Ethnic nationalism in Japan
(
Japanese
:
民族主義
,
Hepburn
:
minzoku shugi
)
[a]
or
minzoku
nationalism
[1]
means nationalism that emerges from Japan's dominant
Yamato people
or
ethnic minorities
.
In present-day Japan statistics only counts their population in terms of nationality, rather than ethnicity, thus the number of ethnic Yamato and their actual population numbers are ambiguous.
[2]
Dominant ethnic-centered nationalism
[
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]
"Japanese ethnic nationalism"
(
Japanese
:
日本民族主義
,
Hepburn
:
nihon minzoku shugi
)
is related to
minzoku
(民族), the Japanese word that translates to "
people
", "
ethnic group
", and "
nation
".
Minzoku
does not originally mean "
race
" in the general sense, and
jinshu
(人種) means "race", but some
Japanese nationalists
also use
minzoku
in a closer sense to "race";
Taro Aso
has called Japan a "one race" or "one
minzoku
".
[3]
[4]
Prominent Japanese politicians have often kindled controversies by invoking the images of Japanese
racial superiority
.
[5]
Minzoku-ha
[
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]
Minzoku-ha
(民族派, lit. "ethnic nationalist group") is a Japanese ethno-nationalist faction that emerged after
postwar Japan
.
Minzoku-ha
is considered to be the
categories of
Uyoku dantai
.
Nihonjinron
[
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]
Nihonjinron
(
日本人論
:
treatises on
Japaneseness
) is a genre of historical and literary work that focuses on issues of
Japanese national
and
cultural
identity.
Yamato nationalism
[
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]
People of Yamato
minzoku
.
"Yamato nationalism"
(
Japanese
:
大和民族主義
,
Hepburn
:
yamato minzoku shugi
)
is an based on "Yamato people"
(
大和民族
,
yamato minzoku
, literally "Yamato ethnicity" or "Yamato race")
,
[6]
the dominant population group in Japan.
During the
Empire of Japan
, Yamato nationalism is inspired most Japanese soldiers and civilians at the time and made
Japanese people
feel racially superior to the
Chinese people
.
[7]
Today, Yamato nationalism is deeply linked to xenophobic sentiment toward minority races/ethnic groups; due to the influence of Yamato nationalism,
Zainichi Koreans
who moved to Empire of Japan forcibly or voluntarily during the
colonial Korea
period and lived in Japan were not granted "
citizenship
" (?籍,
kokuseki
, lit: nationality) even after 1945.
[8]
Yamato-damashii
[
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]
Ainu nationalism
[
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]
Flag of Ainu people.
"Ainu nationalism" (Japanese: アイヌ民族主義 or アイヌナショナリズム) is a means of asserting
Ainu
rights over ancestral land and today has been adopted as the favored term for
Hokkaido
.
[9]
Ainu Party
(アイヌ民族?, lit. "Ethnic Ainu Party" or "Ainu Nationals Party") is the political party that represents Ainu rights in Japan; it advocates Ainu "nationalism" (民族主義) and "multiculturalism" (多文化主義). Ainu Party supports post-nuclear, designating Ainu as an
official language
, and opposition to the
Trans-Pacific Partnership
.
[10]
Ainu Revolution Theory
[
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]
Okinawan nationalism
[
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]
"Okinawan nationalism" (Japanese: 沖?民族主義 or 沖?ナショナリズム) claims the
Ryukyuan people
' own identity, also called "Okinawan people". Okinawan nationalism started when the
Empire of Japan
opposed the destruction of
Ryukyu Kingdom
and
incorporation into its territory
. Therefore, while Okinawan nationalism is deeply linked to the
Ryukyu nationalism
. However, not all Okinawan nationalists are Ryukyu nationalists; Ryukyu nationalists refer to separatists from Japan, but some Okinawan nationalists value regional rights within Japan.
Modern Okinawa nationalism often manifests itself through negative views of
Marine Corps Air Station Futenma
bases on the Ryukyu Islands. It is also often manifested by local
leftists
who oppose Japanese nationalism.
[11]
All Okinawa
[
ja
]
is a representative nationalist organization that requests the demolition of MCAS Futenma.
Ryukyu nationalism
[
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]
Historical
[
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]
Empire of Japan
had
Korea
,
Taiwan
, and
other colonies
. In the colonies, there were anti-colonial nationalists who argued for "national self-determination" (Japanese:
民族自決
) against Japanese imperialism.
Korean nationalism
[
edit
]
Flag of the
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
.
Early "Korean [ethnic] nationalism" (Japanese: 朝鮮民族主義,
Korean
: 朝鮮民族主義) emerged in the form of "
resistance nationalism
" (Korean: 抵抗的 民族主義).
Traditionally, the concept of Japanese ethnic nationalism "blood" was emphasized. This form of nationalism was dominant in Empire of Japan and also influenced
Korean ethnic nationalism
.
[12]
[13]
Korean independence movement
[
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]
Theory of self-governance
[
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]
Some Korean nationalists, such as
Yi Gwangsu
and
Choe Nam-seon
, insisted on "theory of self-governance" (Japanese: 自治論, Korean: 自治論) rather than independence from Japan. They were criticized as
pro-Japanese collaborators
by radical nationalists who supported independence at the time.
Manchurian nationalism
[
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]
Invading China through the
Second Sino-Japanese War
, the Empire of Japan established a puppet state called
Manchukuo
. They promoted "Manchurian nationalism" (Japanese: ?州族民族主義,
Chinese
: 滿族民族主義) in the
Manchuria
.
Taiwanese nationalism
[
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]
Party flag of the
Taiwanese People's Party
.
During the Taiwan under Japan rule, the "Taiwanese nationalism" (Japanese: 台?民族主義, Chinese: 臺灣民族主義) was stimulated to some extent. However, Taiwanese identities were more complicated at the time, with some campaigning for independence based on Taiwanese nationalism, while others opposed Japanese rule with
Chinese national identity
. This identity is reflected by the
Taiwanese People's Party
. (
Taiwanese identity
is strengthened by the
February 28 incident
that took place under
Kuomintang
after the end of Japanese colonial rule.)
Mao Zedong
was an early supporter of Taiwanese independence, telling
Edgar Snow
in the 1930s that the Chinese Communist Party would lend “our enthusiastic help in their struggle for independence.” He changed this position only after the Nationalists started claiming Taiwan with the
Cairo Declaration
.
[14]
The
Taiwanese Communist Party
also emphasized "Taiwanese nation" (臺灣民族) rather than "
Chinese nation
" (中華民族).
Despite its history of colonial rule,
Taiwan's anti-Japanese sentiment
today is known to be significantly lower than that of Korea, because Empire of Japan guaranteed Taiwan relatively more autonomy compared to Korea.
[15]
Taiwanese Cultural Association
[
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]
See also
[
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]
Notes
[
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]
References
[
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]
External links
[
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]
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Nationalisms
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Asia
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Europe
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Oceania
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Pan-nationalism
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- Note
: Forms of nationalism based primarily on
ethnic groups
are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of
ethnic nationalism
.
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Prehistoric
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Ancient
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Post-classical
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Immigrants
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Related
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