From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Month of 1981
The following events occurred in
October 1981
:
- The first
cellular telephone
system was inaugurated.
Nordic Mobile Telephone
(Nordisk MobilTelephoni, NMT) set up the network in
Sweden
.
[1]
- Eighty-three people were killed and more than 300 injured when a car bomb exploded outside of the
Beirut
headquarters of the
Palestine Liberation Organization
's intelligence center. The
Front for the Liberation of Lebanon from Foreigners
, which the PLO asserted was a front for Israel, claimed it carried out the attack.
[2]
- Gunther Guillaume
, whose unmasking as an East German spy brought down the government of West German chancellor
Willy Brandt
in 1974, was released from prison and allowed to cross into East Germany.
[3]
- The first five percent of President Reagan's
25% cut of U.S. federal income taxes
took effect. The next 10% would take effect July 1, 1982, and the final 10% on July 1, 1983.
[4]
- Led by Dr. Paul L. Schechter, astronomers at the
Kitt Peak National Observatory
reported the discovery of a "hole" in the universe, 300 million light years in diameter, that had only one-tenth of the stars and galaxies found elsewhere. The void, described by Schechter as "exceedingly hard to understand", is beyond the constellation
Bootes
and encompasses one percent of the space in the known universe.
[5]
- The Ayatollah
Ali Khamenei
was elected
president of Iran
with 16,007,972 votes out of 16,846,996 cast. Education minister Ali-Akbar Parvaresh placed second.
[6]
- U.S. president Ronald Reagan announced his plans to resurrect the
B-1 bomber
program that had been scrapped by President Carter, with 100 of the planes to be built by 1987, and another plan to deploy 100
MX missiles
.
[7]
- Died:
- The body in
Lee Harvey Oswald
's grave was exhumed at the Rose Hill Cemetery in
Fort Worth, Texas
to determine whether the corpse was indeed Oswald's.
Michael Eddowes
, author of the 1977 book
The Oswald File
, paid the $250,000 expense for the body removal and its examination at the
Baylor University
Medical Center. Oswald's dental records were examined and confirmed that his was indeed the body in the grave.
[10]
The examining team wrote a detailed account of the examination two years later.
[11]
- The last model of the
Triumph Motor Company
's sports cars, a 1982
Triumph TR7
, rolled off of the assembly line at
Solihull
,
West Midlands
,
England
.
[12]
- In the
Washington Post
gossip column "The Ear", Diana McLellan outraged former President Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalynn by writing that "word's around Rosalynn's close pals about exactly why the Carters were so sure" that incoming First Lady Nancy Reagan wanted them out prior to the expiration of Carter's term: "They're saying that Blair House, where Nancy was lodging... was
bugged
. And at least one tattler in the Carter tribe has described listening in to the tape itself... Ear is absolutely appalled. Stay tuned, uh, whoever's listening." Three days later, the Carters announced plans to sue the
Post
, and, on October 23, the newspaper printed publisher Donald Graham's apology, which was accepted.
[13]
- Raoul Wallenberg
, the Swedish diplomat who saved thousands of Jews during World War II and vanished after being arrested by the Soviet Union, was made an honorary American citizen in a resolution signed by President Reagan.
[14]
- The first eight-team playoff in
Major League Baseball
history began as the Kansas City Royals lost to the Oakland A's in the first game of a series to decide the American League West title. Each of baseball's four divisions were decided by matching up the winners of the first and second halves of the strike-torn season. The
Cincinnati Reds
, with the best overall record in the 1981 season (66-42) did not qualify for the playoffs because they failed to win the NL West in either half of the season.
[15]
MLB returned to the four-team playoff system for the next 12 seasons, then realigned, with eight teams in the playoffs in 1995, after the 1994 strike season.
- The Reverend
Sun Myung Moon
, leader of the
Unification Church
, was
indicted for U.S. federal income tax evasion
.
