The
Official History of Australian Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and Australian Peacekeeping Operations in East Timor
is an Australian
official history
series currently under preparation. It was approved by the Australian Government in 2015, and is due to be completed by mid-2022.
History
[
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]
Project management
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While scoping the
Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations
in the early 2000s, the official historian for that series,
David Horner
judged that work should commence as soon as possible on a separate series covering the Australian involvement in the
operations in Afghanistan after 2001
and the
Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq
.
However, when it approved this series in 2004,
Cabinet
excluded the Australian operations in
East Timor
, Afghanistan and Iraq from Horner's remit.
In 2006 Horner sought the
Australian Government
's agreement to expand the series to include East Timor, but this was again denied, despite no additional funds being sought for books.
Horner continued to advocate for a new series over subsequent years.
At the launch of the first volume in the
Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations
to be published in April 2011, Horner stated that it was a "national disgrace" that work was not underway on the next series. Australian Foreign Minister
Kevin Rudd
indicated that he supported such a project in his remarks when launching the book.
In September 2011 the
Australian War Memorial
(AWM) agreed to conduct a feasibility study into an official history on the operations in Afghanistan, East Timor and Iraq.
This study was completed in 2012 by Horner, who judged that it would be feasible to prepare an official history of Australia's involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq. The AWM Council endorsed this conclusion, and recommended that work begin as soon as possible.
A submission seeking Cabinet's approval of the project was subsequently prepared. While initial versions of the submission proposed that it cover only operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, it was later broadened to also cover East Timor. The final submission proposed either expanding the
Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations
to cover operations in the three countries up to 2006 or establishing an entirely new series.
The political turmoil associated with the three changes of federal government in 2013 delayed official approval, with the submission being put forward and withdrawn on two occasions.
In 2015 the
Abbott government
authorised the official history.
The approved scope of the series was operations in East Timor from 1999 to 2012; Afghanistan between 2001 and 2014; and Iraq from 2003 to 2011.
A total of $12.6 million was allocated to the AWM for the project in the 2015?16 federal budget. The position of official historian for the series was advertised in June 2015.
[5]
Craig Stockings
was appointed to this role, and commenced on the project in March 2016.
[6]
Applications for authors of the volumes in the series were sought in early 2016.
[8]
There are some differences in how the
Official History of Australian Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and Australian Peacekeeping Operations in East Timor
is being prepared compared to earlier Australian official history series. The budget for the project is much larger than that allocated for any previous official history, but the timeframe in which it is to be completed is also significantly shorter. In his letter commissioning Stockings as the official historian, Prime Minister
Malcolm Turnbull
specified that the series had to be completed by July 2022. Each of the authors was given five years to complete their volume, with Stockings having six years in which he is required to write a volume and edit the series.
Stockings has written that the process of preparing the series "is a public service project, and needs to be managed as such".
Despite these changes from previous practices, the authors continue to have access to all relevant files, and the freedom to reach their own conclusions. Stockings has written that the Government will not have the ability to influence the content of the books, other than to request that material which would cause security problems be omitted.
In July 2018 NewSouth won the tender conducted by the AWM for a publisher for the series.
[12]
First volume on East Timor
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In November 2019 it was reported that the official history project was "in danger of collapse amid claims that bureaucrats are trying to censor its first volume". The
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
(DFAT) had requested a very large number of changes to the first volume on East Timor to protect the reputations of senior Australian public servants and avoid damaging the Australian Government's relationship with Indonesia. Stockings was reported to have refused to make the changes and threatened to resign over the issue, which had delayed the book's publication.
[13]
[14]
Former Foreign Minister
Alexander Downer
has been told that the department objected to the book's first nine chapters, which cover the
history of East Timor
between
World War II
and the 1999 intervention. Downer also noted that while there may have been reasons to have not approved an official history of the intervention in 2006 due to Indonesian sensitivities, this was no longer the case.
[14]
The official historians for the three previous official history series,
Robert O'Neill
,
Peter Edwards
and David Horner, released an
open letter
regarding the issue on 19 November. The letter stated that censoring the volume on the grounds of diplomatic sensitivity would breach the Australian official history tradition, with material in previous series only being excluded if was information provided by foreign governments which those governments had not yet released or clearly had national security implications for Australia. The three historians called on the Minister for Foreign Affairs
Marise Payne
"to instruct her departmental officers to withdraw any objections, based on current diplomatic sensitivity, to publication of first volume of the current official history".
