Combined military forces of North Korea
The
Korean People's Army
(
KPA
;
Korean
:
朝鮮人民軍
;
MR
:
Chos?n inmin'gun
) encompasses the combined
military forces
of
North Korea
and the armed wing of the
Workers' Party of Korea
(WPK). The KPA consists of five branches:
the Ground Force
,
the Naval Force
,
the Air Force
,
Strategic Force
, and
the Special Operation Force
. It is commanded by the
WPK Central Military Commission
, which is chaired by the
WPK general secretary
, and the
president of the State Affairs
; both posts are currently headed by
Kim Jong Un
.
The KPA considers its primary adversaries to be the
Republic of Korea Armed Forces
and
United States Forces Korea
, across the
Korean Demilitarized Zone
, as it has since the
Armistice Agreement
of July 1953. As of 2021
[update]
it is the
second largest military organisation
in the world, with
29.9% of the North Korean population actively serving, in reserve or in a paramilitary capacity.
[3]
[4]
History
Korean People's Revolutionary Army, 1932?1948
Kim Il Sung
's anti-Japanese guerrilla army, the
Korean People's Revolutionary Army
[
ko
]
, was established on 25 April 1932. This revolutionary army was transformed into the People's Army in anticipation of the regime's establishment on February 8, 1948. Until 1977, they commemorated February 8 as the "Founding Day" of the army. However, since 1978, they changed it to April 25, designating it as the "Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Army" and holding large-scale commemorative events. The reason for changing the date of the founding of the People's Army in North Korea is that Kim Il-sung organized the "Anti-Japanese People's Guerrilla Unit", a unit of the Anti-Japanese People's Army, in Ando County, Manchuria, on April 25, 1932, which later developed into the "Korean People's Revolutionary Army" and played a significant role in the anti-Japanese struggle. This is based on the "Kim Il-sung revolutionary tradition."
[6]
Both these are celebrated as
army days
, with decennial anniversaries treated as major celebrations, except from 1978 to 2014 when only the 1932 anniversary was celebrated.
[7]
[8]
[6]
Korean Volunteer Army, 1939?1948
In 1939, the
Korean Volunteer Army
(KVA), was formed in
Yan'an
, China.
[9]
The two individuals responsible for the army were
Kim Tu-bong
and
Mu Chong
. At the same time, a school was established near Yan'an for training military and political leaders for a future independent Korea. By 1945, the KVA had grown to approximately 1,000 men, mostly Korean deserters from the
Imperial Japanese Army
. During this period, the KVA fought alongside the Chinese communist
Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
from which it drew its arms and ammunition. After the defeat of the Japanese, the KVA accompanied the
Chinese Communist Party
forces into eastern
Jilin
, intending to gain recruits from ethnic
Koreans in China
, particularly from
Yanbian
, and then enter Korea.
[10]
Soviet Korean Units
Just after
World War II
and during the Soviet Union's occupation of the part of Korea north of the 38th Parallel, the Soviet
25th Army
headquarters in Pyongyang issued a statement ordering all armed resistance groups in the northern part of the peninsula to disband on 12 October 1945. Two thousand Koreans with previous experience in the Soviet
Red Army
were sent to various locations around the country to organise
constabulary
forces with permission from Soviet military headquarters, and the force was created on 21 October 1945.
[11]
Formation of National Army
The headquarters felt a need for a separate unit for security around railways, and the formation of the unit was announced on 11 January 1946. That unit was activated on 15 August of the same year to supervise existing security forces and creation of the national armed forces.
[12]
Military institutes such as the Pyongyang Academy (became No. 2 KPA Officers School in Jan. 1949) and the Central Constabulary Academy (became KPA Military Academy in Dec. 1948) soon followed for the education of political and military officers for the new armed forces.
After the military was organised and facilities to educate its new recruits were constructed, the Constabulary Discipline Corps was reorganised into the Korean People's Army General Headquarters. The previously semi-official units became military regulars with the distribution of Soviet uniforms, badges, and weapons that followed the inception of the headquarters.