[16]
He was convicted and served an 18-month prison sentence.
- Born:
Enrico Fabris
, Italian speed skater; Olympic gold medalist 2006; in
Asiago
- Died:
- Egypt
's President
Anwar Sadat
was assassinated at
Nasr City
while watching the annual
Armed Forces Day
parade. As a squadron of jets flew overhead in formation at 12:40 p.m., a military vehicle halted in front of the reviewing stand, and six of the men jumped out, hurling stun grenades and firing machine guns. Sadat was hit by two bullets and died at a hospital two hours later.
[17]
Seven other people, including two of the gunmen, were killed.
[18]
The four surviving assassins, ringleader Lt. Khaledi Islambouli, Sgt. Hussein Abbas, reserve Air Force officer Atta Hemeida and shop owner Abdel-Hamid Abdel-Aal, as well as mastermind Mohammed Abdel-Salam Farag, were executed on April 15, 1982.
[19]
- For the first and only time in history, three former presidents of the United States flew together on the same airplane.
Richard M. Nixon
,
Gerald R. Ford
and
Jimmy Carter
, the 37th, 38th and 39th holders of the office, were greeted at the White House by the 40th, current president
Ronald Reagan
, before flying by helicopter to
Andrews Air Force Base
, where they departed at 7:45 p.m. for the funeral of Egypt's assassinated president,
Anwar Sadat
.
[21]
[22]
- Bobby Unser
was again declared the winner of the
Indianapolis 500
after
4
+
1
⁄
2
months. He had crossed the finish line first on
May 24
, but was disqualified the next day for having passed during a
yellow caution flag
, with
Mario Andretti
declared the winner. Unser took his case to the
United States Auto Club
appeals panel, which voted 2?1 to declare him the official winner. He was fined $40,000 but was not penalized the lap.
[23]
[24]
Andretti continued appealing, finally abandoning the case on March 4, 1982.
[25]
- OSO I, the first of the
Orbiting Solar Observatory
satellite series, re-entered the Earth's atmosphere more than 18 years after its launch on March 7, 1962, and burned up on re-entry.
[26]
- 23-year-old Maria Cecilia Alfaro of
Miramar, Puerto Rico
, a
Fred Harvey Company
desk clerk at Yavapai Lodge, fell 400 feet (120 m) to her death while watching the sunset from the
Rim Trail
in
Grand Canyon National Park
.
[27]
- Cagney & Lacey
was first telecast as a
made-for-TV movie
, and attracted a
Nielsen rating
of 42.
[28]
- Ted Kaczynski
, later exposed as the Unabomber, planted his fifth bomb. The device he left at the
University of Utah
's Bennion Hall was detected and defused before it could explode.
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
- Died:
Armando Bo
, 66, Argentine film director
- In the largest protest march in Germany since the end of World War II, at least 150,000 people gathered in
Bonn
,
West Germany
to demonstrate against the further deployment of American nuclear missiles in Europe.
[38]
- The
Super Chicken III
, piloted by John Shoecroft and Fred Gorrell, became the first balloon to cross the United States without stopping. The 2,515-mile journey from
Costa Mesa, California
to
Blackbeard Island
in
Georgia
took 55 hours and 25 minutes to complete.
[39]
- Minnesota Vikings
quarterback
Tommy Kramer
passes for 444 yards and 4 touchdowns as the Vikings edge the
San Diego Chargers
33-31.
- Died:
Brooks Hays
, 83, former U.S. Congressman from Arkansas who was voted out of office in 1958 after taking a stand against segregation in schools
- CBS Cable
, the first venture into
cable television
by the broadcast
CBS Television Network
, went on the air in several markets with a series of programs dedicated to the classical arts, with telecasts of symphonies, dance, theater, and operas.
[40]
The venture was unsuccessful, and CBS Cable was shut down at 4:00 a.m. on December 17, 1982.
