Female samurai
Onna-musha
(
女武者
)
is a term referring to female
warriors
in pre-modern Japan,
[1]
[2]
who were members of the
bushi
(
warrior
) class. They were trained in the use of weapons to protect their household, family, and honour in times of war;
[3]
[4]
many of them fought in battle alongside
samurai
men.
[5]
[6]
Onna-musha
also have an important presence in
Japanese literature
, with
Tomoe Gozen
and
Hangaku Gozen
being famous and influential examples.
[5]
Kamakura period
[
edit
]
The
Genpei War
(1180?1185) marked the war between the
Taira
(Heike) and
Minamoto
(Genji) clans, two very prominent
Japanese clans
of the late-
Heian period
. The epic
The Tale of the Heike
was composed in the early 13th century in order to commemorate the stories of courageous and devoted
samurai
.
[7]
Among those was
Tomoe Gozen
, servant of
Minamoto no Yoshinaka
of the
Minamoto clan
. She assisted
Yoshinaka
in defending himself against the forces of his cousin,
Minamoto no Yoritomo
, especially during the
Battle of Awazu
in 1184.
[8]
In
The Tale of the Heike,
she was described as:
[9]
... especially beautiful, with white skin, long hair, and charming features. She was also a remarkably strong archer, and as a swordswoman, she was a warrior worth a thousand, ready to confront a demon or a god, mounted or on foot. She handled unbroken horses with superb skill; she rode unscathed down perilous descents. Whenever a battle was imminent, Yoshinaka sent her out as his first captain, equipped with strong armor, an oversized sword, and a mighty bow; and she performed more deeds of valor than any of his other warriors.
Tomoe Gozen was not always accredited as a historical figure.
[10]
However, she has impacted much of the warrior class, including many traditional Naginata schools. Her actions in battle received much attention in the arts, such as the
Noh
play
Tomoe
and various
ukiyo-e
.
[11]
[1]
Another famous female general of the Genpei War was
Hangaku Gozen
. While Tomoe Gozen was an ally of the Minamoto clan, Hangaku allied with the Taira clan. The existence of these two prominent female generals confirms that the status of women during this time was still less unequal than in future periods.
[12]
[13]
In ages past
[
when?
]
, it was more common to see women become empresses,
[14]
but this would change in the future during the
Meiji restoration
. Throughout Japanese history, women, while not generally becoming
de jure
chiefs of a samurai clan,
de facto
ruled their clans in several instances.
Chancellor
T?in Kinkata
(1291?1360) makes mention in his journal
Entairyaku
(園太?) of a "predominately female cavalry
"
, but without further explanation. With limited details, he concludes: "there is a lot of female cavalries." As he noted that they were from western Japan, it is possible that women from the western regions far from the big capital cities were more likely to fight in battles. Women forming cavalry forces were also reported during the Sengoku period (
c.
1467
? c.
1600
).
[15]
[16]
Sengoku period
[
edit
]
During the
Ashikaga Shogunate
, due to tensions between the shogunate
retainers
, Japan went to war again.
[17]
In 1460, when sh?gun
Ashikaga Yoshimasa
abdicated his position to his younger brother
Ashikaga Yoshimi
,
Hino Tomiko
(Yoshimasa's wife) was strongly against this decision. Tomiko sought political and military support to rule as regent until the birth of her son, securing the support of
Yamana S?zen
and other leaders of powerful samurai clans. Then she went to war against Yoshimasa and his supporters, especially the
Hosokawa clan
. This dispute for succession started the
?nin War
(1467?1477) and led to the beginning of the
Sengoku period
.
[18]
In the
Azuchi?Momoyama period
, when several
daimy?
took charge of their own affairs and fought against each other by territory, women of noble clans and even peasant women members of
Ikk?-ikki
,
Ikk?-shu
,
Saika Ikki
and others Ikki sects went to the battlefields. In 1569, when a
Mori
family retainer from western Japan went absent from a campaign, his wife
Ichikawa no Tsubone
assumed responsibility for the defense of
K?nomine Castle
with her armed
ladies-in-waiting
. Attacks on
yamashiro
(山城; mountaintop castles), the characteristic fortress of the
daimy?