[12]
The
State Security Department
, a forerunner to the Ministry of People's Defense, was created as part of the Interim People's Committee on 4 February 1948. The formal creation of the Korean People's Army was announced four days later on 8 February, the day after the Fourth Plenary Session of the People's Assembly approved the plan to separate the roles of the military and those of the police,
[13]
seven months before the
government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
was proclaimed on 9 September 1948. In addition, the Ministry of Defense was established, which controlled a central guard battalion, two divisions, and an independent mixed and combined arms brigade.
[14]
Conflicts and events
Before the outbreak of the
Korean War
, Soviet leader
Joseph Stalin
equipped the KPA with modern armaments.
[15]
[16]
During the opening phases of the Korean War in 1950, the KPA quickly drove South Korean forces south and
captured Seoul
, only to lose 70,000 of their 100,000-strong army in the autumn after U.S. amphibious landings at the
Battle of Incheon
and a subsequent drive to the
Yalu River
. On 4 November, China openly staged a military intervention. The KPA subsequently played a secondary minor role to the Chinese
People's Volunteer Army
in the remainder of the conflict. By the time of the Armistice in 1953, the KPA had sustained 290,000 casualties and lost 90,000 men as POWs.
In 1953, the
Military Armistice Commission
(MAC) was able to oversee and enforce the terms of the armistice. The
Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission
(NNSC), made up of delegations from
Czechoslovakia
,
Poland
,
Sweden
and
Switzerland
, carried out inspections to ensure implementation of the terms of the Armistice that prevented reinforcements or new weapons being brought into Korea.
Soviet thinking on the strategic scale was replaced since December 1962 with a
people's war
concept. The Soviet idea of direct warfare was replaced with a Maoist
war of attrition
strategy. Along with the mechanization of some infantry units, more emphasis was put on light weapons, high-angle indirect fire, night fighting, and sea denial.
[17]
Date of establishment history
Until 1977, the official date of establishment of the Korean People's Army was 8 February 1948. In 1978, the date was changed to 25 April 1932, the date the Korean People's Revolutionary Army,
Kim Il Sung
's anti-Japanese guerrilla force, was formed.
[18]
[19]
However, this change did not last, and by 2019, the KPA's date of establishment had been reverted to 8 February 1948.
[20]
Organization
Commission and leadership
The charter of the WPK states that the KPA is "the revolutionary armed forces of the Workers’ Party of Korea and shall uphold the guidance of the party". The charter also states that the
WPK Central Military Commission
(CMC) is "the party's supreme institution on military guidance" and has "command over the armed forces of the republic". The CMC is headed by the
general secretary of the WPK
, who is also CMC chairman
ex officio
.
[21]
The state constitution also names the
president of the State Affairs
as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and stipulates that the mission of the armed forces is to "defend unto death the Party Central Committee headed by the great Comrade Kim Jong Un".
[22]
Almost all officers of the KPA began their military careers as privates; only very few people are admitted to a military academy without prior service. The results is an egalitarian military system where officers are familiar with the life of a military private and "military nobility" is all but nonexistent.
[23]
History
Since 1990, numerous and dramatic transformations within North Korea have led to the current command and control structure. The details of the majority of these changes are simply unknown to the world. What little is known indicates that many changes were the natural result of the deaths of the aging leadership including
Kim Il Sung
(July 1994), Minister of People's Armed Forces
O Jin-u
(February 1995) and Minister of Defence
Choe Kwang
(February 1997).
The vast majority of changes were undertaken to secure the power and position of
Kim Jong Il
. Formerly, what is now the
State Affairs Commission
- formerly the
National Defence Commission
- was part of the
Central People's Committee
[
ja
]
(CPC) while the
Ministry of Defence
, from 1982 onward, was under direct presidential control. At the Eighteenth session of the sixth Central People's Committee, held on 23 May 1990, the SAC became established as its own independent commission, rising to the same status as the CPC (now the
Cabinet of North Korea
) and not subordinated to it, as was the case before. Concurrent with this, Kim Jong Il was appointed first vice-chairman of the National Defence Commission. The following year, on 24 December 1991, Kim Jong Il was appointed
Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army
. Four months later, on 20 April 1992, Kim Jong Il was awarded the rank of
Marshal
and his father, in virtue of being the KPA's founding commander in chief, became
Grand Marshal
as a result and one year later he became the chairman of the National Defence Commission, by now under
Supreme People's Assembly
control under the then 1992 constitution as amended.
