Province of Afghanistan
Province in Afghanistan
Nuristan
, also spelled as
Nurestan
or
Nooristan
(
Dari
:
???????
;
Kamkata-vari
:
[a]
Nuriston
), is one of the 34
provinces of Afghanistan
, located in the eastern part of the country. It is divided into seven
districts
and is Afghanistan's least populous province, with a population of around 167,000.
[2]
Parun
serves as the provincial capital. Nuristan is bordered on the south by
Laghman
and
Kunar
provinces, on the north by
Badakhshan province
, on the west by
Panjshir province
, and on the east by
Pakistan
.
The origins of the Nuristani people traces back to the 4th century BC. Some Nuristanis claim being descendants of the Greek occupying forces of Alexander the Great. It was formerly called
Kafiristan
(
Pashto
:
????????
) ("Land of the Infidels") until the inhabitants were
forcibly converted
from an
animist
religion,
[3]
[4]
a form of
ancient Hinduism
infused with local variations,
[5]
[6]
[7]
to
Islam
in 1895, and thence the region has become known as Nuristan ("land of illumination", or "land of light").
[8]
The region was located in an area surrounded by Buddhist civilizations which were later taken over by Muslims.
[9]
The origin of the local
Nuristani people
has been disputed, ranging from being the indigenous inhabitants forced to flee to this region after refusing to surrender to invaders, to being linked to various ancient groups of people and the
Turk Shahi
kings.
[10]
[11]
The primary occupations are agriculture, animal husbandry, and
day labor
. Located on the southern slopes of the
Hindu Kush
mountains in the northeastern part of the country, Nuristan spans the basins of the
Alingar
,
Pech
,
Landai Sin
, and
Kunar
rivers. Most of Nuristan is covered by mountainous
forests
and it has a rich biodiversity with a domestically unique
monsoon
climate by air coming from the
Indian Ocean
.
[12]
As of 2020, the entirety of Nuristan is now a protected
national park
.
[13]
[14]
History
[
edit
]
Early history
[
edit
]
The surrounding area fell to
Alexander the Great
in 330 BC. It later fell to
Chandragupta Maurya
. The
Mauryas
introduced
Buddhism
to the region, and were attempting to expand their empire to Central Asia until they faced local Greco-Bactrian forces.
Seleucus
is said to have reached a
peace treaty
with Chandragupta by giving control of the territory south of the Hindu Kush to the Mauryas upon intermarriage and 500 elephants.
[15]
Before their conversion to Islam, the Nuristanis practiced a form of
ancient Hinduism
infused with locally developed accretions.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[4]
They were called "
kafirs
" due to their enduring paganism while other regions around them became Muslim, after fear of consequences. However, the influence from district names in Kafiristan of Katwar or Kator and the ethnic name
Kati
has also been suggested.
[16]
The area extending from modern Nuristan to
Kashmir
was known as "Puritan", a vast area containing a host of "Kafir" cultures and Indo-European languages that became Islamized over a long period. Earlier, it was surrounded by Buddhist areas. The Islamization of the nearby
Badakhshan
began in the 8th century and Peristan was surrounded by Muslim states in the 16th century with the Islamization of
Baltistan
. The Buddhist states temporarily brought literacy and state rule into the region. The decline of Buddhism resulted in it becoming heavily isolated.
[9]
There have been varying theories about the origins of Kafirs including the Arab tribe of
Quraish
, or
Gabars
of Persia, the Greek soldiers of Alexander as well as the Indians of eastern Afghanistan.
George Scott Robertson
considered them to be part of the old Indian population of Eastern Afghanistan and stated they fled to the mountains after the Muslim invasion in the 10th century. He added they probably found other races there whom they killed off and enslaved or amalgamated with them.
[10]
Oral traditions of some of the Nuristanis place themselves to be at the confluence of
Kabul River
and
Kunar River
a millennium ago. These traditions state they were driven off from
Kandahar
to Kabul to
Kapisa
to
Kama
with the Muslim invasion. They identify themselves as late arrivals in Nuristan, being driven by
Mahmud of Ghazni
who after establishing his empire forced the unsubmissive population to flee.
[4]
The name Kator was used by Lagaturman, last king of the Turk Shahi. Apparently due to its usage by the last Turk-Shahi ruler, it was adopted as a title by the ruler of the north-west region of the Indian subcontinent, comprising Chitral and Kafiristan. The title "Shah Kator" was assumed by
Chitral
's ruler Mohtaram Shah who assumed it upon being impressed by the majesty of the erstwhile pagan rulers of Chitral.