[15]
Stockings and the then director of the AWM,
Brendan Nelson
met with Payne in 2019 to discuss DFAT's handling of the volume. In January 2020 the clearance process resumed using revised arrangements, and the acting director of the AWM informed Senator
Rex Patrick
that the institution was confident that this approach would prove successful. Patrick expressed concern, however, over the memorial refusing a
freedom of information
request he had lodged regarding the matter and the possibility that the book may be "doctored".
[16]
The book was eventually cleared by DFAT after a three year long process. Professor
Clinton Fernandes
told the ABC that the lengthy clearance process likely resulted from material in the book that demonstrated that the Australian Government opposed East Timorese independence until 1999. DFAT denied this.
[17]
The first volume in the official history series, entitled
Born of Fire and Ash
, was released in December 2022. An official launch was not held by the AWM, which Stockings described in February 2023 as being "unusual". The AWM told the ABC that a launch will take place at a later date.
[17]
The executive director of the
Australian Defence Association
, Neil James, noted that the lack of an official launch was "suspicious" and "odd" as "every official history series since the tradition commenced has been launched with much fanfare, except this one". Horner was also surprised by the lack of an official launch, which he attributed to the government being embarrassed by the content of the book. He noted that this was a continuation of the "unprecedented political interference" by DFAT officers. Horner also believes that embarrassment over the Australian Government's opposition to East Timorese independence was the reason the initial proposals to commission an official history of operations in East Timor were rejected.
[18]
Planned volumes
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An Australian and an Afghan soldier during a patrol in 2013; operations in Afghanistan will be covered by three of the six planned volumes in the series
As of March 2018, it was planned to structure the series into six volumes, each written by a different historian.
[6]
The planned structure of the volumes is:
[19]
- Volume I: Operations in Afghanistan and the Middle East between 2001 and 2006
- Volume II: Operations in Iraq between 2003 and 2011
- Volume III: Operations in Afghanistan between 2005 and 2010
- Volume IV: Operations in Afghanistan between 2010 and 2014
- Two works on Australian peacekeeping operations in East Timor, split into:
- Volume I: Operations during 1999 and 2000
- Volume II: Operations between 2000 and 2012.
In 2017 Stockings noted that the volume on Iraq may be split into two books.
In September 2022, the first volume was announced as "Born of Fire and Ash: Australian operations in response to the East Timor crisis 1999?2000", authored by Stockings. It is scheduled to be released in December 2022.
[21]
See also
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References
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- Citations
- ^
"National Search for Official History Begins"
.
Media release
. Senator the Hon. Michael Ronaldson. 18 June 2015
. Retrieved
1 April
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"Historians"
. Australian War Memorial
. Retrieved
31 March
2018
.
- ^
"Author - Official History"
. APS Jobs
. Retrieved
1 April
2018
.
- ^
"NewSouth to publish official history of Australian operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and East Timor"
.
Books+Publishing
. 18 July 2018
. Retrieved
20 July
2018
.
- ^
Kozoil, Michael (10 November 2019).
"
'Beyond the pale': Official history of Australia's East Timor operations on ice amid censorship claims"
.
The Sydney Morning Herald
. Retrieved
10 November
2019
.
- ^
a
b
Kozoil, Michael (17 November 2019).
"Alexander Downer: 'I've got nothing to hide on East Timor'
"
.
The Sydney Morning Herald
. Retrieved
17 November
2019
.
- ^
O'Neill, Robert; Peter, Edwards; Horner, David.
"Minister Payne: for the sake of Australia's reputation, you must publish our war history now"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
19 November
2019
.
- ^
Koziol, Michael (25 January 2020).
"Official history of Australia's peacekeeping efforts in East Timor back on track"
.
WA Today
. Retrieved
27 January
2020
.
- ^
a
b
Barker, Nick; Arnold, Anne (8 February 2023).
"The Australian government paid millions for this official war history. So why the silence?"
.
ABC News
. Retrieved
12 February
2023
.
- ^
McGregor, Maeve (23 January 2023).
"Government accused of silencing Australia's official war history on East Timor"
.
The Mandarin
. Retrieved
12 February
2023
.
- ^
"Official Histories - Iraq, Afghanistan & East Timor"
. Australian War Memorial
. Retrieved
31 March
2018
.
- ^
"Born of Fire and Ash: Australian operations in response to the East Timor crisis 1999?2000"
. UNSW Press
. Retrieved
8 September
2022
.
- Works consulted
Commonwealth official histories
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