Within the KPA, between December 1991 and December 1995, nearly 800 high officers (out of approximately 1,200) received promotions and preferential assignments. Three days after Kim Jong Il became Marshal, eight generals were appointed to the rank of Vice-Marshal. In April 1997, on the 85th anniversary of
Kim Il Sung's birthday
, Kim Jong Il promoted 127 general and admiral grade officers. The following April he ordered the promotions of another 22 generals and flag officers. Along with these changes, many KPA officers were appointed to influential positions within the WPK. These promotions continue today, simultaneous with the celebration of Kim Il Sung's birthday and the KPA anniversary celebrations every April and since recently in July to honour the end of the Korean War. Under Kim Jong Il's leadership, political officers dispatched from the party monitored every move of a general's daily life, according to analysts
[24]
similar to the work of Soviet
political commissars
during the early and middle years of the military establishment.
Under Kim Jong Il, the KPA effectively exercised full control of both the
Politburo
and the CMC, the KPA General Political and General Staff Departments and the
Ministry of Defence
, all having KPA representatives with a minimum general officer rank. During this period the primary path for command and control of the KPA extended through the
National Defence Commission
which was led by its chairman
Kim Jong Il
until 2011, to the Ministry of Defence and its General Staff Department.
[25]
From there on, command and control flowed to the various bureaus and operational units. A secondary path, to ensure political control of the military establishment, extended through the CMC. The party's power was diluted; the CMC was stripped of its authority to command the KPA in 2010. The KPA party committee outranked provincial party committees, while KPA's
General Political Bureau
(GPB) had equal status to the WPK Central Committee.
[21]
The organization of the KPA leadership was reformed again under
Kim Jong Un
. The
Supreme People's Assembly
(SPA) amended the
constitution
in June 2016, abolishing the National Defence Commission (NDC) except in times of war, and replacing it with the
State Affairs Commission
(SAC), which was named the "supreme policy-oriented leadership body of State power". Kim became the
chairman of the State Affairs Commission
on 29 June 2016. These amendments marked the decrease of the military's influence, with the newly established SAC including more civilian and less military members than the NDC.
[26]
The constitution was further amended in 2019.
[22]
The constitution now stipulated that the mission of North Korea's armed forces was to "defend unto death the Party Central Committee headed by the great Comrade Kim Jong Un". The chairman of the State Affairs Commission was named as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces as well as the "supreme representative of all the Korean people".
[27]
The
8th WPK Congress
held in 2021 marked the consolidation of WPK control over the army, as well as a further decrease in the army's power; the number of military delegates dropped from 719 in the 7th Congress to 408.
[21]
Politburo members increased from 28 to 30, though incumbent military elite membership decreased from eight to six. "Military-first policy" was also removed from the charter, being replaced by "people-first politics".
[26]
During the speech to the Congress, Kim Jong Un did not mention "army of the leader" to refer to the KPA, as it has been referred as before, instead naming it as an "army of the party", thus moving the party-army relations in the country closer to the ones typically found in other socialist states.
[21]
The influence of the KPA Party Committee and the GPB was decreased; with the committee now ranking equal to provincial party committees. The GPB was also no longer equal to the Central Committee, while the CMC was again given effective command of the armed forces.
[21]
The Military Affairs Department of the WPK Central Committee was abolished, with its functions being transferred to the Department of Military-Political Leadership.
[21]
Ground force formations
Conscription and terms of service
North Korea has conscription
for males for 10 years. Females are conscripted up until the age of 23.
[28]
Article 86 of the
North Korean Constitution
states: "National defence is the supreme duty and honour of citizens.
Citizens shall defend the country and serve in the armed forces as
required by law."
