Greek and Roman mythological creature
A
nymph
(
Ancient Greek
:
ν?μφη
,
romanized
:
nymph?
;
Attic Greek
:
[nymp??ː]
; sometimes spelled
nymphe
) is a minor female
nature deity
in
ancient Greek folklore
. Distinct from other
Greek goddesses
, nymphs are generally regarded as
personifications
of nature, they are typically tied to a specific place, landform, or tree, and are usually depicted as
maidens
. Because of their association with springs, they were often seen as having healing properties;
other divine powers of the nymphs included
divination
and
shapeshifting
.
Nymphs, like other goddesses, were
immortal
except for the
Hamadryads
, whose lives were bound to a specific tree.
[3]
Nymphs are divided into various
broad subgroups
based on their habitat,
such as the
Meliae
(
ash tree
nymphs), the
Dryads
(
oak tree
nymphs), the
Alseids
(
grove
nymphs), the
Naiads
or
Hydriads
(
spring
nymphs), the
Nereids
(sea nymphs), the
Oceanids
(ocean nymphs), the
Oreads
(mountain nymphs), and the
Epimeliads
(apple tree and flock nymphs). Other nymphs included the
Hesperides
(evening nymphs), the
Hyades
(rain nymphs), and the
Pleiades
(companions of
Artemis
).
Nymphs featured in
classic works of art
,
literature
, and
mythology
They are often attendants of goddesses and frequently occur in myths with a love motif, being the lovers of heroes and other deities.
Desirable and promiscuous, nymphs can rarely be fully domesticated, being often aggressive to their mortal affairs.
[3]
Since the
Middle Ages
, nymphs have been sometimes popularly associated or even confused with
fairies
.
Etymology
[
edit
]
The
Greek
word
nymph?
has the primary meaning of "young woman; bride, young wife" but is not usually associated with deities in particular. Yet the etymology of the noun
nymph?
remains uncertain. The
Doric
and
Aeolic
(
Homeric
) form is
nymph?
(
ν?μφα
).
[6]
Modern usage more often applies to young women, contrasting with
parthenos
(
παρθ?νο?
) "a virgin (of any age)", and generically as
kore
(
κ?ρη
<
κ?ρ?α
) "maiden, girl". The term is sometimes used by women to address each other and remains the regular
Modern Greek
term for "
bride
".
Ancient Greek mythology
[
edit
]
Nymphs were sometimes beloved by many and dwelt in specific areas related to the natural environment: e.g. mountainous regions; forests; springs. Other nymphs were part of the
retinue
of a god (such as
Dionysus
,
Hermes
, or
Pan
) or of a goddess (generally the huntress
Artemis
).
[7]
The Greek nymphs were also spirits invariably bound to places, not unlike the Latin
genius loci
, and sometimes this produced complicated myths like the cult of
Arethusa
to Sicily. In some of the works of the Greek-educated
Latin poets
, the nymphs gradually absorbed into their ranks the indigenous Italian divinities of springs and streams (
Juturna
,
Egeria
,
Carmentis
,
Fontus
) while the
Lymphae
(originally Lumpae), Italian water goddesses, owing to the accidental similarity of their names, could be identified with the Greek Nymphae. The classical mythologies of the Roman poets were unlikely to have affected the rites and cults of individual nymphs venerated by country people in the springs and clefts of
Latium
. Among the
Roman
literate class, their sphere of influence was restricted and they appear almost exclusively as divinities of the watery element.
[
citation needed
]
Greek folk religion
[
edit
]
The ancient Greek belief in nymphs survived in many parts of the country into the early years of the twentieth century when they were usually known as "
nereids
".
[8]
Nymphs often tended to frequent areas distant from humans but could be encountered by lone travelers outside the village, where their music might be heard, and the traveler could spy on their dancing or bathing in a stream or pool, either during the noon heat or in the middle of the night.
[9]
They might appear in a whirlwind. Such encounters could be dangerous, bringing dumbness, besotted infatuation, madness or stroke to the unfortunate man. When parents believed their child to be nereid-struck, they would pray to Saint Artemidos.
[10]
[11]
Nymphs and fairies
[
edit
]
Nymphs are often depicted in classic works across art, literature, mythology, and fiction. They are often associated with the
medieval
romances
or
Renaissance literature
of the elusive
fairies
or
elves
.
[12]
[13]
Sleeping nymph
[
edit
]
A motif that entered European art during the
Renaissance
was the idea of a statue of a nymph sleeping in a
grotto
or spring.