[11]
The theory of Kators being related to Turki Shahis is based on the information of
Jami- ut-Tawarikh
and
Tarikh-i-Binakiti
.
[17]
The region was also named after its ruling elite. The royal usage may be the origin behind the name of Kator.
[18]
The high god of the pre-Islamic Nuristani religion was the god
Imra
, derived from the Hindu god
Yama
, and was also called
Mara
.
[19]
Another god was Indr, derived from
Indra
. He was seen as the brother of the god Gisht and father of Pano and the goddess Dishani.
[20]
There were also many other minor gods worshiped in the region.
[21]
The region was invaded by forces of Afghan Amir
Abdur Rahman Khan
in 1896 and most of the people were converted either by force or did so to avoid the
jizya
:
[22]
The region was renamed Nuristan, meaning
Land of the enlightened
, a reflection of the "enlightening" of the
pagan
Nuristani by the "light-giving" of Islam.
Nuristan was once thought to have been a region through which Alexander the Great passed with a detachment of his army; thus the
folk legend
that the Nuristani people are descendants of Alexander (or "his generals").
In the 19th century, the
Emirate of Afghanistan
incorporated Nuristan into its territory via military conquest; this occurred around the same time as the beginning of
European influence in Afghanistan
. During this period, one of the most well known Afghan generals from this period, Abdul Wakil Khan, was born in Nuristan. He fought against the insurgent forces of
Habibull?h Kalak?ni
and was buried on the same plateau where Afghan king
Amanullah Khan
is buried.
[
citation needed
]
Recent history
[
edit
]
Since the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Afghan politicians (particularly
Mohammed Daoud Khan
) have been focused on re-annexing
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and the
Federally Administered Tribal Areas
of what is now Pakistan. This has led to militancy on both sides of the
Durand Line
.
[23]
Nuristan was the scene of some of the heaviest
guerrilla
fighting during the 1980s
Soviet?Afghan War
. The province was influenced by
Mawlawi Afzal
's
Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan
, which was supported by Pakistan nationalists and
Saudi Arabia
. It dissolved under the
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
(Taliban rule) in the late 1990s.
[24]
Nuristan is one of the poorest and most remote provinces of Afghanistan. Few
NGO
's operate in Nuristan because of the
Taliban insurgency
and the lack of safe roads. Some road construction projects were launched linking Nangarej to
Mandol
and
Chapa Dara
to Titan Dara.
[25]
The Afghan government also worked on a direct road route to
Laghman province
, in order to reduce dependence on the road through restive
Kunar province
to the rest of Afghanistan. Other road projects were started aimed at improving the primitive road from
Kamdesh
to
Barg-i Matal
, and from Nangalam in Kunar province to the provincial center at Parun.
Since Nuristan is a highly ethnically homogeneous province, there are few incidents of inter-ethnic violence. However, there are instances of disputes among inhabitants, some of which continue for decades. Nuristan has suffered from its inaccessibility and lack of infrastructure. The government presence is under-developed, even compared to neighboring provinces. Nuristan's formal educational sector is weak, with few professional teachers. Due to its proximity to Pakistan, many of the inhabitants are actively involved in trade and commerce across the border.
A map from the
Afghan Ministry of the Interior
produced in 2009 showed the western region of Nuristan to be under "enemy control". There have been numerous conflicts between militants and U.S.-led Afghan security forces. In April 2008 members of the
3rd Special Forces Group
led Afghan soldiers from the
Commando Brigade
into the Shok valley in
an unsuccessful attempt
to capture warlord
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
. In July 2008, approximately 200
Taliban guerrillas attacked a NATO position
just south of Nuristan, near the village of Wanat in the
Waygal District
, killing 9 U.S. soldiers.
[26]
In the following year, in early October, more than 350 insurgents backed by members of the
Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
and other militia groups fought U.S.-led Afghan security forces in the
Battle of Kamdesh
at Camp Keating in Nuristan. The base was nearly overrun; more than 100 Taliban fighters, eight U.S. soldiers, and seven members of the Afghan security forces were killed during the fighting.
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
Four days after the battle, in early October 2009, U.S. forces withdrew from their four main bases in Nuristan, as part of a plan by General
Stanley McChrystal
to pull troops out of small outposts and relocate them closer to major towns.
[31]
The U.S. has pulled out from some areas in the past, but never from all four main bases.
[32]
A month after the U.S. pullout the Taliban was governing openly in Nuristan.
