Class of the rich, who have been able to maintain their wealth across multiple generations
Look up
vieux riche
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Old money
is "the
inherited
wealth
of
established
upper-class
families (i.e.
gentry
,
patriciate
)" or "a person, family, or lineage possessing inherited wealth".
[1]
It is a
social class
of the rich who have been able to maintain their wealth over multiple generations, often referring to perceived members of the
de facto
aristocracy
in societies that historically lack an officially established aristocratic class (such as the United States), in contrast with
new money
whose wealth has been acquired within its own generation.
Wealth and class
[
edit
]
Wealth
?assets held by an individual or by a household?provides an important dimension of
social stratification
because it can pass from generation to generation, ensuring that a family's offspring will remain financially stable. Families with "old money" use accumulated assets or savings to bridge interruptions in income, thus guarding against downward
social mobility
.
[2]
"Old money" applies to those of the
upper class
whose wealth separates them from lower social classes.
United States
[
edit
]
According to anthropologist
W. Lloyd Warner
, the upper class in the United States during the 1930s was divided into the upper-upper and the lower-upper classes.
[3]
The lower-upper were those who did not come from traditionally wealthy families. They earned their money from investments and business, rather than
inheritance
. Examples include
John D. Rockefeller
, whose father was a traveling
peddler
;
Cornelius Vanderbilt
, whose father operated a
ferry
in
New York Harbor
;
Henry Flagler
, who was the son of a Presbyterian minister; and
Andrew Carnegie
, who was the son of a Scottish weaver. In contrast to the
nouveau riche
, whose riches were acquired in their own generation, the upper-upper class were families viewed as "quasi-aristocratic" and "
high society
".
[3]
These families had been rich and prominent in the
politics of the United States
for generations. In many cases, their prominence predated the
American Revolution
(1765?1783), when their ancestors had accumulated fortunes as members of the elite
planter class
, or as
merchants
, slave traders,
ship-owners
, or
fur traders
. In many cases, especially in
Virginia
,
Maryland
, and the
Carolinas
, the source of these families' wealth were vast tracts of land granted to their ancestors by
the Crown
or acquired by
headright
during the
colonial period
. These planter class families were often related to each other through intermarriage for more than 300 years, and are sometimes known as
American gentry
. They produced several
Founding Fathers of the United States
and a number of early
presidents of the United States
.
After the
American Civil War
(1861?1865), many in the upper-upper class saw their wealth greatly reduced. Their slaves became
freedmen
.
Union
forces under Generals
William Tecumseh Sherman
and
Philip Sheridan
had also cut wide swaths of destruction through portions of Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. They destroyed crops, killed or confiscated livestock, burned barns and gristmills, and in some cases torched
plantation houses
and even entire cities such as
Atlanta
. They were using
scorched earth
tactics, designed to starve the
Confederate States of America
into submission. After the
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
(1865) and the
emancipation
of the slaves, many
plantations
were converted to
sharecropping
. African American freedmen were working as sharecroppers on the same land which they had worked as slaves before the war. Despite the fact that their circumstances were greatly reduced, the enactment of
Jim Crow laws
and the
disenfranchisement
of freed
black people
allowed many planter class families in the
Southern United States
to regain their political prominence, if not their great wealth, following
Reconstruction
(1863?1877).
[
citation needed
]
In the early 20th century, the upper-upper class were seen as more prestigious than the nouveau riche even if the nouveau riche had more wealth.
[3]
During the late 19th century and early 20th century, the nouveau rich flaunted their wealth by building
Gilded Age mansions
that emulated the palaces of
European royalty
, while old money was more conservative. American "Old money" families tend to adhere to various
Mainline Protestant
denominations;
Episcopalians
[4]
[5]
and
Presbyterians
are the most prevalent among them.
[6]
Early Colonial
[
edit
]
- The Byrd Family of Virginia,
FFV
, is descended from
William Byrd I
who received a 1,200-acre (4.9 km
2
) grant on 27 October 1673 at the
fall line
of the
James River
that would later become the site of
Richmond, Virginia
.
