel assigned to protect German broadcasting stations from attack and sabotage. The Funkschutz was also the primary investigating service which detected illegal reception of foreign radio broadcasts.
- Urban and rural emergency police
(
Stadt- und Landwacht
) created in 1942 as a part-time police reserve. Abolished in 1945 with the creation of the
Volkssturm
.
- Auxiliary Police
(
Schutzmannschaft
) was the collaborationist auxiliary police in occupied Eastern Europe.
Sonderpolizei
[
edit
]
The
Sonderpolizei
were the
special police
authorities not subordinate to the
Hauptamt Ordnungspolizei
or the
Reichssicherheitshauptamt
:
[13]
- Reichsbahnfahndungsdienst
, the "Railway criminal investigative service", subordinate to the
Deutsche Reichsbahn
.
- Bahnschutzpolizei
(Railway protection police), subordinate to the
Deutsche Reichsbahn
.
- SS-Bahnschutz
replaced the
Bahnschutzpolizei
within the Reich territory from 1944.
- Postal protection
(
Postschutz
) comprised roughly 45,000 members and was tasked with the security of Germany's
Reichspost,
which was responsible not only for the mail but other communications media such as the
telephone
and
telegraph
systems.
- SS-Postschutz
; created with the transfer of the
Postschutz
from the Reichministry of Post to the
Allgemeine-SS
in 1942.
- Forest Protection Service
,
(Forstschutzkommando)
under the
Reichsforstamt
.
- Jagdpolizei
(Hunting Police), under the
Reichsforstamt
. It was largely exercised through the
Deutsche Jagerschaft
.
- Zollgrenzschutz
(Customs Border Guards), exercised through the
Border guard
and the
Customs
Authorities under the Ministry of Finance.
- Flurschutzpolizei
(Agricultural Field Police), under the Ministry of Agriculture.
- Factory protection police
(
Werkschutzpolizei
) were
factory guard
of Nazi Germany. Its personnel were civilians employed by industrial enterprises, and typically were issued paramilitary uniforms. They were ultimately subordinated to the
Ministry of Aviation
.
- Deichpolizei
(Dam and Dyke Police), subordinated to the Ministry of Economy.
- Hafenpolizei
(Harbour Police) under the Ministry of Transport.
Police battalions
[
edit
]
Invasion of Poland
[
edit
]
Between 1939 and 1945, the
Ordnungspolizei
maintained military formations, trained and outfitted by the main police offices within Germany.
[14]
[15]
Specific duties varied widely from unit to unit and from one year to another.
[16]
Generally, the Order Police were not directly involved in frontline combat,
[17]
except for
Ardennes
in May 1940, and the
Siege of Leningrad
in 1941.
[18]
The first 17 battalion formations (from 1943 renamed
SS-Polizei-Bataillone
) were deployed by Orpo in September 1939 along with the
Wehrmacht
army in the
invasion of Poland
.
[15]
The battalions guarded
Polish prisoners of war
behind the German lines, and carried out
expulsion of Poles
from
Reichsgaue
under the banner of
Lebensraum
.
[19]
They also committed atrocities against both the
Catholic
and the
Jewish
populations as part of those "resettlement actions".
[20]
After hostilities had ceased, the battalions – such as
Reserve Police Battalion 101
– took up the role of
security forces
, patrolling the perimeters of the
Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
(the internal ghetto security issues were managed by the
SS
,
SD
, and the Criminal Police, in conjunction with the Jewish
ghetto administration
).
[21]
Each battalion consisted of approximately 500 men armed with light infantry weapons.
[17]
In the east, each company also had a
heavy machine-gun
detachment.
[22]
Administratively, the Police Battalions remained under the Chief of Police
Kurt Daluege
, but operationally they were under the authority of regional
SS and Police Leaders
(
SS- und Polizeifuhrer
), who reported up a separate
chain of command
directly to
Reichsfuhrer-SS
Heinrich Himmler
.
[23]
The battalions were used for various auxiliary duties, including the so-called
anti-partisan operations
, support of combat troops, and construction of defence works (i.e.
Atlantic Wall
).
[24]
Some of them were focused on traditional security roles as an occupying force, while others were directly involved in
actions designed to inflict terror
and in the ensuing
Holocaust
.
[25]
While they were similar to
Waffen-SS
, they were not part of the thirty-eight
Waffen-SS
divisions, and should not be confused with them, including the national
4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division
.
[24]
The battalions were originally numbered in series from 1 to 325, but in February 1943 were renamed and renumbered from 1 to about 37,
[24]
to distinguish them from the
Schutzmannschaft
auxiliary battalions recruited from local population in German-occupied areas.