, have provided many unwanted opportunities for women to engage in defense and suffer the ultimate sacrifice if the castle falls.
[19]
[20]
Women participated in battles until the unification of Japan by
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
. In 1591 several women defended
Kunohe Castle
even when it was on fire in the
Kunohe Rebellion
. After Hideyoshi's death, his concubine
Yodo-dono
took over the
de facto
leadership of the Toyotomi clan, and in 1614 she and her son,
Hideyori
, fought the ascendant
Tokugawa shogunate
. In 1615, when
Tokugawa Ieyasu
attacked
Osaka castle
again, Yodo-dono and her son committed suicide in the flames of Osaka castle. Suicide inside a burning castle may have been the last act of loyalty to a samurai-class woman.
[21]
Evidence of female participation in battles
[
edit
]
During the
Sengoku period
there are several accounts of women fighting actively on the battlefield, such as the cases of
My?rin
, who inspired the people to fight against 3,000
Shimazu
soldiers,
Kaihime
, who fought against the
Toyotomi clan
in the
siege of Oshi
(1590),
Onamihime
, who became the representative leader of the
Nikaid? clan
and fought in various battles against her nephew
Date Masamune
, and
Akai Teruko
, who became famous for fighting until she was 76 years old and became known as "The Strongest Woman in the Warring States Period".
[21]
The actions of
?h?ri Tsuruhime
earned her the title of "
Joan of Arc
of Japan", and established her as one of the most recognizable female warriors in Japanese history.
[22]
In the 16th century, there were combat units consisting only of women, as was the case of
Ikeda Sen
, who led 200 women
musketeers
(
Teppo unit
) in the
Battle of Shizugatake
and
Battle of Komaki-Nagakute
.
[23]
Otazu no kata
fought alongside 18 armed maids against
Tokugawa Ieyasu's
troops.
[24]
Ueno Tsuruhime
led thirty-four women in a suicidal charge against the M?ri army.
[25]
Tachibana Ginchiyo
, leader of the Tachibana clan, fought with her female troops in the
Kyushu Campaign
(1586), and in the
siege of Yanagawa
(1600) she organized a resistance formed by nuns against the advance of the
Eastern Army
.
[26]
In 1580, a woman from the Bessho clan joined a rebellion against
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
during the
siege of Miki
. Her husband Bessho Yoshichika was one of the leaders of the rebellion, and she played a key role during the siege, allying herself with the Mori clan. The rebellion lasted three years, until
Bessho Nagaharu
surrendered the castle to Hideyoshi. Lady Bessho committed suicide shortly after. In 1582,
Oda Nobunaga
launched a final attack on the
Takeda clan
in a series of battles known as the
Battle of Tenmokuzan
.
Oda Nobutada
(son of Nobunaga) led 50,000 soldiers against 3,000 Takeda allies during the
siege of Takato castle
. During this battle, it is recorded in the compilation of chronicles from the
Oda clan
,
Shinch? k?ki
, that a woman from the
Suwa clan
defied Nobutada's forces.
It is believed that many more women participated in battles than have been documented in historical records.
[27]
For example, Turnbull states that
DNA tests
on 105 bodies excavated from the Battle of Senbon Matsubaru between
Takeda Katsuyori
and
Hojo Ujinao
in 1580 revealed that 35 of them were women.
[28]
However, the source Turnbull appears to cite for this does not use DNA analysis but instead uses less reliable methods based on the size and shape of the temporal bones of the skull.
[29]
Other excavations were made in areas where battles took place away from castles. Japanese archeologist Suzuki Hiroatsu explains that although it is common to find bones of women or children where castle sieges took place, since they usually participated in the defense, the absence of a castle at the Senbon Matsubaru site led him to conclude that "these women came here to fight and to die
"
, and could have been part of the army. According to these studies, 30% of battle corpses discovered away from castle sites were those of women. Excavations conducted on other battle sites across Japan gave similar results. According to
Stephen Turnbull
, the details of the excavation confirm the onna-musha were certainly present on the battlefield.