[29]
KPA soldiers serve three years of military service in the KPA, which also runs its own factories, farms and trading arms.
[24]
Paramilitary organisations
The
Red Youth Guards
are the youth cadet corps of the KPA for secondary level and university level students. Every Saturday, they hold mandatory 4-hour military training drills, and have training activities on and off campus to prepare them for military service when they turn 18 or after graduation, as well as for contingency measures in peacetime.
Under the
Ministry of Social Security
and the wartime control of the
Ministry of Defence
, and formerly the Korean People's Security Forces, the Korean People's Social Security Forces (KPSSF) forms the national gendarmerie and civil defence force of the KPA. The KPSSF has its units in various fields like civil defence, traffic management, civil disturbance control, and local security. It has its own special forces units. The service shares the ranks of the KPA (with the exception of Marshals) but wears different uniforms.
The
Reserve Military Training Units
or RMTUs constitute the primary reserve force component of the KPA.
Budget and commercial interests
The KPA's annual budget is approximately US$6 billion. In 2009, the U.S.
Institute for Science and International Security
reported that North Korea may possess
fissile material
for around two to nine
nuclear warheads
.
[30]
[
needs update
]
The North Korean
Songun
("Military First") policy elevates the KPA to the primary position in the government and society.
According to
North Korea's state news agency
, military expenditures for 2010 made up 15.8 percent of the state budget.
[31]
Most analyses of North Korea's defence sector, however, estimate that defence spending constitutes between one-quarter and one-third of all government spending. As of 2003
[update]
, according to the
International Institute of Strategic Studies
, North Korea's defence budget consumed some 25 percent of central government spending.
[32]
In the mid-1970s and early 1980s, according to figures released by the Polish Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, between 32 and 38 percent of central government expenditures went towards defence.
[33]
North Korea sells missiles and military equipment to many countries worldwide.
[34]
In April 2009, the
United Nations
named the
Korea Mining and Development Trading Corporation
(KOMID) as North Korea's primary arms dealer and main exporter of equipment related to ballistic missiles and conventional weapons. It also named
Korea Ryonbong
as a supporter of North Korea's military related sales.
[35]
Historically, North Korea has assisted a vast number of revolutionary, insurgent and terrorist groups in more than 62 countries. A cumulative total of more than 5,000 foreign personnel have been trained in North Korea, and over 7,000 military advisers, primarily from the
Reconnaissance General Bureau
, have been dispatched to some forty-seven countries. Some of the organisations which received North Korean aid include the
Polisario Front
,
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
, the
Communist Party of Thailand
, the
Palestine Liberation Organization
and the
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
. The
Zimbabwean Fifth Brigade
received its initial training from KPA instructors.
[36]
North Korean troops allegedly saw combat during the
Libyan?Egyptian War
and the
Angolan Civil War
.
[37]
Up to 200 KPAF pilots took part in the
Vietnam War
,
[38]
scoring several kills against U.S. aircraft.
[39]
[40]
[41]
Two KPA anti-aircraft artillery regiments were sent to
North Vietnam
as well.
[42]
North Korean instructors trained
Hezbollah
fighters in
guerrilla warfare
tactics around 2004, prior to the
Second Lebanon War
.
[43]
During the
Syrian Civil War
, Arabic-speaking KPA officers may have assisted the
Syrian Arab Army
in military operations planning and have supervised artillery bombardments in the
Battle of Aleppo
.
[44]
Service branches
Ground Force
The Korean People's Army Ground Force (KPAGF) is the main branch of the Korean People's Army responsible for land-based military operations. It is the
de facto
army of North Korea.
Naval Force
The Korean People's Army Naval Force (KPANF) is organized into two fleets (West Fleet and East Fleet, the latter being the larger of the two) which, owing to the limited range and general disrepair of their vessels, are not able to support each other, let alone meet for joint operations.
[45]
The East Fleet is headquartered at
T'oejo-dong
and the West Fleet at
Nampho
. A number of training, shipbuilding and maintenance units and a naval air wing report directly to Naval Command Headquarters at
Pyongyang
.