[17]
Invasion of the Soviet Union
[
edit
]
The
Order Police battalions
, operating both independently and in conjunction with the
Einsatzgruppen
, became an integral part of the
Final Solution
in the two years following the attack on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941,
Operation Barbarossa
. The first mass-murder of 3,000 Jews by
Police Battalion 309
occurred in occupied
Białystok
on 12 July 1941.
[27]
Police battalions were part of the first and second wave of murders in 1941–42 in the
territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union
and also during the killing operations within the 1939 borders of the USSR, whether as part of Order Police regiments, or as separate units reporting directly to the local
SS
and Police Leaders.
[28]
They included the
Reserve Police Battalion 101
from Hamburg, Battalion 133 of the Nurnberg Order Police, Police Battalions
45
, 309 from Koln, and
316
from
Bottrop
-
Oberhausen
.
[25]
Their murder operations bore the brunt of the
Holocaust by bullet
on the Eastern Front.
[29]
In the immediate aftermath of World War II, this latter role was obscured both by the lack of court evidence and by deliberate obfuscation, while most of the focus was on the better-known
Einsatzgruppen
("Operational groups") who reported to the
Reichssicherheitshauptamt
(RSHA) under
Reinhard Heydrich
.
[30]
Order Police battalions
involved in direct killing operations were responsible for at least 1 million murders.
[31]
Starting in 1941 the Battalions and local Order Police units helped to transport Jews from the ghettos in both Poland and the USSR (and elsewhere in
occupied Europe
) to the concentration and extermination camps, as well as operations to hunt down and murder Jews outside the ghettos.
[32]
The Order Police were one of the two primary sources from which the
Einsatzgruppen
drew personnel in accordance with manpower needs (the other being the
Waffen-SS
).
[33]
In 1942, the majority of the police battalions were re-consolidated into thirty
SS and Police Regiments
. These formations were intended for garrison security duty, anti-partisan functions, and to support
Waffen-SS
units on the
Eastern Front
. Notably, the regular
military police
of the
Wehrmacht
(
Feldgendarmerie
,
Feldjagerkorps
, and
Geheime Feldpolizei
) were separate from the
Ordnungspolizei
.
Waffen-SS Police Division
[
edit
]
The primary combat arm of the
Ordnungspolizei
was the
SS Polizei
Division
of the
Waffen-SS
. The division was formed in October 1939, when thousands of members of the Orpo were drafted and placed together with artillery and signals units transferred from the army.
The division consisted of four police regiments composed of Orpo personnel and was typically used to rotate police members into a military situation, so as not to lose police personnel to the general draft of the
Wehrmacht
or to the full
SS
divisions of the regular
Waffen-SS
. Very late in the war several Orpo
SS
-Police regiments were transferred to the
Waffen-SS
to form the
35th
SS
-Police Grenadier Division
.
[
citation needed
]
Cossack Orpo units were rolled into the
XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps
with other units to nominally form 2nd Cossack Division.
Orpo and SS relations
[
edit
]
By the start of the Second World War in 1939, the
SS
had effectively gained complete operational control over the German Police, although outwardly the
SS
and Police still functioned as separate entities. The
Ordnungspolizei
maintained its own system of insignia and
Orpo ranks
as well as distinctive police uniforms. Under an
SS
directive known as the "Rank Parity Decree", policemen were highly encouraged to join the
SS
and, for those who did so, a special police insignia known as the
SS
Membership Runes for Order Police was worn on the breast pocket of the police uniform.
In 1940, standard practice in the German Police was to grant equivalent
SS
rank to all police generals. Police generals who were members of the
SS
were referred to simultaneously by both rank titles – for instance, a
Generalleutnant
in the Police who was also an SS member would be referred to as
SS Gruppenfuhrer und Generalleutnant der Polizei
. In 1942,
SS
membership became mandatory for police generals, with
SS
collar insignia (overlaid on police green backing) worn by all police officers ranked
Generalmajor
and above.
The distinction between the police and the
SS
had virtually disappeared by 1943 with the creation of the
SS
and Police Regiments, which were consolidated from earlier police security battalions.
SS
officers now routinely commanded police troops and police generals serving in command of military troops were granted equivalent
SS
rank in the
Waffen-SS
. In August 1944, when Himmler was appointed
Chef des Ersatzheeres
(Chief of the Home Army), all police generals automatically were granted
Waffen-SS
rank because they had authority over the
prisoner-of-war camps
.
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Burkhardt Muller-Hillebrandt:
Das Heer (1933-1945)
, Vol. III
Der Zweifrontenkrieg
, Mittler, Frankfurt am Main 1969, p. 322
- ^
a
b
c
Struan Robertson.
"The 1936 "Verreichlichung" of the Police"
.
Hamburg Police Battalions during the Second World War
. Archived from
the original
(Internet Archive)
on February 22, 2008
. Retrieved
2009-09-24
.
- ^
a
b
Browning, Christopher R.
(1998).
