City in Krasnodar Krai, Russia
City in Krasnodar Krai, Russia
Novorossiysk
(
Russian
:
Новоросси?йск
,
IPA:
[n?v?r??s?ijsk]
) is a
city
in
Krasnodar Krai
,
Russia
. It is
one of the largest ports
on the
Black Sea
.
[9]
[10]
It is one of the few cities designated by the Soviet Union as a
Hero City
. Population:
262,293 (
2021 Census
)
;
[11]
241,952 (
2010 Russian census
)
;
[4]
232,079 (
2002 Census
)
;
[12]
185,938 (
1989 Soviet census
)
.
[13]
History
[
edit
]
In antiquity, the shores of the
Tsemes Bay
were the site of
Bata
(
Ancient Greek
:
Βατ?
), an ancient Greek colony that specialized in the
grain trade
. It is mentioned in the works of
Strabo
[14]
and
Ptolemy
, among others.
Following brief periods of Roman and Khazar control, from the 9th century onwards, the area was part of the Byzantine θ?μα Χερσ?νο?
Thema Khersonos
(Province of Cherson).
During the 11th century, the area was overrun and controlled by nomads from the Eurasian steppe, led by the
Cumans
. Later that century, the Byzantine emperor ?λ?ξιο? Κομνην??
Alexios I Komnenos
(
r.
1081?1118) was approached by
Anglo-Saxon
refugees, who had left England following the
Norman conquest
. Alexios offered land to these refugees in
Thema Khersonos
if they could recapture it from the nomads and there is contemporaneous evidence that a
Byzantine-English colony
was subsequently founded. For example,
medieval nautical charts
mention place names on the Kuban coast with possible English origins, including a port (located within or near the future site of Novorossiysk) known as
Susaco
(or
Susacho
) ? a name that may have been derived from
Sussex
.
[15]
(The same maps also show, north-west of
Susaco
, a river
Londia
, which may derive its name from
London
.
[15]
)
In the 15th century,
Genoese
merchants from the
Ghisolfi
family maintained a trade outpost in the area. A 2007 archaeological investigation of related sites discovered some interesting items.
[16]
From 1722, the bay was controlled by an
Ottoman
fortress (
qale
) named
Sujuk
(also transliterated
Sudzhuk
,
Sudschuk
and
So?ucak
). This name may be derived from
Susaco
(see above) and, as late as 1769, the area was sometimes named in European maps as
Suzako
.
[
citation needed
]
The coastline was ceded to Russia in 1829 as a result of the
Russo-Turkish War
. After this, admirals
Mikhail Lazarev
and
Nikolay Raevsky
founded an eastern base for the
Black Sea Fleet
on the shore in 1838. Named after the province of
Novorossiya
,
[
citation needed
]
the port formed a vital link in the chain of forts known as the
Black Sea Coastal Line
, which stretched south to
Sochi
.
During the rest of the 19th century, Novorossiysk developed rapidly. It was granted city status in 1866 and became the capital of the
Novorossiysk Okrug
and
Black Sea Governorate
, the smallest in the
Russian Empire
, in 1896. In December 1905, the city was the seat of the short-lived
Novorossiysk Republic
. From 26 August 1918 until 27 March 1920, the city was used as the principal center of
Denikin
's
White Army
during the
Russian Civil War
. Denikin's
South Russian Government
was moved to
Crimea
and many Whites escaped from Novorossiysk to
Constantinople
during the
Evacuation of Novorossiysk (1920)
, with the help of
Allied
warships.
[
citation needed
]
During
World War II
, most of the city was occupied by the German and Romanian Armies on 10 September 1942.
[17]
A small unit of Soviet sailors defended one part of the city, known as
Malaya Zemlya
, for 225 days beginning on 4 February 1943, and the town was liberated by the
Red Army
on September 16, 1943. The heroic defense of the port by the sailors allowed the Soviets to retain possession of the city's bay, which prevented the Axis from using the port for supply shipments. Novorossiysk was awarded the title
Hero City
in 1973.
In 1960, the town was commemorated in
Dmitri Shostakovich
's work
Novorossiysk Chimes, the Flame of Eternal Glory
(Opus 111b).
In 2003,
President
Vladimir Putin
signed a
decree
setting up a naval base for the Black Sea Fleet in Novorossiysk. Russia has allocated 12.3 billion
rubles
(about $480 million) for the construction of the new base between 2007 and 2012. The construction of other facilities and infrastructure at the base, including units for coastal troops, aviation and logistics, will continue beyond 2012.