[14]
[15]
[16]
This motif supposedly came from an Italian report of a Roman sculpture of a nymph at a fountain above the
River Danube
.
[17]
The report, and an accompanying poem supposedly on the fountain describing the sleeping nymph, are now generally concluded to be a fifteenth-century
forgery
, but the motif proved influential among artists and landscape gardeners for several centuries after, with copies seen at
neoclassical
gardens such as the grotto at
Stourhead
.
[18]
[19]
[20]
List
[
edit
]
All the names for various classes of nymphs have plural feminine adjectives, most agreeing with the substantive numbers and groups of nymphai. There is no single adopted classification that could be seen as canonical and exhaustive.
[21]
Some classes of nymphs tend to overlap, which complicates the task of precise classification. e.g.
dryads
and
hamadryads
as nymphs of trees generally,
meliai
as nymphs of
ash trees
.
[21]
By dwelling or affinity
[
edit
]
The following is not the authentic Greek classification, but is intended as a guide:
Type / Group / Individuals
|
Location
|
Relations and Notes
|
Celestial nymphs
|
Aurae
(breezes)
|
|
also called Aetae or Pnoae,
[
citation needed
]
daughters of
Boreas
[22]
|
Asteriae
(stars)
|
|
mainly comprising the
Atlantides
(daughters of
Atlas
)
|
1.
Hesperides
(evening)
|
Far West
|
nymphs of the sunset, the West, and the evening; daughters of Atlas; also had attributes of the
Hamadryads
[23]
|
?
Aegle
|
|
?
Arethusa
|
|
?
Erytheia
(or Eratheis)
|
mother of
Eurytion
by
Ares
[24]
|
2.
Hyades
(star cluster; sent rain)
|
Boeotia (probably)
|
daughters of Atlas by either
Pleione
or
Aethra
[25]
|
3.
Pleiades
|
daughters of Atlas and Pleione;
[26]
constellation; also were classed as
Oreads
|
?
Maia
|
Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia
|
partner of
Zeus
and mother of Hermes
[27]
|
?
Electra
|
Mt. Saon, Samothrace
|
mother of
Dardanus
and
Iasion
by Zeus
[28]
|
?
Taygete
|
Taygetos Mts., Laconia
|
mother of
Lacedaemon
by Zeus
[29]
|
?
Alcyone
|
Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia
|
mother of
Hyperes
and
Anthas
by
Poseidon
[30]
|
?
Celaeno
|
Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia or Euboea
|
mother of
Lycus
and
Nycteus
by Poseidon
[31]
|
?
Asterope
|
Pisa, Elis
|
mother of Oenomaus by Ares
[32]
|
?
Merope
|
Corinth
|
wife of Sisyphus and mother of Glaucus
[33]
|
Nephele
(clouds)
|
|
daughters of
Oceanus
[34]
and/or
Tethys
[35]
or of
Aither
[36]
|
Land nymphs
|
Alseides
(groves)
|
|
[37]
|
Auloniades
(valley pastures, glens)
|
|
|
Leimakides
or
Leimonides
(meadows)
|
|
|
Napaeae
(dells)
|
|
[38]
|
Oreads
(mountains, grottoes)
, also Orodemniades
|
|
|
Wood and plant nymphs
|
Anthousai
(flowers)
|
|
|
Dryades
(trees)
|
|
|
Hamadryades
or
Hadryades
|
|
|
1.
Daphnaeae
(
laurel
tree)
|
|
|
2.
Epimeliades
or
Epimelides
(
apple
tree; also protected flocks)
|
|
other name variants include Meliades, Maliades and Hamameliades; same as these are also the Boucolai (Pastoral Nymphs)
|
3. Kissiae
(
ivy
)
|
|
|
4.
Meliae
(manna-
ash tree
)
|
|
born from the drops of blood that fell on
Gaia
when
Cronus
castrated
Uranus
[39]
|
Hyleoroi
(watchers of woods)
|
|
|
Water nymphs
(
Hydriades or Ephydriades
)
|
Haliae
(sea and seashores)
|
|
|
1.
Nereids
|
Mediterranean Sea
|
50 daughters of
Nereus
and
Doris
[40]
|
Naiads
, Naides
(fresh water)
|
|
|
1.
Crinaeae
(fountains)
|
|
2.
Eleionomae
(wetlands)
|
|
3.
