Family of military training aircraft
The
North American Aviation T-28 Trojan
is a
radial-engine
military
trainer aircraft
manufactured by
North American Aviation
and used by the
United States Air Force
and
United States Navy
beginning in the 1950s. Besides its use as a trainer, the T-28 was successfully employed as a
counter-insurgency
aircraft, primarily during the
Vietnam War
. It has continued in civilian use as an
aerobatics
and
warbird
performer.
Design and development
[
edit
]
On 24 September 1949, the
XT-28
(company designation
NA-159
) was flown for the first time, designed to replace the
T-6 Texan
. The T-28A arrived at the
Air Proving Ground
,
Eglin Air Force Base
, Florida, in mid-June 1950, for suitability tests as an advanced trainer by the 3200th Fighter Test Squadron, with consideration given to its transition, instrument, and gunnery capabilities.
[2]
Found satisfactory, a contract was issued and between 1950 and 1957, a total of 1,948 were built.
Following the T-28's withdrawal from U.S. military service, a number were remanufactured by
Hamilton Aircraft
into two versions called the
Nomair
. The first refurbished machines, designated
T-28R-1
were similar to the standard T-28s they were adapted from, and were supplied to the
Brazilian Navy
. Later, a more ambitious conversion was undertaken as the
T-28R-2
, which transformed the two-seat tandem aircraft into a five-seat cabin monoplane for general aviation use. Other civil conversions of ex-military T-28As were undertaken by
PacAero
as the
Nomad Mark I
and
Nomad Mark II
[3]
Operational history
[
edit
]
After becoming adopted as a primary trainer by the USAF, the United States Navy and Marine Corps adopted it as well. Although the Air Force phased out the aircraft from primary pilot training by the early 1960s, continuing use only for limited training of special operations aircrews and for primary training of select foreign military personnel, the aircraft continued to be used as a primary trainer by the Navy (and by default, the Marine Corps and Coast Guard) well into the early 1980s.
The largest single concentration of this aircraft was employed by the U.S. Navy at
Naval Air Station Whiting Field
in
Milton, Florida
, in the training of student naval aviators. The T-28's service career in the U.S. military ended with the completion of the phase-in of the
T-34C
turboprop trainer. The last U.S. Navy training squadron to fly the T-28 was
VT-27
"Boomers", based at
Naval Air Station Corpus Christi
, Texas, flying the last T-28 training flight in early 1984. The last T-28 in the Training Command,
BuNo
137796, departed for Naval District Washington on 14 March 1984 to be displayed permanently at
Naval Support Facility Anacostia
, D.C.
[4]
Vietnam War combat
[
edit
]
In 1963, a
Royal Lao Air Force
T-28 piloted by Lieutenant Chert Saibory, a Thai national, defected to
North Vietnam
. Saibory was immediately imprisoned and his aircraft was impounded. Within six months the T-28 was refurbished and commissioned into the
North Vietnamese Air Force
as its first fighter aircraft.
[5]
Lt. Saibory later trained NVAF pilot Nguyen Van Ba in the operation of the T-28, where Nguyen flew the T-28 in its first successful interception against an SVNAF
C-123 Provider
on 15 February, 1964, earning the NVAF its first-ever aerial victory.
[6]
T-28s were supplied to the
Republic of Vietnam Air Force
(RVNAF) in support of
ARVN
ground operations, seeing extensive service during the
Vietnam War
in RVNAF hands, as well as the
Secret War
in
Laos
. A T-28 Trojan was the first US fixed wing attack aircraft (non-transport type) lost in South Vietnam, during the Vietnam War. Capt. Robert L. Simpson, USAF, Detachment 2A,
1st Air Commando Group
, and Lt. Hoa, RVNAF, were shot down by ground fire on August 28, 1962 while flying close air support. Neither crewman survived. The USAF lost 23 T-28s to all causes during the war, with the last two losses occurring in 1968.