[33]
According to
The Economist
, Nuristan is "a place so tough that NATO abandoned it in 2010 after failing to subdue it."
[34]
In 2021, the
Taliban
gained control of the province during the
2021 Taliban offensive
.
Healthcare
[
edit
]
The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 2% in 2005 to 12% in 2011.
[35]
The percentage of births attended by a skilled birth attendant increased from 1% in 2005 to 22% in 2011.
[35]
Education
[
edit
]
In 2002 the first gender assessment of women's conditions in Nuristan was completed.
[36]
The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 17.7% in 2005 to 17% in 2011.
[35]
The overall net enrolment rate (6?13 years of age) increased from 8.7% in 2005 to 45% in 2011.
[35]
Demographics
[
edit
]
As of 2021, the total population of the province is about 166,676.
[2]
According to the
Naval Postgraduate School
, 87% are
Nuristanis
, 10% Pashtuns and less than 3%
Gujars
and ethnic
Tajiks
.
[37]
[38]
Approximately 90% of the population speak the following five
Nuristani languages
, as well as one
Indo-Aryan language
:
[39]
The main Nuristani tribes in the province are:
Dari
/Pashto are used as second and third languages in the province.
Districts
[
edit
]
Districts of Nuristan Province
District
|
Center
|
Population
[2]
|
Area
[40]
|
Pop.
density
|
Notes
|
Barg-i Matal
|
|
17,537
|
1,731
|
10
|
100% Nuristani.
[41]
|
Du Ab
|
|
8,902
|
652
|
14
|
99% Nuristani, 1% Gujar.
[42]
Established in 2004, formerly part of
Nuristan District
and Mandol District
|
Kamdesh
|
Kamdesh
|
28,564
|
1,452
|
20
|
100% Nuristani.
[43]
|
Mandol
|
|
22,320
|
1,996
|
11
|
99% Nuristani, 1% Gujar and Tajik.
[44]
Lost territory to Du Ab District in 2004
|
Nurgram
|
|
36,536
|
943
|
39
|
100% Nuristani.
[45]
Established in 2004, formerly part of
Nuristan District
and Wama District
|
Parun
|
Parun
|
15,279
|
1,509
|
10
|
100% Nuristani.
[46]
Established in 2004, formerly part of Wama District
|
Wama
|
|
12,489
|
389
|
32
|
100% Nuristani.
[47]
Lost territory to Parun District and Nurgram District in 2004
|
Waygal
|
|
22,187
|
907
|
24
|
100% Nuristani.
[48]
|
Nuristan
|
|
163,814
|
9,267
|
18
|
99.9%
Nuristani
, 0.1%
Gujars
, <0.1%
Tajiks
.
[note 1]
|
- ^
Note: "Predominantely" or "dominated" is interpreted as 99%, "majority" as 70%, "mixed" as 1/(number of ethnicities), "minority" as 30% and "few" or "some" as 1%.
In popular culture
[
edit
]
Notable people from the province
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???"
[Vice-Governor of Nuristan visited Vant Weigel].
bakhtarnews.af
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021?22"
(PDF)
. National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 24 June 2021
. Retrieved
21 June
2021
.
- ^
Ansary, Tamim (4 March 2014).
Games without Rules: The Often-Interrupted History of Afghanistan
. PublicAffairs.
ISBN
9781610393195
.
Kafiristan, "Land of the Infidels," because the people there practiced an animist religion involving elaborate graves decorated with images carved of wood.
- ^
a
b
c
Richard F. Strand
(31 December 2005).
"Richard Strand's Nuristan Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan"
.
nuristan.info
. Archived from
the original
on 1 April 2019
. Retrieved
3 March
2018
.
- ^
a
b
Minahan, James B. (10 February 2014).
Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
.
ABC-CLIO
. p. 205.
ISBN
9781610690188
.
Living in the high mountain valleys, the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion, a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally. Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community, but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as the Creator, the Hindu god Yama Raja, called
imr'o
or
imra
by the Nuristani tribes.
- ^
a
b
Barrington, Nicholas; Kendrick, Joseph T.; Schlagintweit, Reinhard (18 April 2006).
A Passage to Nuristan: Exploring the Mysterious Afghan Hinterland
.
I.B. Tauris
. p. 111.
ISBN
9781845111755
.
Prominent sites include Hadda, near Jalalabad, but Buddhism never seems to have penetrated the remote valleys of Nuristan, where the people continued to practise an early form of polytheistic Hinduism.