Limnades
,
Limnatides
(lakes)
|
|
4.
Pegaeae
(springs)
|
|
5.
Potameides
(rivers)
|
|
Oceanids
|
|
daughters of Oceanus and Tethys,
[41]
any freshwater, typically clouds and rain. see
List of Oceanids
|
Underworld nymphs
|
Lampades
|
Hades
|
torch bearers in the retinue of
Hecate
|
?
Orphne
|
is a representation of the darkness of the river
Styx
, the river of hatred, but is not to be confused with the goddess Styx herself nor with
Nyx
, goddess of night, despite being associated with both. She is the
consort
of
Acheron
, (the god of the river in Hades), and the mother of
Ascalaphus
, (the
orchardist
of Hades).
[42]
|
?
Leuce
(
white poplar
tree)
|
daughter of Oceanus and lover of
Hades
[43]
|
?
Melinoe
|
Orphic
nymph, daughter of
Persephone
and "Zeus disguised as
Pluto
".
[44]
Her name is a possible epithet of
Hecate
.
|
?
Minthe
(
mint
)
|
Cocytus River
|
probably a daughter of
Cocytus
, lover of
Hades
and rival of
Persephone
[45]
[46]
|
Other nymphs
|
Hecaterides
(rustic dance)
|
|
daughters of
Hecaterus
by a daughter of Phoroneus; sisters of the
Dactyls
and mothers of the Oreads and the
Satyrs
[47]
|
Kabeirides
|
|
daughters of Cadmilus and sisters of the
Kabeiroi
[48]
or of
Hephaestus
and
Cabeiro
[49]
|
Maenads
or
Bacchai
or
Bacchantes
|
|
frenzied nymphs in the retinue of
Dionysus
|
1. Lenai
(wine-press)
|
|
|
2. Mimallones
(music)
|
|
|
4.
Thyiai
or
Thyiades
(
thyrsus
bearers)
|
|
|
Melissae
(honey)
|
|
likely a subgroup of Oreades or Epimelides
|
By location
[
edit
]
The following is a list of individual nymphs or groups thereof associated with this or that particular location. Nymphs in such groups could belong to any of the classes mentioned above (Naiades, Oreades, and so on).
Groups and Individuals
|
Location
|
Relations and Notes
|
Aeaean Nymphs
|
Aeaea
Island
|
handmaidens of
Circe
|
Aegaeides
|
Aegaeus River on the island of
Scheria
|
|
Aesepides
|
Aesepus
River in
Anatolia
|
|
?
Abarbarea
|
|
Acheloides
|
Achelous River
in
Acarnania
|
|
?
Callirhoe
, second wife of
Alcmaeon
|
|
Acmenes
|
Stadium in
Olympia
,
Elis
|
|
Amnisiades
|
Amnisos River
on the island of
Crete
|
entered the retinue of
Artemis
|
Anigrides
|
Anigros River in
Elis
|
believed to cure skin diseases
|
Asopides
|
Asopus
River in
Sicyonia
and
Boeotia
|
|
?
Aegina
|
Island of
Aegina
|
mother of
Menoetius
by
Actor
, and
Aeacus
by Zeus
|
?
Asopis
|
|
|
?
Chalcis
|
Chalcis
,
Euboea
|
regarded as the mother of the
Curetes
and
Corybantes
; perhaps the same as Combe and Euboea
|
?
Cleone
|
Cleonae
, Argos
|
one of the daughters of
Asopus
|
?
Combe
|
Island of Euboea
|
consort of
Socus
and mother by him of the seven Corybantes
|
?
Corcyra
|
Island of
Corcyra
|
mother of
Phaiax
by Poseidon
|
?
Euboea
|
Island of Euboea
|
abducted by Poseidon; perhaps the same as Chalcis and Combe above
|
?
Harpina
|
Pisa, Elis
|
mother of
Oenomaus
by
Ares
|
?
Ismene
|
Ismenian spring of
Thebes
, Boeotia
|
wife of
Argus
, eponymous king of Argus and thus, mother of
Argus Panoptes
and
Iasus
.
|
?
Nemea
|
Nemea
,
Argolis
|
others called her the daughter of Zeus and
Selene
|
?
Oeroe
or
Plataia
|
Plataea
, Boeotia
|
carried off by Zeus
|
?
Ornea
|
Ornia, Sicyon
|
|
?