[7]
Other combat uses
[
edit
]
T-28s were used by the
CIA
in the former
Belgian Congo
during the 1960s.
[8]
The T-28B and D were the primary ground attack aircraft of
Khmer Air Force
in
Cambodia
during the war there, largely provided from the U.S. Military Equipment Delivery Team and maintained by
Air America
.
[9]
On the night of 21 January 1971, PAVN sappers managed to get close enough to destroy the majority at Pochentong airbase. Replacements were quickly shipped in. On 17 March 1973 a pilot of a T-28, said to be Capt. So Petra, a common-law husband of one of the daughters of the overthrown Prince
Norodom Sihanouk
, machine gunned and bombed the palace of
Lon Nol
in an attempt to assassinate him, killing at least 20 and wounding 35, before defecting to Khmer Rouge held lands.
[10]
France's
Armee de l'Air
used locally re-manufactured Trojans,
T-28S Fennec
, for close support missions in
Algeria
.
[11]
Nicaragua replaced its fleet of 30+ ex-Swedish P-51s with T-28s in the early 1960s,
[12]
with more aircraft acquired in the 1970s and 1980s.
[13]
The
Philippines
utilized T-28s (colloquially known as "Tora-toras") during the
1989 Philippine coup attempt
. The aircraft were often deployed as
dive bombers
by rebel forces.
[
citation needed
]
Civilian use
[
edit
]
AeroVironment
modified and armored a T-28A to fly
weather research
for
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
, funded by the
National Science Foundation
, and operated in this capacity from 1969 to 2005.
[14]
[15]
SDSM&T was planning to replace it with another modified, but more modern, former military aircraft, specifically a
Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II
.
[16]
This plan was found to carry too many risks associated with the costly modifications required and the program was cancelled in 2018.
[17]
Aerobatics and warbird display
[
edit
]
Many retired T-28s were subsequently sold to private civil operators, and due to their reasonable operating costs are often found flying or displayed as
warbirds
today.
Variants
[
edit
]
- XT-28
- Prototype; two built.
- T-28A
- U.S. Air Force
version with an 800 hp (597 kW)
Wright R-1300
-1 radial engine driving a two-bladed propeller; 1,194 built.
[19]
[20]
- T-28B
- U.S. Navy
land-based trainer version with 1,425 hp (1,063 kW)
Wright R-1820
-86 radial engine driving a three-bladed propeller and fitted with a belly-mounted
speed brake
; 489 built from new and 17 converted from T-28.
[21]
[20]
- T-28C
- U.S. Navy version, a T-28B with shortened propeller blades and
tailhook
for carrier-landing training; 299 built.
[20]
[22]
- T-28D
Nomad
- T-28Bs converted for the USAF in 1962 for the
counter-insurgency
,
reconnaissance
,
search and rescue
, and
forward air controller
roles in
Vietnam
. Fitted with two underwing hardpoints. The later
T-28D-5
had ammo pans inside the wings that could be hooked up to hardpoint-mounted gun pods for a better center of gravity and aerodynamics; 321 converted by Pacific Airmotive (Pac-Aero).
- T-28 Nomad Mark I -
Wright R-1820-56S
engine (1,300 hp).
[3]
[23]
- T-28 Nomad Mark II - Wright R-1820-76A (1,425
hp
)
- T-28 Nomad Mark III - Wright R-1820-80 (1,535
hp
)
[24]
- Fairchild AT-28D
- Attack
model of the T-28D used for
Close Air Support
(CAS) missions by the USAF and allied Air Forces in Southeast Asia, which were nicknamed "Tangos" by their pilots.
[25]
It was fitted with six underwing hardpoints and the rocket-powered Stanley Yankee
ejection seat
;
[26]
72 converted by
Fairchild Hiller
.
- YAT-28E
- Experimental development of the
counter-insurgency
T-28D. It was powered by a 2,445 hp (1,823 kW)
Lycoming YT-55L-9
turboprop
, and armed with two .50 in machine guns and up to 6,000 lb (2,730 kg) of weapons on 12 underwing hardpoints. Three prototypes were converted from T-28As by North American, with the first model flying on 15 February 1963. The project was canceled in 1965.