[7]
Byrd's son
William Byrd II
of
Westover Plantation
who inherited the land was an American
planter
and author from
Charles City County
in
colonial Virginia
. He expanded his holdings to approximately 179,000-acre (720 km
2
) and founded the City of Richmond.
[8]
Although much of the family's wealth was squandered during the 18th century by
William Byrd III
through gambling and bad investments, descendant
Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr.
became wealthy as an apple grower in the
Shenandoah Valley
and publisher of the
Winchester Star
newspaper. He was elected to the
Virginia House of Delegates
in 1906 and served as
Speaker
from 1908 to 1914. His son
Harry Flood Byrd
was elected the 50th
Governor of Virginia
in 1925, and later served in the
US Senate
until his retirement in 1965. Byrd controlled a
Democratic
political machine
known as the
Byrd Organization
that dominated Virginia politics for most of the 20th century.
[9]
Byrd was succeeded in the US Senate by his son
Harry F. Byrd Jr.
who served until 1981. The family also produced early Ohio political leader and jurist,
Charles Willing Byrd
,
[10]
and polar explorer,
Rear Admiral
Richard E. Byrd
.
- The
Cabot family
arrived in Salem from the Isle of Jersey in 1700 and made fortunes in shipping.
George Cabot
was an American merchant, seaman, and politician from
Massachusetts
. He represented
Massachusetts
in the U.S. Senate and was the presiding officer of the infamous
Hartford Convention
.
Samuel Cabot Jr.
was an American businessman in the
early-nineteenth-century China Trade
.
James Elliot Cabot
was an American philosopher and author, born in
Boston
to
Samuel Cabot Jr.
, and Eliza Cabot.
Edward Clarke Cabot
was an American architect and artist.
Henry Cabot Lodge
was a member of the
Porcellian Club
, an American
Republican
politician, historian, and statesman from
Massachusetts
. He served in the United States Senate from 1893 to 1924 and is best known for his positions on foreign policy.At the age of 21,
Godfrey Lowell Cabot
(see Lowells below) founded the
Cabot Corporation
, the largest producer of carbon black in the country.
- The Carter family of
Corotoman
,
Shirley
,
Sabine Hall
,
Nomony Hall
,
Cleve
and
Carter's Grove
,
FFV
, of Virginia is descended from
Robert "King" Carter
, of
Lancaster County
, who was a planter, businessman and
colonist
in Virginia and became one of the wealthiest men in the
colonies
accumulating over 300,000 acres of land and more than 1,000 slaves. As President of the
Governor's Council
of the
Virginia Colony
, he was acting
Governor of Virginia
from 1726 to 1727 after the death in office of Governor
Hugh Drysdale
.
[11]
He acquired the
moniker
"King" due to his great wealth, political power, and autocratic business methods. His many notable descendants include:
Robert Burwell
, a member of the Virginia
House of Burgesses
,
[12]
Robert Carter III
, who sat on the
Virginia Governor's Council
,
Carter Braxton
, a signer of Declaration of Independence,
Mann Page
a Virginia delegate to the
Continental Congress
in 1777,
Confederate States Army
General
Robert E. Lee
, Confederate Army first lieutenant
Robert Randolph Carter
,
John Page
, the 13th Governor of Virginia,
Thomas Nelson Page
, who served as US ambassador to
Italy
during the
Woodrow Wilson
administration, and civil engineer and industrialist
William Nelson Page
. U.S. President
Jimmy Carter
is descended from Robert "King" Carter's uncle, Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635.
[13]
- The Corbin Family,
FFV
, of Middlesex County, Virginia, beginning with
Henry Corbin
was an emigrant from England who became a tobacco planter in the Virginia colony and served in both houses of the
Virginia General Assembly
, in the
House of Burgesses
representing
Lancaster County
before the creation of
Middlesex County
on Virginia's Middle Neck, then on the
Governor's Council
.
[14]
The governor and council made Corbin a justice of the
Lancaster County
court in 1657.