[41]
- Born:
Paul Givan
, First Minister of Northern Ireland, in
Lisburn
[42]
- Polisario Front
guerillas attacked the Moroccan army garrison at
Guelta Zemmur
,
[43]
and shot down two warplanes of the
Royal Moroccan Air Force
,
[44]
marking a turning point in the Polisario's war to free the
Western Sahara
from Moroccan control.
- Hosni Mubarak
, the vice president of Egypt who had been acting as president after Anwar Sadat's assassination on October 6, was confirmed as president of Egypt in a special referendum, with 9,567,504 votes in favor (98.46%) and 149,650 votes against.
[45]
He would be re-elected in 1987, 1993, 1999 and 2005
[46]
before being ousted in 2011 after 30 years, serving almost three times as long as his predecessor.
- Kare Willoch
succeeded
Gro Harlem Brundtland
as the
prime minister of Norway
, following the success of the
Conservative Party of Norway
in September elections.
[47]
- Died:
Nils Asther
, 84, Danish-born film actor, in
Hellerup
- In
Japan
's worst mining disaster, methane gas explosions at the Hokkaido Steamship and Colliery operation at
Y?bari, Hokkaid?
killed 93 coal miners. The blast occurred while the men were 1,900 feet underground.
[52]
- Died:
Moshe Dayan
, 66, Israeli general, defense minister 1967?74, foreign minister 1977-79
- The
Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
ruled that home videotaping of programs constituted copyright violation, reversing a 1979 decision.
[57]
The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the appeals court's ruling on January 17, 1984.
[58]
- U.S. Patent #4,296,282 was granted to Joseph T. O'Neil, Thomas M. Quinn and Tse Lin Wang for "Incoming Call Identification Arrangement", more commonly known as
Caller ID
.
[64]
- Born:
Nemanja Vidi?
, Serbian footballer, in
Titovo Uzice
- The Iranian parliament rejected President Khameini's nominee for
prime minister
,
Ali Akbar Velayati
. The deputies voted 80?74 against Velayati, with another 38 abstaining. It was the first time in the history of the Islamic Republic of Iran that the
Majlis
had rejected a nominee.
[65]
- The
North?South Summit
, officially the International Meeting on Cooperation and Development, opened in
Cancun
,
Mexico
, gathering 22 heads of state, including
Zhao Ziyang
(China),
F. Mitterrand
(France),
Indira Gandhi
(India),
Jose Lopez Portillo
(Mexico),
King Fahd
(Saudi Arabia),
Margaret Thatcher
(UK),
Ronald Reagan
(USA), and
UN Secretary-General
Kurt Waldheim
.
- Egyptian surgeon
Ayman al-Zawahiri
was arrested during a roundup of dissidents following the assassination of Anwar Sadat. Zawahiri spent three years in prison, where he was tortured. "The torture broke Zawahiri," noted one author later, "and transformed him as well into an embittered fanatic, determined to inflict deadly harm on Egypt's secular authorities and its Western friends."
[66]
- The
Spider
, the first
lunar module
to be tested in outer space for docking with a
lunar orbiter
, fell out of orbit and burned up in the Earth's atmosphere. During the
Apollo 9
mission, on March 7, 1969, the craft had been operated by astronauts
Jim McDivitt
and
Rusty Schweickart
, a mission that confirmed that a module could carry out the necessary docking and undocking maneuvers needed for a lunar landing.
[67]
[68]
- Born:
Michael Fishman
, American child actor (D.J. Conner on
Roseanne
), in
Los Angeles
- Died:
Reg Butler
, 69, English sculptor
- A weekend of anti-nuclear protests began in cities throughout Europe, as 200,000 marched in
Rome
and another 150,000 in
London
to protest the deployment of American
Pershing II
missiles at bases in five European nations. On Sunday, a crowd of 200,000 turned out in
Brussels
for the largest demonstration since World War II, and smaller crowds marched in
Paris
,
Berlin
and
Oslo
.