[27]
- T-28S Fennec
- Ex-USAF T-28As converted in 1959 for use by the French
Armee de l'Air
, replacing the
Morane-Saulnier MS.733A
. It was flown by their
Escadrilles d'Aviation Legere d'Appui
(EALA; "Light Aviation Support Squadrons") in the
counterinsurgency
role in
North Africa
from 1959 to 1962. Fitted with an electrically powered sliding canopy, side-armor, a 1,200
hp
Wright R-1820
-97 supercharged radial engine (the model used in the B-17 bomber),
[28]
and four underwing hardpoints.
[29]
It is referred to as the "S" variant because its engine had a
supercharger
on it; it has also been referred to as the
T-28F
variant ? with the "F" standing for
France
.
[
citation needed
]
- For fire support missions it usually carried two double-mount .50-caliber machine gun pods (with 100 rounds per gun) and two MATRA
Type 122
6 x 68mm rocket pods.
[29]
It could also carry on paired hardpoints a 120 kg.[264 lb.]
HE
or
GP
"iron" bomb, a
MATRA
Type 361
36 x 37mm [1.45-inch] rocket pod, a
SNEB
7 x 55mm [2.16-inch] rocket pod, or a MATRA
Type 13
single-rail, MATRA
Type 20
or
Type 21
double
-rail, MATRA
Type 41
quadruple
-rail (2 x 2), or MATRA
Type 61
or
Type 63
sextuple
-rail (3 x 3) SERAM T10 heavy rocket launchers.
[29]
Improvised napalm bombs (called
bidons speciaux
, or "special cans") were created by dropping gas tanks loaded with octagel-thickened fuel inside, then later igniting or detonating the spilled fuel with
white phosphorus
rockets.
[29]
- Total 148 airframes bought from Pacific Airmotive (Pac Aero) and modified by
Sud-Aviation
in France. After the war the French government offered them for sale from 1964 to 1967.
[11]
They sold most of them to Morocco and Argentina.
[11]
The Fuerza Aerea de Nicaragua (FAN) purchased four of these ex-Morocco aircraft during 1979.
[
citation needed
]
Argentina later sold some to Uruguay and Honduras.
[11]
- T-28P
- T-28S
Fennec
aircraft sold to the
Argentinian Navy
as carrier-borne attack aircraft. They were given shortened propeller blades and a tailhook to allow carrier landings.
[30]
- T-28R Nomair
- An attempt by
Hamilton Aircraft Company
of
Tucson, Arizona
to make a civilianized
Nomad III
-equivalent out of refurbished ex-USAF T-28As. It had a Wright Cyclone R-1820-80 engine to make it fast and powerful, but had to lengthen the wingspan by seven feet to reduce the
stall speed
to below a "street-legal" 70
knots
.
[24]
[31]
The prototype flew for the first time in September, 1960, and the FAA Type Certificate was received on 15 February 1962.
[31]
At the time, the T-28-R2 was the fastest single-engined standard category aircraft available in the United States. It had been flown to a height of 38,700 ft. [11,800 m].
- T-28R-1
Nomair I
- A military trainer that had a
tandem
cockpit, dual instrumentation and flying controls, and hydraulically-actuated rearward-sliding canopy.
[24]
[32]
Six were sold in 1962 as carrier-landing trainers to the Brazilian Navy and were modified with a carrier arrestor hook. They were later transferred to the Brazilian Air Force.
[31]
- T-28R-2
Nomair II
- Modified to have a cramped five-seater cabin (one pilot and two rows of two passengers) that opened from the
port side
.
[24]
[32]
Ten aircraft were modified in all; one was sold to a high-altitude photographic company.
[31]
- RT-28
- Photo reconnaissance conversion for counter-insurgency use with
Royal Lao Air Force
. Number of conversions unknown.