[15]
Lancaster County voters in both 1659 and 1660 elected Corbin as one of their representatives in the
House of Burgesses
, alongside the county's largest plantation owner,
John Carter, Sr.
. His son
Gawin Corbin (burgess)
was prominent in political affairs. His daughter
Laetitia Corbin Lee
married
Richard Lee II
of
Machodoc Plantation
, while another daughter Ann married
William Tayloe (the nephew)
.
Gawin Corbin Sr.
, son of the Burgess was a Virginia planter and politician who served in the
House of Burgesses
representing
Middlesex County, Virginia
.
Richard Corbin
was a Virginia planter and politician who represented
Middlesex County
in the
House of Burgesses
and the
Virginia Governor's Council
.
[16]
[17]
Although a noted Loyalist during the American Revolutionary War (during which two brothers served in British forces), he considered himself a Virginian and two of his descendants of the same name also served in the Virginia General Assembly following the conflict.
Hannah Lee Corbin
was an American
women's rights
advocate and member of the
Lee family
in
Virginia
. A controversial widow in her own time in part for her refusal to marry her paramour (with whom she had children) or conversion from the
Church of England
to the
Baptists
, she may today be best known for asking that women be given the right to vote.
John Tayloe Corbin
was a Virginia planter and politician who represented
King and Queen County
in the
House of Burgesses
.
[18]
The son of the powerful planter
Richard Corbin
, a member of the Governor's Council, he was likewise a Loyalist during the American Revolutionary War (during which two brothers served in British forces), but remained in Virginia.
George and Martha Washington with their Grandchildren. George Washington Parke Custis, and Eleanor Parke
Custis
- The
Custis Family
FFV
dates back to the mid-seventeenth century, four members of the Custis family immigrated to the colony of Virginia: Anne,
John Custis II
, William II, and their uncle John I. John II was the most successful at establishing the family name into prominent society, advancing into the Virginia ruling class by serving as a sheriff, justice of the peace, surveyor, coroner, militia officer, member of the House of Burgess, and Councillor. John II also built a large mansion that he called Arlington. His descendants included his son
John Custis III
and grandson John IV, who was born in August 1678.
John Custis IV
was the father of
Daniel Parke Custis
,
Martha Dandridge Custis
's first husband, Martha's Second husband was
George Washington
. Making his step grandchildren and wife America's First Inaugural Family
- The
Delano family
of Massachusetts and New York is descended from Philippe de Lannoy, who was born in 1602 to parents of French and Dutch descent. In the United States, members of the Delano family include U.S. presidents
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
,
Ulysses S. Grant
and
Calvin Coolidge
, astronaut
Alan B. Shepard
, and writer
Laura Ingalls Wilder
. Delano family forebears include the Pilgrims who chartered the Mayflower, seven of its passengers, and three signers of the
Mayflower Compact
.
- The
Griswold Family
of Connecticut made their fortune in shipping, banking, railroads, and industry. They have been prominent in American politics, producing five governors and numerous senators and congressmen.
- The
Harrisons
of
Berkley
,
FFV
, of Virginia is an American political family, of the
Commonwealth of Virginia
, whose direct descendants include a
Founding Father
of the United States,
Benjamin Harrison V
, and three
U. S. presidents
:
William Henry Harrison
,
Benjamin Harrison
, and
Abraham Lincoln
. The Virginia Harrison family consists primarily of two branches with origins in northern England. One branch, led by Benjamin Harrison I, journeyed by way of
Bermuda
to Virginia before 1633 and settled along the
James River
where they became wealthy
planters
; they are often referred to as the James River Harrisons. Successive generations of this branch served in the legislature of the Colony of Virginia, including Benjamin V, who was a signatory of the
Declaration of Independence
and later governor of Virginia. This branch of the Harrison family produced President William Henry Harrison, Benjamin V's son, and President Benjamin Harrison, William Henry's grandson, as well as another Virginia governor,
Albertis Harrison
. The family also includes two Chicago mayors and members of the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. The other branch of the Virginia Harrisons emigrated from Britain to
New England
in 1687 and moved south to the
Shenandoah Valley
of Virginia 50 years later; they were led by Isaiah Harrison. This branch most likely descended from an interim chaplain of the
Jamestown Colony
, Rev. Thomas Harrison, who was kindred to the James River Harrisons, but by 1650 had returned to England. President Abraham Lincoln descended from the Shenandoah Valley Harrisons, as did entertainer
Elvis Presley
. This branch of the family also included the founders of
Harrisonburg
and
Dayton
and physician
J. Hartwell Harrison
, who was part of the medical team that accomplished the world's first successful
kidney transplant
surgery.