[18]
Russia planned to move the Black Sea Fleet with 80 warships and its headquarters from
Sevastopol
to Novorossiysk base in 2020.
[19]
The Russian lease on port facilities in
Sevastopol
, which, though the main base of Russia's
Black Sea Fleet
, was part of
Ukraine
, was set to expire in 2017.
[20]
Ukraine was reported to be planning not to renew the lease; however, in April 2010 the Russian and Ukrainian presidents signed
an agreement
to extend the lease by twenty-five years, with an option of further extension of five years after the new term expires.
[21]
However, in 2014, Crimea was occupied by the
Russian Armed Forces
during the
2014 Crimean crisis
and as such the question of renewing the lease does not immediately arise while Crimea remains illegally occupied by the Russian Federation according to international law (See:
Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
).
Administrative and municipal status
[
edit
]
Within the
framework of administrative divisions
, it is, together with twenty-four
rural localities
, incorporated as the
City
of Novorossiysk
?an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the
districts
.
[1]
As a
municipal division
, the City of Novorossiysk is incorporated as
Novorossiysk Urban Okrug
.
[6]
Geography
[
edit
]
The city is located on the
Black Sea
. It is not a resort town, but
Anapa
to the north and
Gelendzhik
to the south are. There are several urban settlements under the jurisdiction of Novorossiysk. The most famous is
Abrau-Dyurso
, which consists of a townlet on the shore of
Lake Abrau
and a village on the coast of the Black Sea, connected by a winding mountain road.
The area of Novorossiysk is one of Russia's main wine-growing regions. The
wineries
of
Abrau-Dyurso
, established by
Tsar Alexander III
in 1870, produce table and sparkling wines for domestic consumption.
Climate
[
edit
]
Novorossiysk has a borderline
humid subtropical
(
Cfa
) and
Mediterranean climate
(
Csa
) in the
Koppen climate classification
. Since the driest month has 36 mm (1.4 inches) and may or may not happen consistently in the summer, the city cannot be classified as solely humid subtropical or Mediterranean.
Climate data for Novorossiysk (1936-1987)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
22.8
(73.0)
|
21.0
(69.8)
|
25.0
(77.0)
|
28.0
(82.4)
|
31.8
(89.2)
|
38.0
(100.4)
|
39.0
(102.2)
|
36.1
(97.0)
|
34.0
(93.2)
|
30.0
(86.0)
|
28.0
(82.4)
|
25.0
(77.0)
|
39.0
(102.2)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
6.1
(43.0)
|
6.5
(43.7)
|
9.7
(49.5)
|
15.0
(59.0)
|
19.6
(67.3)
|
24.1
(75.4)
|
27.6
(81.7)
|
27.7
(81.9)
|
23.1
(73.6)
|
17.2
(63.0)
|
12.7
(54.9)
|
8.8
(47.8)
|
16.5
(61.7)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
2.9
(37.2)
|
3.6
(38.5)
|
6.3
(43.3)
|
11.5
(52.7)
|
16.2
(61.2)
|
20.5
(68.9)
|
23.8
(74.8)
|
23.5
(74.3)
|
18.9
(66.0)
|
13.4
(56.1)
|
9.4
(48.9)
|
5.9
(42.6)
|
13.0
(55.4)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
?0.2
(31.6)
|
0.5
(32.9)
|
3.1
(37.6)
|
8.2
(46.8)
|
12.9
(55.2)
|
16.9
(62.4)
|
20.0
(68.0)
|
19.7
(67.5)
|
15.1
(59.2)
|
9.8
(49.6)
|
6.2
(43.2)
|
2.8
(37.0)
|
9.5
(49.1)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?18.0
(?0.4)
|
?17.0
(1.4)
|
?12.2
(10.0)
|
?5.0
(23.0)
|
?1.1
(30.0)
|
2.0
(35.6)
|
8.0
(46.4)
|
10.0
(50.0)
|
4.7
(40.5)
|
?2.0
(28.4)
|
?6.1
(21.0)
|
?13.0
(8.6)
|
?18.0
(?0.4)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
125.6
(4.94)
|
76.6
(3.02)
|
104.7
(4.12)
|
58.6
(2.31)
|
41.5
(1.63)
|
49.9
(1.96)
|
38.5
(1.52)
|
50.9
(2.00)
|
35.9
(1.41)
|
61.0
(2.40)
|
61.4
(2.42)
|
156.2
(6.15)
|
860.2
(33.87)
|
Average precipitation days
|
8.6
|
6.9
|
6.8
|
6.3
|
5.3
|
5.0
|
3.6
|
3.2
|
3.6
|
5.0
|
6.1
|
9.4
|
69.8
|
Source: climatebase.ru
[22]
|
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1897
| 16,897
| ?