[21]
[30]
Edo period and beyond
[
edit
]
Because of the influence of
Edo neo-Confucianism
(1600?1868), the status of the
onna-musha
diminished significantly.
[1]
[31]
The function of
onna-musha
changed in accordance with that of their husbands.
Samurai
were no longer concerned with battles and war, but became
bureaucrats
. Women, specifically daughters of most upper-class households, were soon pawns to dreams of success and power. The roaring ideals of fearless devotion and selflessness were gradually replaced by quiet, passive, civil obedience.
Travel during the Edo period was demanding and unsettling for many female samurai due to tight restrictions. They always had to be accompanied by a man, since they were not allowed to travel by themselves. Additionally, they had to possess specific permits establishing their business and motives. Samurai women also received much harassment from officials who manned inspection checkpoints.
[32]
[33]
The onset of the 17th century marked a significant transformation in the social acceptance of women in Japan. Many samurai viewed women purely as child bearers; the concept of a woman being a fit companion for war was no longer conceivable. The relationship between a husband and wife could be correlated to that of a lord and his vassal. According to
Ellis Amdur
, "husbands and wives did not even customarily sleep together. The husband would visit his wife to initiate any sexual activity and afterwards would retire to his own room".
[1]
[31]
Although women learned exclusively naginata handling techniques, some women broke tradition and learned different techniques, such as
Kenjutsu
.
Sasaki Rui
,
Chiba Sanako
and
Nakazawa Koto
are examples of women who became prominent
swordswomen
in Edo period. During this time, female-led
kenjutsu
schools become commonplace, although traditionally the leadership of these schools is passed down
patrilineally
.
In 1868, during the
Battle of Aizu
in the
Boshin War
,
Nakano Takeko
, a member of the
Aizu
clan, was recruited to become leader of a female corps
J?shitai
(
娘子隊
, Girls' Army)
,
[34]
which fought against the onslaught of 20,000 soldiers of the
Imperial Japanese Army
of the
?gaki Domain
. Highly skilled at the naginata, Takeko and her corps of about 20 joined 3000 other Aizu samurai in battle. The H?kai-ji in
Aizubange
, Fukushima province contains a
monument
erected in her honor. Less-celebrated but no less remarkable would be the efforts of
Yamamoto Yaeko
,
Matsudaira Teru
and
Yamakawa Futaba
, who served as fighter defending
Aizuwakamatsu Castle
during the
Battle of Aizu
. Yaeko would later be one of the first civil leaders for
women's rights
in Japan.
[35]
The end of the Edo period was a time of great political turmoil that continued into the
Meiji period
(1868?1912). A revolt against policies of the new Meiji government was led by samurai of the Satsuma domain (called the
Satsuma Rebellion
) in 1877. Over the nearly 1,000 years of the samurai class's existence, women have proved to be the last resistance during a military siege. The last records of women of the samurai class participating in battles were during the Satsuma Rebellion. Several women were said to have fought in battle in defense of the city of
Kagoshima
. The rebellion also effectively ended the samurai class, as the new
Imperial Japanese Army
built of
conscripts
without regard to social class had proven itself in battle, ending here the history of the
onna-musha
.
[36]
Weapons
[
edit
]
The most popular weapon-of-choice of
onna-musha
is the
naginata
, which is a versatile, conventional
polearm
with a curved blade at the tip.
[37]
[38]
The weapon is mainly favored for its length, which can compensate for the strength and body size advantage of male opponents.
[1]
[39]
The naginata has a niche between the
katana
and the
yari
, which is rather effective in close quarter
melee
when the opponent is kept at bay, and is also relatively efficient against
cavalry
.
[40]
[41]
Through its use by many legendary samurai women, the naginata has become the iconic armament of the woman warrior. During the Edo period, many schools focusing on the use of the naginata were created and perpetuated its association with women.
Additionally, as most of the time their primary purpose as onna-musha was to safeguard their homes from marauders, emphasis was laid on ranged weapons to be shot from defensive structures.
[1]
[39]
Legacy
[
edit
]
The image of samurai women continues to be impactful in martial arts,
historical novels
, books, and
popular culture
in general.