- The
Lowell family
are descended from Boston colonists.
John Lowell
was a delegate to the
Congress of the Confederation
, a judge of the
Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
under the
Articles of Confederation
, a
United States district judge
of the
United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
and a United States circuit judge of the
United States Circuit Court for the First Circuit
.
John Lowell Jr.
was an American lawyer and influential member of the
Federalist Party
in the early days of the United States of America.
Francis Cabot Lowell
began the fortune in shipping and later textiles. The family has produced several noteworthy individuals, including
Abbott Lawrence Lowell
, who presided over
Harvard
for 24 years.
- The Ogle Family of
Belair
and
Ogle Hall
, Maryland including
Provencial Governor
Samuel Ogle
and
Governor
Benjamin Ogle
descend from the
Barons
Ogle
, prominent
landed gentry
in
Northumberland
, England, of
Ogle Castle
and
Bothal Castle
, allied through marriage with the Manner's of
Rutland
,
Cavendish family
of
Newcastle
, the premiere peerage, the
Baron de Ros
, and the ancient
Norman
House of Percy
.
- The
Randolph family
,
FFV
, is descended from
William Randolph
, an American
colonist
who accumulated a vast fortune including over 20,000 acres (81 km2) of land as a planter and merchant, and played an important role in the history and government of the English
colony of Virginia
. He arrived in Virginia sometime between 1669 and 1673 and married Mary Isham a few years later.
[19]
[20]
Randolph's descendants have included many prominent Americans, including U.S. President
Thomas Jefferson
,
U.S. Chief Justice
John Marshall
,
Confederate
General,
Robert E. Lee
,
[21]
Peyton Randolph
, the first
President of the Continental Congress
, and
Edmund Randolph
, who served as the seventh
Governor of Virginia
, the second
US Secretary of State
, and the first
U.S. Attorney General
as well as many other notable individuals in Virginia and U.S. politics.
- The
Roosevelt family
of Manhattan arrived from the
Netherlands
as colonists in the 17th century and later became prominent in business and politics. Two distantly related branches of the family, from
Oyster Bay
on
Long Island
and
Hyde Park
in
Dutchess County
, rose to global political prominence with the elections of Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt
(1901?1909) and his fifth cousin
Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1933?1945), whose wife, First Lady
Eleanor Roosevelt
, was Theodore's niece.
- The
Tayloes
, of
Mount Airy
,
The Octagon House
,
Powhattan Hill
,
Buena Vista
, the
Tayloe House
in
Colonial Williamsburg
, and later the
Alabama
,
Canebrake
,
FFV
, descended from
William Tayloe (planter)
who first held elected office in 1647 as High Sheriff of
York County, Virginia
. He married Elizabeth Kingsmill, daughter of
Virginia Company
proprietor Richard Kingsmill.
William Tayloe (the nephew)
built the Old House in Old Rappahannock County and married Ann Corbin (1664?1694), daughter of Hon.
Henry Corbin
and Alice (
Eltonhead
) Corbin, of "Buckingham House"
Middlesex County
,
[22]
John Tayloe II
built Mount Airy, imported
Diomed
, and after the death of
King Carter
took over the moniker of Wealthiest Man/Family in Virginia.