[46]
Air and Anti-Air Force
The Korean People's Army Air Force (KPAF) is also responsible for North Korea's air and space defense forces through the use of anti-aircraft artillery,
surface-to-air missiles
(SAM) and satellites. Until April 2022, it was known as the KPA Air and Anti-Air Force. While much of the equipment is outdated, the high saturation of multilayered, overlapping, mutually supporting air defence sites provides a formidable challenge to enemy air attacks.
[47]
Strategic Force
The Strategic Force is a major division of the KPA that controls North Korea's nuclear and conventional strategic missiles. It is mainly equipped with
surface-to-surface missiles
of Soviet and Chinese design, as well as locally developed long-range missiles.
Special Operation Force
The Korean People's Army Special Operation Force (KPASOF) is an
asymmetric force
with a total troop size of 200,000. Since the
Korean War
, it has continued to play a role of concentrating infiltration of troops into the territory of South Korea and conducting sabotage.
[48]
Capabilities
After the Korean War, North Korea maintained a powerful, but smaller military force than that of South Korea. In 1967 the KPA forces of about 345,000 were much smaller than the South Korean ground forces of about 585,000.
[49]
North Korea's relative isolation and economic plight starting from the 1980s has now tipped the balance of military power into the hands of the better-equipped South Korean military.
[34]
In response to this predicament, North Korea relies on
asymmetric warfare
techniques and unconventional weaponry to achieve parity against high-tech enemy forces.
[34]
North Korea is reported to have developed a wide range of technologies towards this end, such as
stealth
paint to conceal ground targets,
[50]
midget submarines
and
human torpedoes
,
[51]
blinding laser weapons
,
[52]
and probably has a
chemical weapons
program and is likely to possess a stockpile of chemical weapons.
[53]
The Korean People's Army operates
ZM-87
anti-personnel lasers, which are banned under the United Nations
Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons
.
[52]
Since the 1980s, North Korea has also been actively developing its own
cyber warfare
capabilities. As of 2014
[update]
, the secretive
Bureau 121
? the elite North Korean cyber warfare unit ? comprises approximately 1,800 highly trained hackers. In December 2014, the Bureau was accused of
hacking Sony Pictures
and making threats, leading to the cancellation of
The Interview
, a political satire comedy film based on the assassination of Kim Jong Un.
[54]
The Korean People's Army has also made advances in
electronic warfare
by developing
GPS
jammers.
[
citation needed
]
Current models include vehicle-mounted jammers with a range of 50 kilometres (31 mi)?100 kilometres (62 mi). Jammers with a range of more than 100 km are being developed, along with
electromagnetic pulse bombs
.
[55]
The Korean People's Army has also made attempts to jam South Korean military satellites.
[56]
North Korea does not have satellites capable of obtaining
satellite imagery
useful for military purposes, and appears to use imagery from foreign commercial platforms.
[57]
Despite the general fuel and ammunition shortages for training, it is estimated that the wartime strategic reserves of food for the army are sufficient to feed the regular troops for 500 days, while fuel and ammunition ? amounting to 1.5 million and 1.7 million tonnes respectively ? are sufficient to wage a full-scale war for 100 days.
[58]
The KPA does not operate
aircraft carriers
, but has other means of
power projection
. Korean People's Air Force
Il-76MD
aircraft provide a strategic airlift capacity of 6,000 troops, while the Navy's sea lift capacity amounts to 15,000 troops.
[59]
The
Strategic Rocket Forces
operate more than 1,000 ballistic missiles according to South Korean officials in 2010,
[60]
although the
U.S. Department of Defense
reported in 2012 that North Korea has fewer than 200 missile launchers.
[53]
North Korea acquired 12
Foxtrot class
and
Golf-II class
missile submarines as scrap in 1993.
[61]
Some analysts suggest that these have either been refurbished with the help of Russian experts or their launch tubes have been reverse-engineered and externally fitted to regular submarines or cargo ships.
[62]
However the
U.S. Department of Defense
does not list them as active.