Peirene
|
Corinth
|
others called her father to be
Oebalus
or
Achelous
by Poseidon she became the mother of
Lecheas
and Cenchrias
|
?
Salamis
|
Island of
Salamis
|
mother of
Cychreus
by Poseidon
|
?
Sinope
|
Sinope
,
Anatolia
|
mother of
Syrus
by
Apollo
|
?
Tanagra
|
Tanagra
, Boeotia
|
mother of
Leucippus
and Ephippus by
Poemander
|
?
Thebe
|
Thebes, Boeotia
|
wife of
Zethus
and also said to have consorted with Zeus
|
?
Thespeia
|
Thespia
, Boeotia
|
abducted by Apollo
|
Astakides
|
Lake Astacus,
Bithynia
|
appeared in the myth of
Nicaea
|
?
Nicaea
|
Nicaea, Bithynia
|
|
Asterionides
|
Asterion River
,
Argos
|
daughters of the river god
Asterion
; nurses of the infant goddess
Hera
|
?
Acraea
|
|
?
Euboea
|
|
?
Prosymna
|
|
Carian Naiades (
Caria
)
|
Caria
|
|
?
Salmacis
|
Halicarnassus, Caria
|
|
Nymphs of
Ceos
|
Island of Ceos
|
|
Corycian Nymphs
(
Corycian Cave
)
|
Corycian cave
,
Delphi
,
Phocis
|
daughters of the river god
Pleistos
|
?
Kleodora
(or Cleodora)
|
Mt. Parnassus
, Phocis
|
mother of Parnassus by Poseidon
|
?
Corycia
|
Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis
|
mother of
Lycoreus
by
Apollo
|
?
Daphnis
|
Mt. Parnassus
, Phocis
|
|
?
Melaina
|
Dephi, Phocis
|
mother of
Delphos
by
Apollo
|
Cydnides
|
River
Cydnus
in
Cilicia
|
|
Cyrenaean Nymphs
|
City of
Cyrene, Libya
|
|
Cypriae Nymphs
|
Island of
Cyprus
|
|
Cyrtonian Nymphs
|
Town of Cyrtone,
Boeotia
|
Κυρτωνιαι
|
Deliades
|
Island of
Delos
|
daughters of
Inopus
, god of the river Inopus
|
Dodonides
|
Oracle at
Dodona
|
|
Erasinides
|
Erasinos River, Argos
|
daughters of the river god
Erasinos
; attendants of the goddess
Britomartis
.
|
?
Anchiroe
|
|
?
Byze
|
|
?
Maera
|
|
?
Melite
|
|
Nymphs of the river
Granicus
|
River Granicus
|
daughters of the river-god Granicus
|
?
Alexirhoe
|
mother of Aesacus by Priam
|
?
Pegasis
|
mother of Atymnios by Emathion
|
Heliades
|
River
Eridanos
|
daughters of
Helios
who were changed into trees
|
Himeriai Naiades
|
Local springs at the town of
Himera
,
Sicily
|
|
Hydaspides
|
Hydaspers River
, India
|
nurses of infant
Zagreus
|
Idaean Nymphs
|
Mount Ida
, Crete
|
nurses of infant
Zeus
|
?
Ida
|
|
?
Adrasteia
|
|
Inachides
|
Inachos River
, Argos
|
daughters of the river god
Inachus
|
?
Io
|
mother of
Epaphus
by Zeus
|
?
Amymone
|
|
?
Philodice
|
wife of
Leucippus
of
Messenia
by whom she became the mother of
Hilaeira
,
Phoebe
and possibly
Arsinoe
|
?
Messeis
|
|
?
Hyperia
|
|
?
Mycene
|
wife of
Arestor
and by him probably the mother of
Argus Panoptes
; eponym of
Mycenae
|
Ionides
|
Kytheros
River in
Elis
|
daughters of the river god Cytherus
|
?
Calliphaea
|
|
?
Iasis
|
|
?
Pegaea
|
|
?
Synallaxis
|
|
Ithacian Nymphs
|
Local springs and caves on the island of
Ithaca
|
|
Ladonides
|
Ladon
River
|
|
Lamides or Lamusides
|
Lamos River
in
Cilicia
|
possible nurses of infant
Dionysus
|
Leibethrides
|
Mounts
Helicon
and Leibethrios in
Boeotia
; or Mount Leibethros in
Thrace
)
|
|
?
Libethrias
|
|
|
?