John Tayloe III
lent his home in Washington, DC,
The Octagon House
, to President
James Madison
and wife
Dolly Madison
after the British burnt the
White House
during
The War of 1812
. He founded
St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square
and the
Washington Jockey Club
with
Charles Carnan Ridgely
of
Hampton
, and bred
Sir Archie
. His sons, all scions of the tidewater gentry, their mother the daughter of
Benjamin Ogle
of
Belair
and
Ogle Hall
, descended from the
Baron
Ogle
of
Northumberland
, allied through marriage with the Manners of
Rutland
,
Cavendish family
of
Newcastle
, the premiere peerage, the
Baron de Ros
and ancient
Norman
House of Percy
. John Tayloe IV served as a
midshipman
on the
USS
Constitution
,
Benjamin Ogle Tayloe
was a member of the
Porcellian Club
and then a prominent political activist in Washington, D.C., having begun his career as
Richard Rush
's personal secretary during his time as
Ambassador to the Court of St. James
, and built the
Benjamin Ogle Tayloe House
on
Lafayette Square
.
Edward Thornton Tayloe
was a member of the
Porcellian Club
, served as a diplomat having begun his career as
Joel Roberts Poinsett
's personal secretary, and was rumored to be
William Henry Harrison
's pick for
Secretary of the Treasury
before this untimely death, and
Henry Augustine Tayloe
co-founded the
Fair Grounds Race Course
with French Creole
Bernard de Marigny
. While the foundation of their wealth was agricultural slave plantations, they exemplified gentry entrepreneurship by diversifying and vertically integrating; first shipbuilding to move the agricultural produce, then producing iron, smelting, at their furnaces
Bristol Iron Works
and
Neabsco Iron Works
and mining their coal fields in Namejoy, Maryland, namely Tayloe's Neck, to build ships.
Arms of the Van Rensselaer family.
The
Van Rensselaer family
of the
Manor of Rensselaerswyck
, is a family of
Dutch
descent that was prominent during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries in the area now known as the
state of New York
. Members of this family played a critical role in the formation of the United States and served as leaders in business, politics, and society. Beginning with
Kiliaen van Rensselaer (merchant)
was a Dutch
diamond
and
pearl
merchant from
Amsterdam
who was one of the founders and directors of the
Dutch West India Company
, being instrumental in the establishment of
New Netherland
. He was granted the
Manor of Rensselaerswyck
in what is now mainly
New York
's
Capital District
. His estate remained throughout the
Dutch
and
British
colonial era and the
American Revolution
as a legal entity until the 1840s.
Johan van Rensselaer
was the second
patroon
of the
Manor of Rensselaerswyck
, was the eldest son of
Kiliaen van Rensselaer
, and his first wife, Hillegonda van Bylaer.
Arms of the Van Watervliet family.
The
Van Everinghe van Watervliet family
(eventually simplified and Anglicized to Van Every and Van Avery) were
Dutch barons
who first amassed a fortune as brewers, land owners, and high governmental officials in the old country in the mid-16th Century. Migrating to North America in the mid-17th Century they continued to become prominent smiths,
fur traders
, and land owners from the founding of
Beverwijck
, present day Albany, New York, through the American Revolution. The city of
Watervliet, New York
, is likely named after the family's original
ridderhofstede
(knightly estate) in the County of Zeeland. The first members were granted a warrant as sole suppliers of arms and armor to
Fort Orange
, were active in the
Albany Convention
during
Leisler's Rebellion
, and were close associates of the Van Rensselaers. Later, one member took the Oath of Secrecy as a
Son of Liberty
, served as Chairman of the
Schenectady
Committee of Correspondence
and as a Senator in the newly-formed
New York Assembly
. Several served as officers in the militia during the Revolution, including in
Van Rensselaer's Regiment
, and one served alongside
George Washington
from 1775-1780, including the bitter winter at
Valley Forge
and the
Crossing of the Delaware
. Later generations include industrialists, hoteliers, inventors, professional athletes, and writers, and share bloodlines with George Washington,
John Adams
,
Benjamin Franklin
, and
Philip Schuyler
.
Late Colonial
[
edit
]
- The
Astor family
made their fortune in the 18th century, through fur trading, real estate, the hotel industry, and other investments.