- ^
a
b
Weiss, Mitch; Maurer, Kevin (31 December 2012).
No Way Out: A Story of Valor in the Mountains of Afghanistan
. Berkley Caliber. p. 299.
ISBN
9780425253403
.
Up until the late nineteenth century, many Nuristanis practised a primitive form of Hinduism. It was the last area in Afghanistan to convert to Islam?and the conversion was accomplished by the sword.
- ^
Klimberg, Max (1 October 2004).
"NURISTAN"
.
Encyclopædia Iranica
(Online ed.). United States:
Columbia University
.
- ^
a
b
Alberto M. Cacopardo (2016).
"Fence of Peristan ? The Islamization of the "Kafirs" and Their Domestication"
.
Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia
. Societa Italiana di Antropologia e Etnologia: 69, 77.
- ^
a
b
Ludwig W. Adamec
(1985).
Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan, Volume 6
.
Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt
Graz. p. 348.
- ^
a
b
Dr. Hussain Khan. "The Genesis of the Royal Title".
Journal of Central Asia
.
14
. Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia,
Quaid-i-Azam University
: 111, 112.
- ^
"Afghanistan Bright Spot: Wildlife Thriving in War Zones"
.
National Geographic Society
. 14 July 2011. Archived from
the original
on 15 September 2019.
- ^
Reza Shirmohammad.
"????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????"
[Nuristan province in Afghanistan was declared as a national park].
Deutsche Welle
.
- ^
"Residents Welcome Designation of National Park in Nuristan"
.
- ^
Nancy Hatch Dupree / A?mad ?Al? Kuhz?d (1972).
"An Historical Guide to Kabul ? The Name"
. American International School of Kabul. Archived from
the original
on 30 August 2010
. Retrieved
18 September
2010
.
- ^
C. E. Bosworth
; E. Van Donzel;
Bernard Lewis
;
Charles Pellat
(eds.).
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IV
.
Brill
. p. 409.
- ^
Deena Bandhu Pandey (1973).
The Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab
. Historical Research Institute; Oriental Publishers. p. 65.
- ^
Dr. Hussain Khan. "The Genesis of the Royal Title".
Journal of Central Asia
.
14
. Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia,
Quaid-i-Azam University
: 114.
- ^
Parpola, Asko (2015).
The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization
. Oxford University Press. p. 143.
ISBN
9780190226923
.
- ^
Jordan, Michael (14 May 2014).
Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses
. Infobase. p. 138.
ISBN
9781438109855
.
- ^
Ludwig W. Adamec
(1985).
Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan, Volume 6
. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt Graz. p. 361.
- ^
Nile Green (2017).
Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban
. University of California Press. pp. 142?143.
ISBN
9780520294134
.
- ^
Bowersox, Gary W. (2004).
The Gem Hunter: The Adventures of an American in Afghanistan
. United States: GeoVision, Inc. p. 100.
ISBN
0-9747-3231-1
. Retrieved
22 August
2010
.
To launch this plan, Bhutto recruited and trained a group of Afghans in the
Bala-Hesar
of
Peshawar
, in Pakistan's
North-west Frontier Province
. Among these young men were
Massoud
,
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
, and other members of Jawanan-e Musulman. Massoud's mission to Bhutto was to create unrest in northern Afghanistan. It served Massoud's interests, which were apparently opposition to the Soviets and independence for Afghanistan. Later, after Massoud and Hekmatyar had a terrible falling-out over Massoud's opposition to terrorist tactics and methods, Massoud overthrew from Jawanan-e Musulman. He joined
Rabani
's newly created Afghan political party,
Jamiat-i-Islami
, in exile in Pakistan.
- ^
Daan Van Der Schriek, ed. (26 May 2005).
"Nuristan: Insurgent Hideout in Afghanistan, Terrorism Monitor, Volume 3, Issue 10"
.
Jamestown
. Retrieved
22 October
2014
.
- ^
"Nuristan governor, contractor, and Afghanistan engineer district sign partnership agreement"
. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007
. Retrieved
28 June
2006
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
)
, Headquarters US Central Command, News Release, June 13, 2006
- ^
"Taliban fighters storm US base"
. Al Jazeera
. Retrieved
16 July
2008
.
- ^
"Taliban govern openly in Nuristan | FDD's Long War Journal"
.
www.longwarjournal.org
. 12 November 2009
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
- ^
Mackey, Robert (12 November 2009).
"Taliban Claim to Seize American Arms"
.