[33]
[34]
- AIDC T-CH-1
- A derivative of the T-28 developed by
AIDC
in
Taiwan
, the
AIDC T-CH-1
was powered by a 1,082 kW (1,451 hp)
Avco Lycoming T53-L-701
turboprop
engine. Fifty aircraft were produced for the
Taiwanese Air Force
between March 1976 and 1981. The type has since been retired.
Operators
[
edit
]
-
Argentina
-
Bolivia
-
Brazil
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
-
Cuba
- Cuban Air Force
- 10 T-28As were ordered by the Batista regime but were never delivered owing to an arms embargo,
[41]
[42]
although at least one T-28 seems to have been acquired at some stage which was put on display at a museum at
Playa Giron
[43]
[44]
-
Dominican Republic
-
Ecuador
-
Ethiopia
-
France
- French Air Force
- 148 T-28A airframes modified in France (1959) to make the T-28S
Fennec
COIN model.
[38]
-
Haiti
-
Honduras
-
Japan
-
Khmer Republic
-
Laos
-
Mexico
-
Morocco
-
Nicaragua
-
Philippines
-
South Korea
-
Saudi Arabia
-
South Vietnam
-
Tunisia
-
Taiwan
-
Thailand
-
United States
-
Uruguay
-
Vietnam
-
Zaire
Surviving aircraft
[
edit
]
Many T-28s are on display throughout the world. In addition, a considerable number of flyable examples exist in private ownership, as the aircraft is a popular sport plane and
warbird
.
Argentina
[
edit
]
- On display
- T-28A
Australia
[
edit
]
- On display
- T-28A
T-28 TROJAN 50-221 "LITTL JUGGS". Toowoomba Australia
https://www.gluseum.com/AU/Toowoomba/287406544649061/T-28-Trojan-50-221-%22Littl-Juggs%22
T 28B Bu 140016, Located at Jandakot Airport in Western Australia. Owned by AOG Services and registered as VH-KAN. Imported from the USA in 2014 and formerly N46984.
Philippines
[
edit
]
- T-28A
- 109 - Philippine Air Force Museum. Colonel Jesus Villamor Air Base Pasay, Metro Manila
[65]
- 7760 -Basilio Fernando Air Base. Lipa, Batangas
[66]
- 612 - Villa Escudero Plantations and Resort. Tiaong, Quezon
[67]
- AT-28D
- 137701 - Major Danilo Atienza Air Base, Cavite City, Cavite, Philippines.
- 114645 - Clark Air Base, Angeles City, Pampanga Philippines
[68]
[69]
- 100310 - Edwin Andrews Air Base, Zamboanga City, Philippines.
Taiwan
[
edit
]
- On display
- T-28A
- 51-3664 - Chung Cheng Aviation Museum, Taipai Airport,
Taiwan
.
[70]
Thailand
[
edit
]
- On display
- T-28A
- 49-1538 - Prachuap Khiri Khan AFB in
Bangkok, Thailand
.
[71]
- 49-1601 -
Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base
,
Bangkok, Thailand
.
[72]
- 49-1687 -
Loei Airport
,
Loei Province
,
Thailand
.
[73]
- 51-3480 -
Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base
,
Thailand
.
[74]
- 51-3578 - Chiang Mai AFB, Thailand.
[75]
- 51-3740 -
Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base
, Bangkok, Thailand.
[76]
- 153652 - National Memorial, Bangkok, Thailand.
[77]
- T-28B
United Kingdom
[
edit
]
- On display
- T-28C
United States
[
edit
]
- On display
- T-28A
- 49-1494 -
National Museum of the United States Air Force
at
Wright-Patterson AFB
in
Dayton, Ohio
. The aircraft is painted as a typical
Air Training Command
T-28A of the mid-1950s. It was transferred to the museum in September 1965. It is on display in the museum's Cold War Gallery.
[83]
- 49-1663 -
Hurlburt Field
,
Florida
.