- The
Forbes family
of Boston made their fortune in the shipping and later railroad industries as well as other investments. They have been a prominent wealthy family in the United States for 200 years.
- The Hartwick family is of mainly
English
and
German
descent, and their ancestry and fortune predates the
American Revolution
. The Hartwicks have produced several politicians and military generals, such as
Edward Hartwick
. By
World War I
, the family-controlled most of the lumber in the United States. The Hartwick's philanthropic works include the founding of
Hartwick College
, and
Hartwick Pines State Park
.
Early National Era
[
edit
]
- The
Van Leer family
of Pennsylvania made their fortune in the iron business. They have been prominent in academia, business, and American politics. Descendants include successful entrepreneurs, governors, congressmen, university presidents, and university founders.
- The
Whitney family
is an American family notable for their business enterprises, social prominence, wealth and philanthropy, founded by John Whitney, who came from
London
,
England
to
Watertown, Massachusetts
in 1635. The Whitney family are members of the
Episcopal Church
.
[5]
Although many "old money" individuals do not rank as high on the list of
Forbes 400
richest Americans as their ancestors did, their wealth continues to grow. Many families increased their holdings by investment strategies such as the pooling of resources.
[27]
: 115
For example, the
Rockefeller family
's estimated net worth of $1 billion in the 1930s grew to $8.5 billion by 2000?that is, not adjusted for inflation. In 60 years, four of the richest families in the United States increased their combined $2?4 billion in 1937 to $38 billion without holding large shares in emerging industries. When adjusted for inflation, the actual dollar wealth of many of these families has shrunk since the '30s.
[27]
: 115
[28]
: 2
From a
private wealth manager
's perspective, "old money" can be classified into two: active "old money" and passive "old money". The former includes inheritors who, despite the inherited wealth at their disposal or that which they can access in the future, choose to pursue their own career or set up their own businesses.
[29]
Paris Hilton
and
Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou
did this. On the other hand, passive "old money" are the idle rich or those who are not wealth producers.
[29]
"Old money" contrasts with the
nouveau riche
and
parvenus
. These fall under the category "new money" (those not from traditionally wealthy families).
Europe
[
edit
]
The
Rothschild family
, as an example, established finance houses across Europe from the 18th century and was ennobled by the
Habsburg
emperor and
Queen Victoria
. Throughout the 19th century, they controlled the largest fortune in the world, in today's terms many hundreds of billions. The family has, at least to some extent, maintained its wealth for over two centuries.
On the other hand, in
Britain
, the term generally exclusively refers to the
nobility
- that is, the
peerage
and
landed gentry
- who traditionally live off the land inherited paternally.
[30]
The British concept is analogous to good lineage and it is not uncommon to find someone with "old money" who is actually poor or
insolvent
.
[31]
By 2001, however, those belonging to this category?the aristocratic landowners?are still part of the wealthiest list in the United Kingdom.
[32]
For instance, the
Duke of Westminster
, by way of his
Grosvenor estate
, owns large swaths of properties in London that include 200 acres of
Belgravia
and 100 acres of
Mayfair
.
[33]
There is also the case of
Viscount Portman
, who is the owner of 100 acres of land north of
Oxford Street
.
Many countries had wealth-based
restrictions on voting
. In France, out of a nation of 27 million people, only 80,000 to 90,000 were allowed to vote in the
1820 French legislative election
and the richest one-quarter of them had two votes.
[34]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Old Money" The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 5 November 2008. Dictionary.com
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/oldmoney
- ^
Scholz, Claudia W.; Juanita M. Firestone (2007).
"Wealth"
. In George Ritzer (ed.).
Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology
. Blackwell Reference Online. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
ISBN
978-1405124331
.
- ^
a
b
c
Warner, William Lloyd (1960).
Social Class in America: A Manual of Procedure for the Measurement of Social Status
. Harper & Row.
- ^
Ayres Jr., B. Drummond (19 December 2011).
"The Episcopalians: An American Elite With Roots Going Back to Jamestown"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
17 August
2012
.