[69]
- Born:
Tila Tequila
, Vietnamese American model and singer, as Tila Nguyen, in
Singapore
- Died:
Edith Head
, 84, American costume designer and eight-time Oscar winner
- In the worst accident since refugees from Caribbean nations began sailing to the United States, a leaky sailboat with 67
Haitians
broke apart in rough seas, half a mile from the beach in Florida. Thirty-four survivors were able to swim to safety, while the bodies of 33 drowning victims washed ashore at
Hillsboro Beach, Florida
.
[71]
- The longest-serving
president of Finland
,
Urho Kekkonen
, resigned because of ill health after nearly 26 years in office.
[72]
- Born:
Guy Sebastian
, Australian singer, in
Klang
,
Malaysia
- The
Los Angeles Dodgers
won the
1981 World Series
over the
New York Yankees
in six games. After dropping the first two games, the Dodgers won the next four, including the clincher, 9?2, at Yankee Stadium.
[76]
- The
heavy metal
band
Metallica
was formed after
Lars Ulrich
called
James Hetfield
, whom he had met through a classified ad in a Los Angeles weekly,
The Recycler
, to ask his help in recording a song for a compilation album. Ron McGovney and Dave Mustaine completed the group.
[77]
- President Reagan successfully lobbied the United States Senate to vote down a resolution that would have blocked the sale of five
AWACS radar planes
to
Saudi Arabia
for $8.5 billion. The House had already voted to block the sale, 301?111, on October 14, and 50 senators had co-sponsored a resolution against the deal. Lobbying by Reagan and by the
U.S. Department of Defense
persuaded five senators to change their minds.
- Born:
Milan Baro?
, Czech Republic soccer football player, in
Vala?ske Mezi?i?i
- Near
Meeteetse, Wyoming
, biologist Dennie Hammer found the first live
black-footed ferret
(
Mustela nigripes
) since 1975, when the species was believed to have become extinct. The month before, a dog had brought back a dead ferret, prompting the search. Hammer placed a radio tag on the animal, which led scientists to find other ferrets and led to the repopulation of the species.
[78]
- Iranian foreign minister
Mir-Hossein Mousavi
was elected as the 79th
prime minister of Iran
on a second ballot by the Majlis, receiving a majority 115 of the 202 votes, with 39 against and 48 abstentions.
[79]
- The situation comedy
Gimme a Break!
began a six-season run on American television, as one of the few new hit shows of the 1981?82 season.
[80]
- Born:
- Died:
Georges Brassens
, 60, French singer and songwriter
- Thirty-eight years after he disappeared while flying a
dive bomber
, the body of U.S. Navy Lt. Lorne Parker Pelzer and his airplane were discovered in a remote canyon near California's
Mount Shasta
. Pelzer had been alone in
Douglas SBD Dauntless
on March 13,
1943
when the airplane vanished in a blizzard.
[81]
- Venera 13
was launched by the
Soviet Union
, followed five days later by
Venera 14
. The twin satellite explorers traveled to the surface of
Venus
, with Venera 13 landing first on March 1, 1982, and transmitting the first color pictures of the reddish brown soil on the second planet.
[82]
- Born:
- Died:
Lew Jenkins
, 64, former world lightweight boxing champion
- Without permission, Tom Crotser dug through walls at
Mount Pisgah
in
Jordan
, where he claimed that he and a team had discovered the
Ark of the Covenant
. Though he did not bring the artifact out, he presented photographs. Biblical scholar
Siegfried Horn
reviewed Crotser's evidence and, in an article in the
Biblical Archaeology Review
, concluded that the nails and metal covering shown in photographs were of recent origin.
[83]
- Robb Weller
led an audience in a performance of "
The Wave
" at a
University of Washington
football game in Seattle.
[84]
Although both Weller and Krazy George Henderson claim to have invented the Wave (with Henderson having led it on October 15), the Seattle event has been said to have popularized it.