[53]
A photograph of
Kim Jong Un
receiving a briefing from his top generals on 29 March 2013 showed a list that purported to show that the military had a minimum of 40 submarines, 13 landing ships, 6 minesweepers, 27 support vessels and 1,852 aircraft.
[63]
The Korean People's Army operates a very large amount of equipment, including 4,100
tanks
, 2,100
APCs
, 8,500
field artillery
pieces, 5,100
multiple rocket launchers
,
[53]
11,000 air defence guns and some 10,000
MANPADS
and
anti-tank guided missiles
[64]
in the Ground force; about 500 vessels in the Navy
[53]
and 730 combat aircraft in the Air Force,
[53]
of which 478 are fighters and 180 are bombers.
[65]
North Korea also has the largest special forces in the world, as well as the largest
submarine
fleet.
[66]
The equipment is a mixture of
World War II
vintage vehicles and small arms, widely proliferated
Cold War
technology, and more modern Soviet or locally produced weapons.
In March 2024, Kim Jong Un was pictured driving a newly developed tank alongside soldiers taking part in drills which the leader said was preparation for war.
[67]
North Korea possesses a vast array of long range artillery in shelters just north of the
Korean Demilitarized Zone
. It has been a long-standing cause for concern that a preemptive strike or retaliatory strike on
Seoul
using this arsenal of artillery north of the Demilitarized Zone would lead to a massive loss of life in Seoul. One estimate projected hundreds of thousands or possibly millions of fatalities if North Korea uses chemical or nuclear munitions.
[68]
A RAND Corporation conducted an extensive study in 2020 on a range of potential artillery bombardment scenarios and concluded that a strike on Seoul alone could result in over 100,000 casualties in the first hour of bombardment.
[69]
Military equipment
Weapons
The KPA possess a variety of Chinese and Soviet sourced equipment and weaponry, as well as locally produced versions and improvements of the former.
[70]
Soldiers are mostly armed with indigenous
Kalashnikov-type rifles
as the standard issue weapon. Front line troops are issued the
Type 88
, while the older
Type 58 assault rifle
and
Type 68A/B
have been shifted to rear echelon or home guard units.
[71]
A rifle of unknown nomenclature was seen during the 2017
Day of the Sun
military parade, appearing to consist of a grenade launcher and a standard assault rifle, similar to the U.S.
OICW
or South Korean
S&T Daewoo K11
.
[72]
North Korea generally designates rifles as "Type XX", similar to the Chinese naming system. On 15 November 2018, North Korea successfully tested a "newly developed ultramodern tactical weapon".
[73]
Leader Kim Jong Un observed the test at the Academy of Defense Science and called it a "decisive turn"
[
This quote needs a citation
]
in bolstering the combat power of the North Korean army.
There is a Korean People's Army Military Hardware Museum located in Pyongyang that displays a range of the equipment used.
[74]
Chemical weapons
The
U.S. Department of Defense
believes North Korea probably has a
chemical weapons
program and is likely to possess a stockpile of such weapons.
[53]
Nuclear capabilities
North Korea has tested a series of different missiles, including
short-
,
medium-
,
intermediate-
, and
intercontinental-range
, and
submarine-launched ballistic missiles
. Estimates of the country's nuclear stockpile vary: some experts, such as Hans M. Kristensen and Matt Korda
[
who?
]
believe Pyongyang may have assembled between twenty and thirty
nuclear weapons
, while U.S. intelligence believes the number to be between thirty and sixty.
[75]
[76]
The regime conducted two tests of an
intercontinental ballistic missile
(ICBM) capable of carrying a large nuclear warhead in July 2017. The Pentagon confirmed North Korea's ICBM tests, and analysts estimate that the new missile has a potential range of 10,400 kilometres (6,500 mi) and, if fired on a flatter trajectory, could be capable of reaching mainland U.S. territory.
[77]
[78]
[
additional citation(s) needed
]
Nuclear tests
On 9 October 2006, the North Korean government announced that it had unsuccessfully attempted
a nuclear test
for the first time. Experts at the
United States Geological Survey
and Japanese seismological authorities detected an earthquake with a preliminary estimated magnitude of 4.3 from the site in North Korea, proving the official claims to be true.