- ^
a
b
W. Williams, Peter (2016).
Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression
. University of North Carolina Press. p. 176.
ISBN
9781469626987
.
The names of fashionable families who were already Episcopalian, like the Morgans, or those, like the Fricks, who now became so, goes on interminably: Aldrich, Astor, Biddle, Booth, Brown, Du Pont, Firestone, Ford, Gardner, Mellon, Morgan, Procter, the Vanderbilt, Whitney. Episcopalian branches of the Baptist Rockefellers and Jewish Guggenheims even appeared on these family trees.
- ^
Davidson, James D.; Pyle, Ralph E.; Reyes, David V. (1995). "Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment, 1930?1992".
Social Forces
.
74
(1): 157?175 [p. 164].
doi
:
10.1093/sf/74.1.157
.
JSTOR
2580627
.
- ^
Evans, Emory G.
"William Byrd (1728?1777)"
. Encyclopedia Virginia
. Retrieved
5 July
2019
.
- ^
Dabney, Virginius (1990).
Richmond: The Story of a City: Revised and Expanded Edition
.
Charlottesville, Virginia
: University Press of Virginia. p. 19.
ISBN
0813912741
.
OCLC
20263021
.
At
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Frank B. Atkinson (2006).
Virginia in the Vanguard: Political Leadership in the 400-year-old Cradle of American Democracy, 1981?2006
. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7.
ISBN
9780742552104
.
- ^
Evans, Nelson Wiley; Emmons B. Stivers (1900).
A History of Adams County, Ohio: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, Including Character Sketches of the Prominent Persons Identified with the First Century of the Country's Growth ...
E B. Stivers.
pp. 526?527; J. W. Klise stated that Byrd began his legal education with his uncle. J. W. Klise, ed., State Centennial History of Highland County, 1902; 1902. Reprint. Owensboro, KY: Cook & McDowell, 1980, p. 168.
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Brock, Robert Alonzo (1888).
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Tarter, Brett.
"Robert Burwell (1720?1777)"
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2015
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"Henry Corbyn (1628 or 1629?ca. 1676) ? Encyclopedia Virginia"
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Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ed. (1915).
Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography
. Vol. 1. Lewis historical publishing Company. p. 128.
OCLC
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.
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Emory G. Evans, " Corbin, Richard (1713 or 1714-20 May 1790)" in Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Vol. 3, pp. 466-468 also available at
https://ehttps://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Corbin_Richard/
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Lyon Gardiner Tyler
, Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, vol. 1 pp. 158-159
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Lyon Gardiner Tyler
, Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography (1915), vol. 1 p. 218
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Sankey, Margaret D. "Randolph, William".
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi
:
10.1093/ref:odnb/23125
.
(Subscription or
UK public library membership
required.)
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Emory G. Evans,
A "Topping People": The Rise and Decline of Virginia's Old Political Elite, 1680?1790
(2009), pp. 18?19
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Dillon, John Forrest
, ed. (1903).
"Introduction"
.
John Marshall; life, character and judicial services as portrayed in the centenary and memorial addresses and proceedings throughout the United States on Marshall day, 1901, and in the classic orations of Binney, Story, Phelps, Waite and Rawle
. Vol. I. Chicago: Callaghan & Company. pp. liv?lv.
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Lancaster, Robert Alexander (1915).
Historic Virginia homes and churches
(Now in the public domain. ed.). Lippincott. pp.
343
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2011
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Phillips, Kevin P
(2003).
Wealth and democracy: a political history of the American rich
. New York: Broadway Books.
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Haseler, Stephen
(5 May 2000).
The Super-Rich: The Unjust New World of Global Capitalism
. Palgrave Macmillan.
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Business Knowledge for IT in Private Wealth Management: A Complete Handbook for IT Professionals
. London: Essvale Corporation Limited. p. 45.
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Ferguson, Niall
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. Vol. 1 (First ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 481?85.
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. Leiden: Brill. p. 240.