[50]
- Born:
Frank Iero
, American musician, in
Belleville, New Jersey
;
Mike Napoli
, American baseball first baseman, in
Hollywood, Florida
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Richard A. Gershon,
Telecommunications and Business Strategy
(Taylor & Francis, 2008) p195
- ^
"Toll in blast hits 83",
Milwaukee Journal
, October 2, 1981, p2
- ^
"Spy swap apparently under way",
Milwaukee Journal
, October 2, 1981, p2
- ^
Lou Cannon,
President Reagan: the role of a lifetime
(Simon & Schuster, 2010) p221; "New Deal, Great Society end today as budget cuts start",
Anchorage Daily News
, October 1, 1981, pA-9
- ^
"Vast 'Hole' in Space Appears to Defy Theories"
,
New York Times
, October 2, 1981
- ^
"Iran formalizes results of election",
Eugene (OR) Register-Guard
, October 5, 1981, p7A
- ^
Robert David Johnson,
Congress and the Cold War
(Cambridge University Press, 2006) p260
- ^
"Hunger strike ends",
Milwaukee Journal
, October 2, 1981, p1
- ^
Ed Moloney,
Voices from the Grave: Two Men's War in Ireland
(PublicAffairs, 2010) p254
- ^
"Autopsy shows body is Oswald's",
Milwaukee Journal
, October 5, 1981, p3
- ^
“The Exhumation and Identification of Lee Harvey Oswald”
, by Linda E. Norton, et al.,
Journal of Forensic Sciences
, Volume 29, No. 1, Jan. 1984, pp 19-28
- ^
Bill Piggott,
Collector's Originality Guide: Triumph
(MotorBooks International, 2009) p41
- ^
David S Broder,
Behind the Front Page
(Simon and Schuster, 2000) p315; "Washington Post Apologizes To Carters, Retracts Report",
Toledo Blade
, October 23, 1981, p2
- ^
"Heroic Swede made honorary US citizen",
Milwaukee Journal
, October 6, 1981, p1
- ^
"Royals Embarrassed By A's, Norris",
Pittsburgh Press
, October 7, 1981, pD-1
- ^
"Rev. Moon Indicted On Tax Charges",
Pittsburgh Press
, October 15, 1981, p1
- ^
"SOLDIERS ASSASSINATE SADAT",
Pittsburgh Press
, October 6, 1981, p1
- ^
J. Reid Meloy, et al.,
Stalking, Threatening, and Attacking Public Figures: A Psychological and Behavioral Analysis
(Oxford University Press US, 2008) p153-154
- ^
"Sadat assassins are executed",
Glasgow Herald
, April 16, 1982, p4
- ^
"The Sabres 'Ruff' up Carpenter and Caps",
Spokane Spokesman-Review
, October 8, 1981, p31
- ^
"4 presidents make history".
Milwaukee Journal
. October 9, 1981.
- ^
"Flight of Three Presidents"
.
Time
. October 26, 1981. Archived from
the original
on 12 April 2008.
- ^
"Unser Wins Appeal, Reclaims Indy 500".
Milwaukee Sentinel
. October 9, 1981. p. 2-2.
- ^
Unser, Bobby
(2004).
Winners are Driven: A Champion's Guide to Success in Business & Life
.
John Wiley and Sons
. p. 116.
- ^
"After 9 months, Unser officially wins Indy".
Daily Union
.
Junction City, Kansas
. March 5, 1982. p. 10.
- ^
Elkins-Tanton, Linda T.
(2006).
The Sun, Mercury, and Venus
.
Infobase Publishing
. p. 56.
- ^
Ghiglieri, Michael P.; Myers, Thomas M. (2016).
Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon
(Second ed.).
Flagstaff, Arizona
: Puma Press, LLC.
ISBN
978-0-9847858-0-3
.