|
---|
1926
| 67,941
| +302.1%
|
---|
1939
| 95,240
| +40.2%
|
---|
1959
| 93,461
| ?1.9%
|
---|
1970
| 132,744
| +42.0%
|
---|
1979
| 159,135
| +19.9%
|
---|
1989
| 185,938
| +16.8%
|
---|
2002
| 232,079
| +24.8%
|
---|
2010
| 241,952
| +4.3%
|
---|
2021
| 262,293
| +8.4%
|
---|
Source: Census data
[23]
[
circular reference
]
|
Economy
[
edit
]
The city sprawls along the shore of the
non-freezing
Tsemess Bay
, which has been recognized since antiquity as one of the superior bays of the
Black Sea
.
The
Novorossiysk Commercial Sea Port
?with the market capitalization of $1,110,000,000 and shares listed at
Moscow Exchange
and
London Stock Exchange
?serves Russian sea trade with regions of Asia, Middle East, Africa, Mediterranean, and South America. It is the busiest oil port in the Black Sea and the terminus of the pipeline from the
Tengiz Field
, developed by the
Caspian Pipeline Consortium
.
[24]
Novorossiysk is also an industrial city, dependent on
steel
,
food processing
, and the production of metal goods and other manufactures. Extensive
limestone
quarries
supply important
cement
factories in and around the city. The town is home to the Maritime State Academy
[25]
and Novorossiysk Polytechnic Institute.
[26]
Transportation
[
edit
]
Novorossiysk is the biggest Russian seaport. In 2019 cargo turnover amounted to 142,5m tons
[27]
In 2021 cargo turnover amounted to 105,2m tons
[28]
Novorossiysk is connected by rail and highways to the main industrial and population centres of Russia, Transcaucasia, and Central Asia. The public transportation within the city boundaries consists of city buses, trolleybuses, and
marshrutkas
(routed taxis).
However, with time, more and more people rely on automobiles as primary means of transportation.
The closest airports (
Gelendzhik Airport
,
Anapa Airport
and
Krasnodar Airport
, situated 33 kilometres (21 mi), 53 kilometres (33 mi) and 172 kilometres (107 mi) away from the city, respectively, offer flights to many cities in Russia.
A panoramic view of the port
Sports
[
edit
]
The city association football team,
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk
, plays in the Russian second Division.
Buildings and structures
[
edit
]
Notable residents
[
edit
]
Twin towns and sister cities
[
edit
]
Novorossiysk is
twinned
with:
[30]
Gallery
[
edit
]
-
Novorossiysk in 1919, from an Admiralty chart
-
A panoramic view of the Tsemess Bay
-
The port of Novorossiysk
-
Overview of Novorossiysk, August 2010
References
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Reference Information #34.01-707/13-03
- ^
"Мэром Новороссийска стал Андрей Кравченко"
.
expertsouth.ru
. December 24, 2021.
- ^
"Генеральный план городского округа муниципального образования город Новороссийск Краснодарского края. Схема административно-территориальных границ"
.
- ^
a
b
Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011).
Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1
[2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1].
Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census]
(in Russian).
Federal State Statistics Service
.
- ^
"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года"
. Federal State Statistics Service
. Retrieved
January 23,
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
Law #686-KZ
- ^
"Об исчислении времени"
.
Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации
(in Russian). June 3, 2011
. Retrieved
January 19,
2019
.
- ^
Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (
Russian Post
).
Поиск объектов почтовой связи
(
Postal Objects Search
)
(in Russian)
- ^
"Рейтинг крупнейших портов Черного моря | газета Новый Севастополь"
. Archived from
the original
on October 20, 2012.
- ^
"Expert.ru - Крупнейшие порты России"
. Archived from
the original
on July 27, 2012.
- ^
Russian Federal State Statistics Service.
Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1
[2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]
(XLS)
(in Russian).
Federal State Statistics Service
.