The Lede
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
- ^
Jaffe, Joshua Partlow and Greg (5 October 2009).
"8 U.S. Troops Killed in Siege of Afghan Outpost"
.
The Washington Post
.
ISSN
0190-8286
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
- ^
"Heavy US losses in Afghan battle"
. 4 October 2009
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
- ^
Kamdesh ambush played out like Wanat battle
, Matthew Cox and Michelle Tan, Army Times, November 3, 2009
- ^
"South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan"
.
Asia Times Online
. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009
. Retrieved
7 February
2011
.
{{
cite news
}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
link
)
- ^
"Taliban govern openly in Nuristan | FDD's Long War Journal"
.
www.longwarjournal.org
. 12 November 2009
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
- ^
"Pakistan's border badlands: Double games"
.
The Economist
. 12 July 2014
. Retrieved
17 July
2014
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Afghanistan Provincial Map"
.
- ^
"Wazhma Frogh"
.
inclusivesecurity.org
.
- ^
"Nuristan Province"
(PDF)
.
Program for Culture & Conflict Studies
.
Naval Postgraduate School
. Retrieved
21 October
2014
.
- ^
"Programs"
(PDF)
.
- ^
a
b
"Nurstan Provincial Profile"
(PDF)
. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010
. Retrieved
14 September
2017
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
)
- ^
Afghanistan Geographic & Thematic Layers
- ^
https://web.archive.org/web/20061007064340/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/eastern/nuristan/bargi_matal.pdf
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 7 October 2006
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
- ^
https://web.archive.org/web/20051027180140/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/eastern/nuristan/du_aab.pdf
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 27 October 2005
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
- ^
https://web.archive.org/web/20051027181619/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/eastern/nuristan/kamdesh.pdf
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 27 October 2005
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
- ^
https://web.archive.org/web/20051027180209/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/eastern/nuristan/mandol.pdf
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 27 October 2005
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
- ^
https://web.archive.org/web/20051027184117/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/eastern/nuristan/nangarage.pdf
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 27 October 2005
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
- ^
https://web.archive.org/web/20051027180239/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/eastern/nuristan/paroon.pdf
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 27 October 2005
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
- ^
https://web.archive.org/web/20051027173923/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/eastern/nuristan/wama.pdf
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 27 October 2005
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
- ^
https://web.archive.org/web/20051027180305/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/eastern/nuristan/waygal.pdf
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 27 October 2005
. Retrieved
22 January
2024
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977):
An Historical Guide to Afghanistan
. 1st Edition: 1970. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization.
LINK
- Richard F. Strand. (1997?present)
Richard Strand's Nuristan Site
LINK
. The most accurate and comprehensive source on Nuristan, by the world's leading scholar on the languages and ethnic groups of Nuristan.
- M. Klimburg. NURISTAN in
Encyclopædia Iranica
.
LINK
Archived
1 February 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
- Jettmar, Karl
(1986)
The Religions of the Hindukush: Vol 1: The Religions of the Kafirs: The Pre-islamic Heritage of Afghan Nuristan.
- Edelberg, Lennart (1984) "Nuristani Buildings" Jutland Archaeological Society Publications, Vol. 18, 1984.
- Edelberg, Lennart &
Schuyler Jones
(1979) "Nuristan" Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria
- Jones, Schuyler (1992) "Afghanistan" Vol. 135 of the World Bibliographical Series, Clio Press, Oxford.
- Jones, Schuyler (1974) "Men of Influence in Nuristan: A Study of Social Control & Dispute Settlement in Waigal Valley, Afghanistan." Seminar Press, London & New York.
- Wilber, Donald N. (1968)Annotated Bibliography of Afghanistan. Human Relations Area Files, New Haven, Conn.
- Jones, Schuyler (1966) An Annotated Bibliography of Nuristan (Kafiristan) and the Kalash Kafirs of Chitral, Part One. Royal Danish Academy of Sciences & Letters, Vol. 41, No. 3.
- Kukhtina, Tatiyana I. (1965) Bibliografiya Afghanistana: Literatuyra na russkom yazyka. Nauka, Moscow.
- Akram, Mohammed (1947) Bibliographie de l'Afghanistan, I, ouvrages parus hors de l'Afghanistan. Centre de Documentation Universitaire, Paris.
- Robertson, Sir George S. (1900) The Kafirs of Hindu-Kush.
- ????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? (????)
External sources
[
edit
]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Nuristan
.
Places adjacent to Nuristan Province
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