- ^
Thompson, Robert J.
(1997).
Television's second golden age: from Hill Street blues to ER
.
Syracuse University Press
. p. 102.
- ^
"Bomb disarmed in Utah".
Milwaukee Journal
. October 9, 1981. p. 2.
- ^
"He Told FBI About Kaczynski's Papers".
New York Daily News
. April 8, 1996.
- ^
Chase, Alston (2004).
A Mind for Murder: The Education of the Unabomber and the Origins of Modern Terrorism
.
W. W. Norton & Company
. p. 55.
- ^
Dempsey, John S.; Forst, Linda S. (2011).
An Introduction to Policing
.
Cengage Learning
. p. 505.
- ^
"Rolling Stones Open 2-Day Stand In LA"
,
Oxnard (CA) Press-Courier
, October 10, 1981, p3
- ^
Brian Morton,
Prince: A Thief in the Temple
(Canongate U.S., 2007) p74
- ^
La Documentation Francaise
- ^
approved the new law, 363-117. "French Senate Votes To End Death Penalty",
New York Times
, October 1, 1981
- ^
"Flood in Philippines leaves hundreds dead",
Milwaukee Journal
, October 12, 1981, p2
- ^
"A-Arms Protested By 250,000 In Bonn- Rally Is Largest In West Germany Since World War II",
Toledo Blade
, October 11, 1981, p1
- ^
"Balloon crosses US non-stop",
Milwaukee Journal
, October 12, 1981 p8
- ^
"CBS Cable Starts Cultural TV Service Tonight",
New York Times
, October 12, 1981
- ^
"What Lies Ahead for Cultural Programming",
New York Times
, December 12, 1982
- ^
Kane, Alex (19 December 2014).
"Paul Givan: Conscience clause MLA a politician on a mission"
.
Belfast Telegraph
. Belfast.
ISSN
0307-5664
.
- ^
Michael Brecher
and
Jonathan Wilkenfeld
,
A Study of Crisis
(University of Michigan Press, 1997) p127
- ^
Stephen O. Hughes,
Morocco Under King Hassan
(Garnet & Ithaca Press, 2006) p276; Bob Woodward,
Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981-1987
(Simon and Schuster, 1987) p149
- ^
"Mubarak sworn in as Sadat's successor", The Milwaukee Journal, October 14, 1981, p1
- ^
Phillip C. Naylor,
North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present
(University of Texas Press, 2009) p293
- ^
"New leader takes over",
Milwaukee Journal
, October 14, 1981, p2
- ^
Ananth V. Krishna,
India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics
(Pearson Education India, 2011) p274
- ^
Dov Seidman
,
How: Why How Do We Do Anything Means Everything-- In Business (And in Life)
(John Wiley and Sons, 2007) p1-3
- ^
a
b
Andrei S. Markovits and Lars Rensmann,
Gaming the World: How Sports are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture
(Princeton University Press, 2010) p154
- ^
"Krazy George started the wave",
Regina Leader-Post
, July 18, 1984, pB-2
- ^
Roy Thomas,
Japan: The Blighted Blossom
(I.B.Tauris, 1989) p162; "93 Japan Miners Dead",
Spokane Daily Chronicle
, Oct 17, 1981, p2
- ^
"Pope Meets Patriarch Of Ethiopian Church",
New York Times
, October 18, 1981
- ^
Takis S. Pappas,
Making Party Democracy in Greece
(Palgrave Macmillan, 1999) p64; "Voters Put Socialists In Power In Greece",
Toledo Blade
October 19, 1981, p1
- ^
"Poland replaces Communist leader",
Anchorage Daily News
October 19, 1981, p1
- ^
Oman: A Country Study
(Kessinger Publishing, 2004) p126
- ^
"Taping Off TV Ruled Illegal",
Los Angeles Times
, October 20, 1981, p1
- ^
Janet Wasko,
Hollywood in the Information Age: Beyond the Silver Screen
(University of Texas Press, 1995) pp 127-129
- ^
"Radical fugitive seized as holdup fails".