- ^
Federal State Statistics Service
(May 21, 2004).
Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов ? районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек
[Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities?Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000]
(XLS)
.
Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002]
(in Russian).
- ^
Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров
[All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers].
Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989]
(in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via
Demoscope Weekly
.
- ^
11.2.14
http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:11.2.14
- ^
a
b
Green, Caitlin (May 19, 2015).
"The medieval 'New England': a forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast"
. Retrieved
February 25,
2018
.
- ^
"Официальный сайт администрации города-героя Новороссийска - Content"
. May 25, 2007. Archived from
the original
on May 25, 2007.
- ^
Robert Forczyk,
The Caucasus 1942?43: Kleist’s race for oil
- ^
"Novorossiysk Naval Base Construction: First Phase to Finish Late in 2013"
.
- ^
O?uz, ?afak (May 1, 2017).
"Russian Hybrid Warfare and Its Implications in The Black Sea"
.
Bolgesel Ara?tırmalar Dergisi
.
1
(1): 11.
Archived
from the original on July 11, 2020
. Retrieved
July 21,
2021
.
- ^
Michael J. Strauss (January 9, 2009).
"And when the lease on Sevastopol expires?"
.
International Herald Tribune
. Retrieved
January 9,
2009
.
- ^
The Great Power (mis)Management
by
Alexander Astrov
,
Ashgate Publishing
, 2011,
ISBN
1409424677
(page 82)
- ^
"Novorossijsk Climate Data"
. Climatebase
. Retrieved
November 6,
2017
.
- ^
"Novorossiysk#Demographics (Russian Wikipedia)"
(in Russian).
- ^
Davydovich, Anna; Karamova, Aida; Fesenko, Olesya; Anisimova, Nina (2020).
"Transport and logistics infrastructure of the Krasnodar Krai: Problems and solutions"
.
E3S Web of Conferences
.
164
: 07007.
Bibcode
:
2020E3SWC.16407007D
.
doi
:
10.1051/e3sconf/202016407007
.
S2CID
218950016
.
- ^
"Главная"
.
www.aumsu.ru
. Archived from
the original
on February 23, 2022
. Retrieved
February 23,
2022
.
- ^
"Home"
.
nbkstu.org.ru
. Archived from
the original
on March 9, 2008
. Retrieved
May 17,
2006
.
- ^
Грузооборот Новороссийского торгового порта в 2019 году вырос на 7,8%
- ^
Грузооборот Новороссийского морского торгового порта за год вырос на 3,8%
- ^
"Memorial "Malaya Zemlya" - Novorossiysk - TracesOfWar.com"
.
www.tracesofwar.com
.
- ^
Международные Связи - Администрация муниципального образования город-герой Новороссийск
(in Russian). Archived from
the original
on December 23, 2011
. Retrieved
December 21,
2011
.
- ^
"Plymouth - Town Twinning"
.
Plymouth City Council
. Archived from
the original
on May 2, 2013
. Retrieved
July 14,
2013
.
- ^
"Međunarodna suradnja Grada Pule"
.
Grad Pula
(in Croatian and Italian). Archived from
the original
on May 5, 2012
. Retrieved
July 28,
2013
.
Sources
[
edit
]
- Управление по взаимодействию с органами местного самоуправления Администрации Краснодарского края. Справочная информация №34.01-707/13-03 от 23 мая 2013 г. ≪Реестр административно-территориальных единиц Краснодарского края≫.
(Department of Cooperation with the Organs of the Local Self-Government of the Administration of Krasnodar Krai. Reference Information #34.01-707/13-03 of May 23, 2013
Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Krasnodar Krai
. ).
- Законодательное Собрание Краснодарского края. Закон №686-КЗ от 1 апреля 2004 г. ≪Об установлении границ муниципального образования город Новороссийск и наделении его статусом городского округа≫, в ред. Закона №1756-КЗ от 3 июня 2009 г ≪О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Краснодарского края об установлении границ муниципальных образований≫. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кубанские новости", №64?65, 17 апреля 2004 г.
(Legislative Assembly of Krasnodar Krai. Law #686-KZ of April 1, 2004
On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the City of Novorossiysk and on Granting It Urban Okrug Status
, as amended by the Law #1756-KZ of June 3, 2009
On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Krasnodar Krai on Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations
. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
External links
[
edit
]
|
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International
| |
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National
| |
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Geographic
| |
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Other
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