Petra
|
|
|
Lelegeides
|
Lycia
,
Anatolia
|
|
Lycaean Nymphs
|
Mount
Lycaeus
|
nurses of infant Zeus, perhaps a subgroup of the Oceanides
|
Melian Nymphs
|
Island of
Melos
|
transformed into frogs by Zeus; not to be confused with the Meliae (ash tree nymphs
|
Mycalessides
|
Mount
Mycale
in
Caria
,
Anatolia
|
|
Mysian Nymphs
|
Spring of Pegai near Lake Askanios in
Bithynia
|
who abducted
Hylas
|
?
Euneica
|
|
?
Malis
|
|
?
Nycheia
|
|
Naxian Nymphs
|
Mount Drios on the island of
Naxos
|
nurses of infant Dionysus; were syncretized with the
Hyades
|
?
Cleide
|
|
?
Coronis
|
|
?
Philia
|
|
Neaerides
|
Thrinacia
Island
|
daughters of
Helios
and
Neaera
, watched over Helios' cattle
|
Nymphaeides
|
Nymphaeus River in
Paphlagonia
|
|
Nysiads
|
Mount
Nysa
|
nurses of infant
Dionysos
, identified with
Hyades
|
Ogygian Nymphs
|
Island of
Ogygia
|
four handmaidens of
Calypso
|
Ortygian Nymphs
|
Local springs of
Syracuse
,
Sicily
|
named for the island of
Ortygia
|
Othreides
|
Mount
Othrys
|
a local group of
Hamadryads
|
Pactolides
|
Pactolus
River
|
|
?
Euryanassa
|
wife of
Tantalus
|
Pelionides
|
Mount
Pelion
|
nurses of the
Centaurs
|
Phaethonides
|
|
a synonym for the
Heliades
|
Phaseides
|
Phasis
River
|
|
Rhyndacides
|
Rhyndacus River
in
Mysia
|
daughters of the river god
Rhyndacus
|
Sithnides
|
Fountain at the town of
Megara
|
|
Spercheides
|
River
Spercheios
|
one of them, Diopatra, was loved by
Poseidon
and the others were changed by him into trees
|
Sphragitides, or Cithaeronides
|
Mount
Cithaeron
|
|
Tagids, Tajids, Thaejids or Thaegids
|
River Tagus in Portugal and Spain
|
|
Thessalides
|
Peneus River
in
Thessaly
|
|
Thriae
|
Mount
Parnassos
|
prophets and nurses of
Apollo
|
Trojan Nymphs
|
Local springs of
Troy
|
|
Others
[
edit
]
The following is a selection of names of the nymphs whose class was not specified in the source texts. For lists of Naiads, Oceanids, Dryades etc., see respective articles.
Individual names of some of the nymphs
Names
|
Location
|
Relations and Notes
|
Alphesiboea
|
India
|
loved by Dionysus
[50]
|
Aora
|
Crete
|
eponym
of the town Aoros in
Crete
[51]
|
Areia
|
daughter of
Cleochus
and mother of
Miletus
by Apollo
[52]
|
Astyoche
|
|
one of the
Danaides
, and the mother of
Chrysippus
by
Pelops
[53]
|
Axioche
or
Danais
|
Elis
|
mother of
Chrysippus
by
Pelops
[54]
[55]
|
Brettia
|
Mysia
|
eponym of Abrettene,
Mysia
[56]
|
Brisa
|
|
brought up the god Dionysus
[57]
|
Calybe
|
Troy
|
mother of
Bucolion
,
Laomedon
[58]
|
Carmentis
or Carmenta
|
Arcadia
|
She had a son with
Hermes
, called
Evander
. Her son was the founder of
Pallantium
, one of the cities that was merged later into
ancient Rome
.