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The Grand Delusion: Britain After Sixty Years of Elizabeth II
. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 258.
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Fisher, Nick, and Hans Van Wees, eds.
Aristocracy in Antiquity: Redefining Greek and Roman Elites
(ISD LLC, 2015).
- Janssens, Paul, and Bartolome Yun-Casalilla, eds.
European Aristocracies and Colonial Elites: Patrimonial Management Strategies and Economic Development, 15th?18th Centuries
(
Routledge
, 2017).
- McDonogh, Gary Wray.
Good families of Barcelona: A social history of power in the industrial era
(
Princeton University Press
, 2014).
- Pincon, Michel, and Monique Pincon-Charlot.
Grand Fortunes. Dynasties and Forms of Wealth in France
(1998)
excerpt
- Porter, John.
The vertical mosaic: An analysis of social class and power in Canada
(1965).
- Rothacher, Albrecht.
The Japanese power elite
(2016).
- Schutte, Kimberly.
Women, Rank, and Marriage in the British Aristocracy, 1485?2000: An Open Elite?
(2014).
- Stone, Lawrence.
An open elite?: England, 1540?1880
(1986).
United States
[
edit
]
- Aldrich, Nelson W. (1996).
Old Money: The Mythology of Wealth in America
. New York:
Allworth Press
.
ISBN
9781880559642
.
- Allen, Irving Lewis. "WASP?From Sociological Concept to Epithet",
Ethnicity
2.2 (1975): 153?162.
- Baltzell, E. Digby.
Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a New Upper Class
(1958).
- Beckert, Sven.
The monied metropolis: New York City and the consolidation of the American bourgeoisie, 1850?1896
(2003).
- Brooks, David.
Bobos in paradise: The new upper class and how they got there
(2010)
- Davis, Donald F. "The Price of Conspicious [sic] Production: The Detroit Elite and the Automobile Industry, 1900?1933."
Journal of Social History
16.1 (1982): 21?46.
online
- Farnum, Richard. "Prestige in the Ivy League: Democratization and discrimination at Penn and Columbia, 1890?1970." in Paul W. Kingston and Lionel S. Lewis, eds.
The high-status track: Studies of elite schools and stratification
(1990).
- Foulkes, Nick.
High Society ? The History of America's Upper Class
, (
Assouline
, 2008)
ISBN
2759402886
.
- Fraser, Steve and Gary Gerstle, eds.
Ruling America: A History of Wealth and Power in a Democracy
,
Harvard University Press
, 2005,
ISBN
0-674-01747-1
.
- Ghent, Jocelyn Maynard, and Frederic Cople Jaher. "The Chicago Business Elite: 1830?1930. A Collective Biography."
Business History Review
50.3 (1976): 288?328.
online
- Hood, Clifton.
In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis
(2016). Covers 1760?1970.
- Ingham, John N.
The Iron Barons: A Social Analysis of an American Urban Elite, 1874?1965
(1978)
- Jaher, Frederic Cople, ed.
The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful: Elites and Upper Classes in History
(1973), essays by scholars
- Jaher, Frederick Cople.
The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Chicago, Charleston, and Los Angeles
(1982).
- Lundberg, Ferdinand
:
The Rich and the Super-Rich
: A Study in the Power of Money Today
(1968)
- McConachie, Bruce A. "New York operagoing, 1825?50: creating an elite social ritual."
American Music
(1988): 181?192.
online
- Maggor, Noam.
Brahmin Capitalism: Frontiers of Wealth and Populism in America's First Gilded Age
(Harvard UP, 2017); 304 pp.
online review
- Ostrander, Susan A. (1986).
Women of the Upper Class
.
Temple University Press
.
ISBN
978-0-87722-475-4
.
- Phillips, Kevin P.
Wealth and Democracy: A Political History of the American Rich
,
Broadway Books
2003,
ISBN
0-7679-0534-2
.
- Story, Ronald. (1980)
The forging of an aristocracy: Harvard & the Boston upper class, 1800-1870
- Williams, Peter W.
Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression
(2016), especially in New York City
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