[84]
- 49-1679 -
Reese AFB
,
Texas
.
[85]
- 49-1682 -
Laughlin AFB
,
Texas
.
[86]
- 49-1689 -
Vance AFB
,
Oklahoma
.
[87]
- 49-1695 -
Randolph AFB
,
Texas
.
[88]
- 50-0300 -
Dakota Territory Air Museum
,
Minot, North Dakota
.
[89]
- 51-3612 -
Museum of Aviation
,
Robins Air Force Base
,
Warner Robins, Georgia
.
[90]
- 51-7500 -
Olympic Flight Museum
,
Olympia, Washington
.
[91]
- T-28B
- 137702 -
Air Force Flight Test Center Museum
,
Edwards AFB
,
California
.
[92]
- 137749 -
Hill Aerospace Museum
,
Hill Air Force Base
,
Utah
- 137796 -
Naval Air Station Anacostia
,
Washington, DC
.
[93]
- 138144 -
Naval Air Station Whiting Field
,
Florida
.
[94]
- 138164 - Actively flying and performing in airshows with the Trojan Phlyers in Dallas, TX.
[95]
- 138192 - Aviation Heritage Center of Wisconsin,
Sheboygan Memorial Airport
,
Sheboygan, WI
[96]
- 138247 - War Eagles Air Museum in
Santa Teresa, New Mexico
.
[97]
- 138263 - Actively flying and based at KRLD
Richland Airport
,
Richland, WA
[98]
- 138311 -
Air Heritage Aviation Museum
in
Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania
[99]
- 138326 -
National Naval Aviation Museum
,
Naval Air Station Pensacola
,
Florida
[100]
- 138339 - Owned by Skydoc 1989?present (2019)
Springfield, Illinois
performing with the Trojan Horsemen 2003-2017, and Trojan Thunder 2017?present.
[101]
- 138349 -
USS Hornet Air and Space Museum Alameda, California
[102]
- 138353 - on a pole at
Milton, Florida
.
[103]
- 140047 - Actively flying and performing in airshows with the Trojan Phlyers in Dallas, TX.
[95]
- 140048 -
National Museum of the United States Air Force
at
Wright-Patterson AFB
in
Dayton, Ohio
.
[104]
- T-28C
- 138245 -
WarBird Museum of Virginia
in
Chesterfield, Virginia
.
[105]
- 138311 -
Air Heritage Museum
in
Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania
.
[106]
- 140451 -
Middleton Field
in
Evergreen, Alabama
- 140454 -
Battleship Cove
in
Fall River, Massachusetts
.
[107]
- 140481 -
Pima Air & Space Museum
adjacent to
Davis-Monthan AFB
in
Tucson, Arizona
.
[108]
- 140557 -
Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum
,
Cape May Airport
,
Rio Grande, New Jersey
.
[109]
- 140659 -
Southern Museum of Flight
,
Birmingham, Alabama
.
[110]
- YAT-28E
Specifications (T-28D)
[
edit
]
North American T-28B Trojan 3-view drawing
North American T-28C Trojan 3-view drawing
Data from
Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft
[112]
General characteristics
- Crew:
2
- Length:
33 ft 0 in (10.06 m)
- Wingspan:
40 ft 1 in (12.22 m)
- Height:
12 ft 8 in (3.86 m)
- Wing area:
268.0 sq ft (24.90 m
2
)
- Aspect ratio
:
6.0:1
- Empty weight:
6,424 lb (2,914 kg) (equipped)
- Max takeoff weight:
8,500 lb (3,856 kg)
- Powerplant:
1 ×
Wright R-1820
-86 Cyclone 9-cylinder air-cooled
radial engine
, 1,425 hp (1,063 kW)
Performance
- Maximum speed:
343 mph (552 km/h, 298 kn) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
- Ferry range:
1,060 mi (1,710 km, 920 nmi)
- Service ceiling:
35,500 ft (10,800 m)
- Rate of climb:
3,540 ft/min (18.0 m/s)
Armament
- Hardpoints:
6 with a capacity of 1,200 lb (540 kg) total
See also
[
edit
]
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
References
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
"Historical Listings: Philippines, (PHL)."