[59]
|
Chalcea
|
|
mother of Olympus by Zeus
[60]
|
Chania
|
|
a lover of
Heracles
|
Chariclo
|
Thebes
|
mother of
Tiresias
by
Everes
[61]
|
Charidia
|
|
mother of
Alchanus
by Zeus
[60]
|
Chryse
|
Lemnos
|
fell in love with
Philoctetes
[62]
|
Cirrha
|
Phocis
|
eponym of
Cirrha
in
Phocis
[63]
|
Clymene
|
|
mother of Tlesimenes by
Parthenopaeus
[64]
|
Cretheis
|
|
briefly mentioned in
Suda
[65]
|
Crimisa
|
Italy
|
eponym of
a city
in Italy
[66]
|
Deiopea
|
|
one of
Hera's
nymphs who was promised to
Aeolus
[67]
|
Dodone
|
Dodona
|
eponym of Dodona
[68]
|
Echemeia
|
Cos
|
spelled "Ethemea" by
Hyginus
, consort of
Merops
[69]
|
Eidothea
|
Mt. Othrys
|
mother by Eusiros of
Cerambus
[70]
|
Eunoe
|
Phrygia
|
possible mother of
Hecuba
by
Dymas
[71]
|
Eunoste
|
Boeotia
(possibly)
|
nurse of
Eunostus
[72]
|
Euryte
|
Athens
|
mother of
Halirrhothius
by Poseidon
[73]
|
Harmonia
|
Akmonian Wood, near
Themiscyra
|
mother of the
Amazons
by
Ares
[74]
[75]
|
Hegetoria
|
Rhodes
|
consort of
Ochimus
[76]
|
Hemera
|
|
mother of Iasion by Zeus
|
Himalia
|
Rhodes
|
mother of
Cronius
,
Spartaios
, and
Cytos
by Zeus
[77]
|
Hyale
|
|
belongs to the train of Artemis
[78]
|
Hyllis
|
Argos
|
possible eponym of the tribe Hylleis and the city Hylle
[79]
|
Idaea
|
Crete
|
mother of Cres
[80]
and Asterion
[60]
by Zeus
|
Idaea
|
Mt. Ida, Troad
|
mother of
Teucer
by
Scamander
[81]
|
Ithome
|
Messenia
|
one of the nurses of Zeus
[82]
|
Laodice
|
Argolis
(possibly)
|
mother of Apis by
Phoroneus
[
citation needed
]
|
Leucophryne
|
Magnesia
(possibly)
|
priestess of Artemis Leucophryne
|
Ligeia
|
|
|
Linos
|
|
mother of Pelops by Atlas in some accounts
[83]
|
Lotis
|
|
pursued by Priapus and was changed into a tree that bears her name
[84]
|
Ma
|
|
nymph in the suite of Rhea who nursed Zeus
|
Melanippe
|
Attica
(possibly)
|
married
Itonus
, son of
Amphictyon
[85]
|
Melissa
|
Crete
|
nurse of Zeus
[86]
|
Mendeis
|
Thrace
|
consort of
Sithon
[87]
|
Menodice
|
|
daughter of Orion and mother of
Hylas
by
Theiodamas
[88]
|
Methone
|
Pieria
|
mother of
Oeagrus
by King
Pierus
of
Emathia
[89]
|
Myrmex
|
Attica
|
beloved companion of
Athena
whom she turned into an ant
[90]
|
Nacole
|
Phrygia
|
eponym of Nacoleia in Phrygia
[91]
|
Neaera
|
Thrinacia
|
mother of Lampetia and Phaethusa by Helios
[92]
|
Neaera
|
|
mother of Aegle by Zeus
[
citation needed
]
|
Neaera
|
Lydia
|
mother of
Dresaeus
by
Theiodamas
[93]
|
Nymphe
|
Samothrace
|
mother of
Saon
by Zeus
[94]
|
Oeneis
|
|
mother of Pan by Hermes
[95]
|
Oinoie
|
Sicinus
|
mother of
Sicinus
by
Thoas
[96]
|
Olbia
|
Bithynia
|
mother of
Astacus
by Poseidon
[97]
|
Paphia
|
|
possibly the mother of
Cinyras
by
Eurymedon
[98]
|
Pareia
|
Paros
|
mother of four sons by
Minos
[99]
|
Polydora
|
|
one of the
Danaides
[100]
|
Pyronia
|
|
mother of Iasion by Minos
|
Psalacantha
|
Icaria
|
changed into a plant by Dionysus
[101]
|
Rhene
|
Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia
|
consorted with
Oileus
[102]
|
Semestra
|
Thrace
|
nurse of
Keroessa
[103]
|
Teledice
|
Argolis
(possibly)
|
a consort of Phoroneus
[104]
|
Thalia
|
Sicily
|
mother of the
Palici
by Zeus
[105]
|
Thisbe
|
Boeotia
|
eponym of the town of Thisbe
[106]
|
Tithorea
|
Mt. Parnassus, Phocis
|
eponym of the town of Tithorea (previously called Neon)
[107]
|
In non-Greek tales influenced by Greek mythology
[
edit
]
Gallery
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Parad, Carlos; Forlag, Maicar (1997).
"Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology: Nymphs"
. Astrom Editions
. Retrieved
25 May
2019
.
- ^
"Online Etymology Dictionary"
.
etymonline.com
.
- ^
Larson, Jennifer (1997). "Handmaidens of Artemis?".
The Classical Journal
.
92
(3): 249?257.
JSTOR
3298110
.
- ^
Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910).
Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion
(1st ed.). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press
. p.
131
.
- ^
Lee, D. Demetracopoulou (1936).
"Folklore of the Greeks in America"
.
Folklore
.
47
(3): 294?310.
doi
:
10.1080/0015587X.1936.9718647
.
JSTOR
1256865
– via JSTOR.
- ^
"Heathen Artemis yielded her functions to her own genitive case transformed into Saint Artemidos", as
Terrot Reaveley Glover
phrased it in discussing the "practical polytheism in the worship of the saints", in
Progress in Religion to the Christian Era
1922:107.
- ^
Tomkinson, John L. (2004).
Haunted Greece: Nymphs, Vampires and Other Exotika
(1st ed.). Athens: Anagnosis. chapter 3.
ISBN
978-960-88087-0-6
.
- ^
Kready, Laura (1916).
A Study of Fairy Tales
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
- ^
Briggs, Katharine Mary
(1976). "Euphemistic names for fairies".
An Encyclopedia of Fairies
. New York: Pantheon Books.
ISBN
0-394-73467-X
.
- ^
"The Nymph of the Spring"
.
National Gallery of Art
. Retrieved
23 September
2016
.
- ^
Stephen John Campbell (2004).
The Cabinet of Eros: Renaissance Mythological Painting and the Studiolo of Isabella D'Este
. Yale University Press. pp. 95?6.
ISBN
978-0-300-11753-0
.
- ^
Maryan Wynn Ainsworth; Joshua P. Waterman; Dorothy Mahon (2013).
German Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1350-1600
. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 95?6.
ISBN
978-1-58839-487-3
.
- ^
Jay A. Levenson; National Gallery of Art (U.S.) (1991).
Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration
. Yale University Press. p. 260.
ISBN
978-0-300-05167-4
.
- ^
Leonard Barkan (1999).
Unearthing the Past: Archaeology and Aesthetics in the Making of Renaissance Culture
. Yale University Press. pp. 237?8.
ISBN
978-0-300-08911-0
.
- ^
Elisabeth B. MacDougall (January 1994).
Fountains, Statues, and Flowers: Studies in Italian Gardens of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 37?56.
ISBN
978-0-88402-216-9
.
- ^
Kenneth Gross (1992).
The Dream of the Moving Statue
. Cornell University Press. pp.
170
?175.
ISBN
978-0-8014-2702-2
.
- ^
a
b
Rose, Herbert Jennings
(1959).
A Handbook of Greek Mythology
(1st ed.). New York: E. P. Dutton. p.
173
.
ISBN
978-0-525-47041-0
.
- ^
Quintus Smyrnaeus
, 1.683 ff.
- ^
Diodorus Siculus
, 4.26.2
- ^
Stesichorus
,
Geryoneis
Frag S8
- ^
Hyginus
,
Fabulae
192
- ^
Apollodorus
, 3.10.1
- ^
Hesiod
,
Theogony
938
- ^
Apollodorus, 3.12.1
- ^
Hyginus
,
Fabulae
155
- ^
Pausanias
, 2.30.8
- ^
Apollodorus, 3.10.1
- ^
Hyginus,
Fabulae
84
- ^
Hyginus,
Astronomica
2.21
- ^
Aristophanes
,
Clouds
264
- ^
Orphic Hymn
22
- ^
Aristophanes,
Clouds
563
- ^
Homer,
Iliad
20.4
- ^
Statius,
Thebaid
9.385
- ^
Hesiod
,
Theogony
182?187
- ^
Hesiod,
Theogony
240-262
- ^
Hesiod,
Theogony
365?366
- ^
Ovid,
Metamorphoses
5.539 ff
- ^
Servius
,
Commentary on
Virgil's
Aeneid
7.61
- ^
Orphic Hymn
71
- ^
Oppian
, Halieutica
3.485 ff
- ^
Strabo, 8.3.14
- ^
Strabo, 10.3.19
- ^
Acusilaus Frag as cited in Strabo, 10.3.21
- ^
Strabo, 10.3.21 citing
Pherecydes
- ^
Pseudo-Plutarch
,
De fluviis
24
- ^
Stephanus of Byzantium
,
Ethnica
s.v.