[42]
Like
kunoichi
(female ninja) and
geisha
, the
onna-musha's
conduct is seen as the ideal of Japanese women in movies, animations and TV series. In the West, the
onna-musha
gained popularity when the historical documentary
Samurai Warrior Queens
aired on the
Smithsonian Channel
.
[43]
[44]
Several other channels reprised the documentary. The 56th
NHK
taiga drama
,
Naotora: The Lady Warlord
, was the first NHK drama where the female protagonist is the head of a samurai clan.
[45]
The 52nd NHK taiga drama,
Yae no Sakura
, focuses on
Niijima Yae
, a woman warrior who fought in
Boshin War
. This drama portrays Nakano Takeko, Matsudaira Teru, and other
onna-musha
.
[46]
Another taiga dramas that portrays the famous
onna-musha
Tomoe Gozen is
Yoshitsune
, broadcast in 2005.
[
citation needed
]
In Japan, Tomoe Gozen and Nakano Takeko influenced naginata schools and their techniques. Whether formed by men or women, these schools usually revere the
onna-musha
.
[1]
During the annual
Aizu
Autumn Festival, a group of young girls wearing
hakama
and shiro headbands take part in the procession, commemorating the actions of Nakano and the
J?shitai
(
Girls' Army
).
[47]
Other important examples are
Yamakawa Futaba
and
Niijima Yae
, who become symbols of the struggle for Japanese women's rights. Some of the
onna-musha
have become symbolic of a city or prefecture.
Ii Naotora
and
Tachibana Ginchiyo
are often celebrated at the
Hamamatsu
and
Yanagawa
festivals respectively. The warrior nun
My?rin
is celebrated in the Tsurusaki region of the
?ita city
, and
?h?ri Tsuruhime
is the protagonist in local folklore and festivals on
?mishima
island. Several other samurai-class women are celebrated in pop culture, commerce, and folklore.
Famous
onna-musha
[
edit
]
These are famous
onna-musha
with extraordinary achievements in history:
- Empress Jing?
(169?269): A semi-legendary Regent Empress who was involved in many impactful events in Japanese history and led a mythological invasion of Korean Peninsula.
[48]
- Nakano Takeko
(1847?1868): The leader of the
J?shitai
(
Girls' Army
), she participated in the
Boshin war
, leading several women in a charge against the Imperial forces. Due to the reforms of the Meiji era, Takeko and the women of
J?shitai
were some of the last samurai in history.
[35]
- Niijima Yae
(1845?1932): She was one of the last samurai in history. She fought in the Boshin War and served as a nurse in the
Russo-Japanese War
and the
Sino-Japanese War
. Later she became a scholar and became one of the symbols of the struggle for
women's rights
. Yae was one of the first people to be decorated by the
Meiji Empire
.
- Tomoe Gozen
(12th century): Her story in the
Tale of the Heike
influenced several generations of samurai.
[8]
- Yodo-dono
(1569?1615): A noblewoman who was the castellan of Yodo castle and later became the
real head
of
Osaka castle
. She led many political events after the death of her husband,
Hideyoshi
. As guardian of
Hideyori
(Hideyoshi's son), she challenged the Tokugawa clan, thus leading the
Siege of Osaka
, the last battle of the Sengoku period that ended the period of war for the next 250 years.
Others
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
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.
Sources
[
edit
]
- Beasley, W. G. (1999).
The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan
. University of California Press.
- Jansen, Marius B.
(2000)
The Making of Modern Japan
. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2000
- Yamakawa Kikue
; trans Nakai, Kate Wildman (2001)
Women of the Mito Domain: Recollections of Samurai Family Life
. Stanford University Press 2001
External links
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Japanese weapons, armour and equipment
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Swords
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Knives and daggers
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Polearms and spears
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Practice weapons
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Armour
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Clothing
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Samurai accoutrements
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Chain and rope weapons
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Clubs and truncheons
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Staff weapons
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Projectile and throwing weapons
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Firearms
and guns
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Improvised and other weapons
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Signal devices
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Users
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