Arrival in Poland
(PDF)
. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013
. Retrieved
27 June
2014
– via Internet Archive, direct download 7.91 MB.
also:
PDF cache archived by WebCite.
;
CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
)
- ^
Longerich, Peter
(2010). "Das Staatsschutzkorps".
Himmler: Eine Biographie
(in German). Pantheon Verlag. pp. 211?261.
ISBN
978-3-570-55122-6
.
- ^
Browning,
Nazi Policy
, p. 143.
- ^
a
b
c
Williamson, Gordon
(2012).
"Structure"
.
World War II German Police Units
. Osprey / Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 6?8.
ISBN
978-1780963402
.
.
- ^
Davis, Brian L. (2007).
The German Home Front 1939-1945.
Oxford, p. 9.
- ^
Goldhagen 1997, p. 204.
- ^
a
b
Browning 1998, p. 38.
- ^
Breitman, Richard,
Official Secrets
, Hill and Wang: NY, 1998, p 5 & Goldhagen, Daniel J.,
Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust
, Random House: USA, 1996, p 186.
- ^
a
b
c
Williamson, Gordon (2004).
The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror
. Zenith Imprint. p. 101.
ISBN
0-7603-1933-2
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
Browning 1992, p. 5 (22/298 in PDF).
- ^
Browning 1992, p. 38.
- ^
Rossino, Alexander B.
,
Hitler Strikes Poland
, University of Kansas Press: Lawrence, Kansas, 2003, pp 69?72, en passim.
- ^
Hillberg, p 81.
- ^
Browning 1992, p. 45 (72 in PDF).
- ^
Hillberg, pp 71?73.
- ^
a
b
c
United States War Department (1995) [March 1945].
Handbook on German Military Forces
. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 202?203.
ISBN
0-8071-2011-1
.
- ^
a
b
Browning 1998, pp. 11-12, 31-32.
- ^
"
A German police officer shoots Jewish women still alive after a mass execution of Jews from the Mizocz ghetto
". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- ^
Browning 1998, pp. 9-12 (26/298 in PDF).
- ^
Hillberg, pp. 175, 192?198, en passim.
- ^
Patrick Desbois (27 October 2008).
"The Shooting of Jews in Ukraine: Holocaust By Bullets"
. Museum of Jewish Heritage, New York, NY. Archived from
the original
on 25 December 2014
. Retrieved
2 January
2015
.
- ^
Hillberg, Raul,
The Destruction of the European Jews
, Holmes & Meir: NY, NY, 1985, pp. 100?106.
- ^
Goldhagen, pp 202, 271?273, Goldhagen's citations include Israel Gutman,
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
, NY: Macmillan 1990
- ^
Goldhagen, p 195.
- ^
Hillberg, pp 105?106.
References
[
edit
]
- Browning, Christopher
,
Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers
, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
ISBN
0-521-77490-X
.
- Browning, Christopher
(1992).
Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland
. New York: HarperCollins.
ISBN
978-0-06-019013-2
.
- Goldhagen, Daniel
(1997).
Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust
(Amazon,
Kindle book: look inside
)
. Alfred A. Knopf 1996, Vintage 1997.
ISBN
0679772685
.
- McKale, Donald M (2011).
Nazis after Hitler: How Perpetrators of the Holocaust Cheated Justice and Truth
. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
ISBN
978-1-4422-1316-6
.
- McNab, Chris (2013).
Hitler's Elite: The SS 1939-45
. Osprey Publishing.
ISBN
978-1782000884
.
- Showalter, Dennis
(2005). "Foreword".
Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East
. Kansas City:
University Press of Kansas
.
ISBN
978-0-7006-1724-1
.
- Stein, George (1984) [1966].
The Waffen-SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War 1939?1945
. Cornell University Press.
ISBN
0-8014-9275-0
.
- Weale, Adrian
(2012).
Army of Evil: A History of the SS
. New York; Toronto: NAL Caliber (Penguin Group).
ISBN
978-0-451-23791-0
.
- Westermann, Edward B. (2005).
Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East
. Kansas City:
University Press of Kansas
.
ISBN
978-0-7006-1724-1
.
- Williams, Max (2001).
Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography, Volume 1?Road To War
. Church Stretton: Ulric Publishing.
ISBN
978-0-9537577-5-6
.
- Williamson, Gordon
(2012) [2004].
World War II German Police Units
. Osprey Publishing.
ISBN
978-1780963402
.
- Zentner, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann (1991).
The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
. New York: MacMillan Publishing.
ISBN
0-02-897500-6
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
|
---|
People
| Director
| |
---|
Commanders of
Einsatzgruppen
| |
---|
Commanders of
Einsatzkommandos
,
Sonderkommandos
| |
---|
Other members
| |
---|
Collaborators
| |
---|
|
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Groups
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Crimes
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Records
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