Archived
2011-07-20 at the
Wayback Machine
World Air Forces.
Retrieved: 19 May 2011.
- ^
Fort Walton, Florida, "
T-28 Trainer Now at Eglin ? Is Latest Word In Instructional Craft
", Playground News, 22 June 1950, Vol. 5, No. 21, p. 10.
- ^
a
b
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft
1985, p. 2678.
- ^
"T-28."
history.navy.mil
. Retrieved: 9 July 2010.
- ^
Toperczer 2001, pp. 8?9.
- ^
Toperczer 2015, pp. 18?19.
- ^
Hobson 2001, p. 12.
- ^
Holm, Richard L.
"A Plane Crash, Rescue, and Recovery - A Close Call in Africa".
Archived
24 May 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
Center for the Study of Intelligence, Historical Perspectives
, Washington, D.C., Winter 1999-2000.
- ^
Leeker, Dr Joe F.
"Khmer Air Force T-28s(maintained under the supervision of Air America’s LMAT, Phnom Penh)"
- ^
New York Times.
"20 DIE IN BOMBING AiMED AT LON NOL".
- ^
a
b
c
d
Ganivet, Jean-Luc.
"T-28 Fennec History."
fennec.pfiquet.
Retrieved: 31 December 2013.
- ^
Hagedorn 1993, p. 41
- ^
Hagedorn 1993, pp. 42?43
- ^
Godfrey, Joe.
"Charlie Summers"
AVweb
, 16 April 2003. Retrieved: 22 July 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Instrumented Research Aircraft"
Archived
1 January 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
. Retrieved: 22 July 2012.
- ^
"Next-generation Storm-penetrating Aircraft"
(PDF)
. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 12 November 2013
. Retrieved
14 December
2013
.
- ^
Rogoway, Tyler.
"The Storm Chasing A-10 Thunderhog Program Is Officially Dead, Jet To Be Returned To USAF"
.
The Drive
. Retrieved
13 October
2018
.
- ^
See German Wikipedia
Flugplatz Albstadt-Degerfeld
- ^
Ginter 1981, p. 6
- ^
a
b
c
Darke 2013, p. 147
- ^
Ginter 1981, p. 27
- ^
Ginter 1981, p. 53
- ^
Sweeney, Richard L. "New Role for Nomad."
Flying Magazine,
December 1961.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Concannon, Milt.
"The Lost (and last) Nomad."
Archived
2014-01-01 at the
Wayback Machine
courtesyaircraft.com.
Retrieved: December 31, 2013.
- ^
Trichter, J. Gary (12 August 2016).
"The Poor Man's P-51: The T-28 Trojan"
. Retrieved
12 July
2019
.
- ^
"The Ejection Site: Stanley YANKEE Extraction System"
.
www.ejectionsite.com
.
- ^
Tate
Air Enthusiast
May/June 1999, pp. 58?59.
- ^
"Warbirds of New Smyrna."
angelfire.com
, p. 44. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Renaud, Patrick-Charles.
"Aerostories (Algerie (1954-1962): T-28 Fennec: des ailes pour un renard."
aerostories,
2002. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.
- ^
North American T-28 Trojan/Fennec in Argentina
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Hamilton T-28-R2 Nomair (N9106Z)".
Ron Dupas Collection
, No. 1040, August 1970. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.
- ^
a
b
Flying Magazine,
April 1962, p. 3.
- ^
Troung, Albert Grandolini and Tom Cooper.
"Laos, 1948-1989; Part 1."
Indochina Database
, 13 November 2003. Retrieved: 17 April 2012.
- ^
Troung, Albert Grandolini and Tom Cooper.
"Laos, 1948-1989; Part 2."