[79]
North Korea also went on to claim that it had developed a nuclear weapon in 2009. It is widely believed to possess a stockpile of relatively simple nuclear weapons. The
IAEA
has met
Ri Je-son
[
ko
]
, the Director General of the General Department of Atomic Energy (GDAE) of North Korea, to discuss nuclear matters.
[80]
[81]
Ri Je-son was also mentioned in this role in 2002 in a United Nations article.
[82]
On 3 September 2017, the North Korean leadership announced that it had conducted
a nuclear test
with what it claimed to be its first
hydrogen bomb
detonation.
[83]
The detonation took place at an underground location at the
Punggye-ri nuclear test site
in
North Hamgyong Province
at 12:00 pm local time.
[84]
South Korean officials claimed the test yielded 50 kilotons of explosive force, with many international observers claiming the test likely involved some form of a thermonuclear reaction.
[84]
Other
Uniforms
KPA officers and soldiers are most often seen wearing a mix of olive green or tan uniforms. The basic dress uniform consists of a tunic and pants (white tunics for general officers in special occasions); female soldiers wear knee length skirts but can sometimes wear pants.
Caps or peaked caps, especially for officers (and sometimes berets for women) are worn in spring and summer months and a Russian style fur hat (the
Ushanka
hats) in winter. Variants of the British
Disruptive Pattern Material
, Australian
Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform
, United States
ERDL pattern
,
US Woodland
, and
tiger stripe
camouflage patterns have also been worn in a few and rare images of North Korean army officers and service personnel.
In non-dress uniforms, a steel helmet (the North Korean produced Type 40 helmet, a copy of the Soviet
SSH40
) seems to be the most common headgear, and is sometimes worn with a camouflage covering. During the 15 April 2012 parade,
Kevlar
helmets were displayed in certain KPA units and similar helmets are currently used by KPA special operations forces.
Standard military boots are worn for combat, women wear low heel shoes or heel boots for formal parades.
During the
parade on 10 October 2020
, a range of at least five new pixelated camouflage patterns and new soldiers' combat gear such as body armor, bulletproof helmets of all branches were shown for the first time. Even though it was difficult to tell the patterns apart from each other, two different green based designs, an arid camouflage design, blue camouflage design, and a two-color pixelated camouflage pattern for mountain and winter warfare were all observed. Also, the use of
MultiCam
pattern uniforms by North Korean military personnel was first documented in 2020 during the same parade, although uniforms in this design may well have appeared in the armed forces inventory much earlier.
See also
References
Citations
- ^
a
b
IISS 2023
, pp. 280?281.
- ^
a
b
"Military expenditure by country, in constant (2017) US$ m., 1988?2018"
(PDF)
. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2019. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 12 May 2023
. Retrieved
2 July
2019
.
- ^
UNFPA (1 October 2009).
韓半島 人口 7千400萬名 時代 臨迫
(in Korean). United Nations. Archived from
the original
on 24 May 2013
. Retrieved
21 November
2012
.
- ^
"DPR Korea 2008 Population Census: National Report"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 31 March 2010
. Retrieved
19 February
2011
.
- ^
Tertitskiy, Fyodor; Hotham, Oliver (10 April 2018).
"What North Korea's army flags can teach us about its recent history"
.
NK News
. Retrieved
12 November
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Further reading
- Bermudez, Joseph S. (1998).
North Korean special forces
. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
ISBN
978-1-55750-066-3
.
- Boik, William A. (2008).
Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
. Springfield, VA: DBMPress.com.
ISBN
978-0-615-19087-7
.
- Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (2015).
North Korea's Armed Forces: On the Path of Songun
. Solihull: Helion.
ISBN
978-1-910777-14-5
.
- Tertitskiy, Fyodor (2022).
The North Korean Army: History, Structure, Daily Life
. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge.
ISBN
978-1-032147-15-4
.
External links
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