A?ros
- ^
Apollodorus,
3.1.2
- ^
Robert Graves
.
The Greek Myths
, section 110 s.v. The Children of Pelops
- ^
Scholia
on
Euripides
,
Orestes
, 4; on
Pindar
,
Olympian Ode
1.144
- ^
Plutarch
,
Parallela minora
33
- ^
Stephanus of Byzantium
, s.v.
Abrett?n?
- ^
Schol. ad
Pers. Sat. i. 76.
- ^
Apollodorus,
3.12.3
- ^
"Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 2.1"
.
- ^
a
b
c
Pseudo-Clement
,
Recognitions
10.21?23
- ^
Apollodorus,
3.6.7
- ^
Sophocles
,
Philoctetes
1327
- ^
Pausanias
,
10.37.5
- ^
Hyginus
,
Fabulae
71
- ^
Suida
, s.v.
Kretheus
- ^
Stephanus of Byzantium
, s.v.
Krimisa
- ^
Virgil
,
Aeneid
1.71-75
- ^
Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v.
Dodone
- ^
Hyginus
,
Astronomica
2.16.2
- ^
Antoninus Liberalis
, 22 vs
Cerambus
- ^
Scholia on Homer's
Iliad
16. 718 with
Pherecydes
as the authority
- ^
Plutarch
,
Quaestiones Graecae
40
- ^
Apollodorus,
3.14.2
- ^
"Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, Book 2"
.
- ^
"ARGONAUTICA BOOK 2"
.
- ^
Diodorus Siculus
,
5.57.7
- ^
Diodorus Siculus,
5.55.5
- ^
Ovid
,
Metamorphoses
3.155
- ^
Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v.
Hylleis
- ^
Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v.
Kr?t?
- ^
Apollodorus,
3.12.1
- ^
Pausanias,
4.33.1
- ^
Robert Graves
.
The Greek Myths
, section 108 s.v. Tantalus
- ^
Ovid
,
Fasti
1.416
&
1.423
;
Metamorphoses
,
9.347
- ^
Pausanias,
9.1.1
- ^
Lactantius
,
Divine Institutes
1.22.3
- ^
Conon
,
Narrations
10
- ^
Hyginus
,
Fabulae
14
- ^
Of the Origin of Homer and Hesiod and their Contest, Fragment 1.
Translated by Evelyn-White.
- ^
William Smith
.
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology
s.v.
Myrmex
- ^
Suida, s.v.
Nakoleia
- ^
Homer
,
Odyssey
12.133 ff
- ^
Quintus Smyrnaeus
, 1.290?291
- ^
Dionysius of Halicarnassus
,
Antiquitates Romanae
1.61.3
- ^
Scholiast ad
Theocritus
, 1.3
- ^
Apollonius Rhodius
,
Argonautica
1.620 ff with scholia on 1.623
- ^
Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v.
Astakos
- ^
Scholia on
Pindar
,
Pythian Ode
2.28
- ^
Apollodorus,
3.1.2
- ^
Antoninus Liberalis
,
32
- ^
Ptolemy Hephaestion
,
New History
5 in
Photius
,
Myrobiblion
190
- ^
Homer
,
Iliad
2.728
- ^
"Dionysius of Byzantium, Anaplous of the Bosporos, §24"
.
- ^
Apollodorus,
2.1.1
- ^
Macrobius
,
Saturnalia
5.19.15
- ^
Pausanias,
9.32.3
- ^
Pausanias,
10.32.9
References
[
edit
]
- Burkert, Walter
(1985).
Greek Religion
(1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
ISBN
978-0-674-36281-9
.
- Grimal, Pierre (1996).
The Dictionary of Classical Mythology
. Wiley-Blackwell.
ISBN
978-0-631-20102-1
.
- Larson, Jennifer (2001).
Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore
. New York:
Oxford University Press
.
ISBN
978-0-19-514465-9
.
- Lawson, John Cuthbert,
Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1910, p. 131
- paleothea.com homepage
- Tomkinson, John L. (2004).
Haunted Greece: Nymphs, Vampires and Other Exotika
(1st ed.). Athens: Anagnosis.
ISBN
978-960-88087-0-6
.
External links
[
edit
]
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