Indochina Database
, 13 November 2003. Retrieved: 17 April 2012.
- ^
Ay, Carlos.
"The Illustrated Catalogue to Argentine Air Force Aircraft."
Aeromilitaria
, 15 August 2013. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
Taylor and Munson 1973, p. 179.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
Krivinyi 1977, p. 178.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
Fitzsimons 1988, p. 137.
- ^
Andrade 1982, p. 28.
- ^
Air-Britain Aeromilitaria, March 2015
- ^
Wieland, William A.
"Memorandum From the Director of the Office of Middle American Affairs."
latinamericanstudies.org
, August 1958. Retrieved: 21 February 2010.
- ^
Hagedorn 1993, pp. 22, 27
- ^
Hagedorn 1993, p. 27
- ^
Valero, Jose Ramon.
"Picture of the North American T-28 Trojan aircraft."
airliners.net
, October 2003. Retrieved: 21 February 2010.
- ^
Andrade 1982, p. 56.
- ^
Andrade 1982, p. 58.
- ^
Andrade 1982, p. 62.
- ^
a
b
Andrade 1982, p. 97.
- ^
Green 1956, p. 238.
- ^
Thompson, Paul
North American T-28D Trojan
J-HangarSpace
Retrieved August 18, 2017
- ^
Andrade 1982, p. 146.
- ^
Andrade 1982, p. 156.
- ^
Andrade 1982, p. 181.
- ^
Andrade 1982, p. 143.
- ^
Cooper 2017
, p. 14
- ^
Andrade 1982, p. 223.
- ^
Pocock 1986, p. 115.
- ^
"Talking Paper for Chief of Staff, U.S. Army: Guidance for T-28 Aircraft Operations."
U.S. Army,
9 March 1964.
- ^
Andrade 1982, p. 336.
- ^
Secrets of US Air Operations in North Vietnam
(
Bi m?t cac chi?n d?ch khong kich c?a M? vao B?c Vi?t Nam
(in Vietnamese)
). Hanoi: People's Police Publisher, p. 513.
- ^
Ginter 1981, p. 22.
- ^
Aviacion Militar Argentina (Amilarg)- North American T-28A/F/P Trojan/Fennec (retrieved 2014-11-23)
Archived
2014-11-29 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Museo de la Aviacion Naval - ARA 25 de MAYO - T-28 Fennec (retrieved 2014-08-19)
Archived
2008-10-04 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/49-1583."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
https://www.skippyscage.com/aviation/ph/philippine-air-force-museum-manila/index.php
- ^
https://mondortiz.com/the-t-28-trojan-is-not-the-tora-tora-plane/
- ^
https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/9045134
- ^
https://www.flickr.com/photos/aeroprints/7838745960
- ^
https://www.jetphotos.com/aircraft/manufacturer/North%20American/serial/114
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/51-3664."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/49-1538."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/49-1601."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/49-1687."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/51-3480."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/51-3578."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/51-3740."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/153652"
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/137661."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/138157."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/138284."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/138302."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/146289."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/49-1494."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/49-1663."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/49-1679."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/49-1682."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/49-1689."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/49-1695."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/50-0300."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/51-3612."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/51-7500."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/137702."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/137796."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/138144."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
a
b
"Trojan Phlyer's T28s"
.
- ^
"US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos--Third Series (135774 to 140052)"
.
www.joebaugher.com
. Retrieved
15 May
2017
.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/138247."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"N63NA (1955 NORTH AMERICAN T-28B owned by URBAN SCOTT J) Aircraft Registration"
.
- ^
"Aircraft"
Retrieved: 20 January 2023.
- ^
< "Aircraft on Display: T-28."
[
permanent dead link
]
Naval Aviation Museum
. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/138339."
trojanhorsemen.com.
Retrieved: 22 March 2013.
- ^
"Aircraft on Display - USS Hornet Museum"
. 9 December 2015.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/138353."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/140048."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"WarBird Museum of Virginia"
.
warbirdmuseumva.org
. Archived from
the original
on 5 August 2020
. Retrieved
30 June
2015
.