Milwaukee Journal
. October 21, 1981. p. 1.
- ^
Churchill, Ward
; Vander Wall, Jim (2002).
Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement
.
South End Press
. p. 464.
- ^
"Sergeant Edward J. O'Grady, Jr., Nyack Police Department, New York"
.
The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc
. Retrieved
18 April
2024
.
- ^
"Police Officer Waverly L. Brown, Nyack Police Department, New York"
. The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc
. Retrieved
18 April
2024
.
- ^
"Mary Chase - Broadway Cast & Staff"
.
Internet Broadway Database
.
The Broadway League
. Retrieved
18 April
2024
.
- ^
U.S. Patent 4,296,282
[
dead link
]
- ^
"Iran: Parliament rejects Velayati as new PM",
Ottawa Citizen
, October 22, 1981, p48
- ^
Kai Bird,
Crossing Mandelbaum Gate: Coming of Age between the Arabs and Israelis, 1956-1978
(Simon and Schuster, 2010) p190
- ^
"'We Were at War': 45 Years Since Apollo 9"
,
Space Safety
magazine, March 4, 2014
- ^
Richard W. Orloff and David M. Harland,
Apollo: The Definitive Sourcebook
(Springer Science & Business, 2006) p229
- ^
"300,000 protest arms race"
,
Anchorage Daily News
, October 26, 1981, p12
- ^
Harvey Rachlin,
Scandals, vandals, and Da Vincis: A Gallery of Remarkable Art Tales
(Penguin, 2007) p278
- ^
"33 Haitians Drown Off Florida Coast",
Sarasota Herald-Tribune
, October 27, 1981, p1
- ^
Hyvarinen, "Finland's Man"; Suomi, "A Ski Trail Being Snowed In"; Mauno Koivisto, "Two Terms I: Memories and Notes 1982?1994" / Kaksi kautta I. Muistikuvia ja merkintoja 1982?1994, Helsinki: Kirjayhtyma Publishing Ltd., 1994.
- ^
"Swedish ships encircle grounded Russian sub",
The Miami News
, October 28, 1981, p1
- ^
"The case of the stranded sub"
, by Milton Leitenberg,
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
(March 1982) pp10-13
- ^
"Laser Injures Police Helicopter Crew"
,
Sarasota (FL) Herald-Tribune
, October 29, 1981, p9-B
- ^
"Dodgers Capture World Series",
Montreal Gazette
, October 29, 1981, p61
- ^
"Metallica.com"
. Archived from
the original
on 2014-06-18
. Retrieved
2011-06-22
.
- ^
Miriam Aronin,
Black-footed Ferrets: Back from the Brink
(Bearport Publishing, 2007) p9
- ^
"Iranian premier confirmed",
Spokane Spokesman-Review
, October 30, 1981, p4
- ^
"2 NBC Comedies Have Premieres",
New York Times
October 29, 1981
TV.com
- ^
"Officials identify pilot of long-missing plane",
Eugene (OR) Register-Guard
, November 8, 1981, p16A; "Mystery solved after 38 years",
Regina Leader-Post
, November 9, 1981, pC-8
- ^
Paolo Ulivi,
Robotic Exploration of the Solar System, Part 1: The Golden Age 1957-1982
(Springer, 2007) pp285-286; R. K. Renfield,
Venus
(Rosen Publishing Group, 2004) p15
- ^
Larry R. Helyer,
Exploring Jewish literature of the Second Temple Period: A Guide for New Testament Students
(InterVarsity Press, 2002) p441
- ^
Gavin Pretor-Pinney,
The Wave Watcher's Companion: From Ocean Waves to Light Waves Via Shock Waves, Stadium Waves, and All the Rest of Life's Undulations
(Penguin, 2010)