- ^
"North American T-28 Trojan ? Air Heritage Inc"
. Retrieved
15 April
2023
.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/140454."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/140481."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/140557."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"T-28 Trojan/140659."
Warbird Registry.
Retrieved: 11 June 2012.
- ^
"YAT-28E"
.
Helen Murphy
. Archived from
the original
on 3 February 2020
. Retrieved
27 April
2017
.
- ^
Donald and Lake 1996, p. 333
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Andrade, John.
Militair 1982
. London: Aviation Press Limited, 1982.
ISBN
0-907898-01-7
.
- Avery, Norm.
North American Aircraft: 1934?1998, Volume 1
. Santa Ana, California: Narkiewicz-Thompson, 1998.
ISBN
0-913322-05-9
.
- Compton, Frank. "November 79 Zulu: the Story of the North American Nomad".
Sport Aviation
, June 1983.
- Cooper, Tom (2017).
Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994
. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing.
ISBN
978-1-912174-23-2
.
- Darke, Stephen M. (Winter 2013). "The North American T-28D".
Air-Britain Aeromilitaria
. Vol. 39, no. 156. pp. 147?155.
ISSN
0262-8791
.
- Donald, David and Lake, Jon.
Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft
. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1996.
ISBN
1-874023-95-6
.
- Fitzsimons, Bernie.
The Defenders: A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA
. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1988.
ISBN
0-8317-2181-2
.
- Ginter, Steve (1981).
North American T-28 Trojan
. Naval Fighters. Vol. 5 (First ed.). California, United States: Ginter Books.
ISBN
0-942612-05-1
.
- Green, William.
Observers Aircraft, 1956
. London: Frederick Warne Publishing, 1956.
- Hagedorn, Daniel P. (1993).
Central American and Caribbean Air Forces
. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd.
ISBN
0-85130-210-6
.
- Hellstrom, Leif (Autumn 2014). "T-28s in the Congo ? Part 1: Stemming The Rebellion".
Air-Britain Aeromilitaria
. Vol. 40, no. 159. pp. 117?128.
ISSN
0262-8791
.
- Hellstrom, Leif (Winter 2014). "T-28s in the Congo ? Part 2: Heyday of the Trojan".
Air-Britain Aeromilitaria
. Vol. 40, no. 160. pp. 147?157.
ISSN
0262-8791
.
- Hellstrom, Leif (Spring 2015). "T-28s in the Congo ? Part 3: The Twilight Years".
Air-Britain Aeromilitaria
. Vol. 41, no. 161. pp. 4?17.
ISSN
0262-8791
.
- Hobson, Chris.
Vietnam Air Losses, USAF/Navy/Marine, Fixed Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast 1961?1973
. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2001.
ISBN
1-85780-115-6
.
- The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982?1985)
. London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.
- Krivinyi, Nikolaus.
World Military Aviation
. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1977.
ISBN
0-668-04348-2
.
- Pocock, Chris. "Thailand Hones its Air Forces".
Air International
, Vol. 31, No. 3, September 1986. pp. 113?121, 168.
ISSN
0306-5634
.
- Tate, Jess. "Ultimate Trojan: North American's YAT-28E Project".
Air Enthusiast
, No. 99, May/June 1999. pp. 58?59. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Taylor, John J.H. and Kenneth Munson.
Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft
. New York: Collier Books, 1973.
ISBN
0-7232-3697-6
.
- Thompson, Kevin.
North American Aircraft: 1934?1998 Volume 2
. Santa Ana, California: Narkiewicz-Thompson, 1999.
ISBN
0-913322-06-7
.
- Toperczer, Istvan.
MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War.
London: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2001.
ISBN
1-84176-162-1
.
- Toperczer, Istvan,
MiG Aces of the Vietnam War
, Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 2015;
ISBN
978-0-7643-4895-2
.
- United States Air Force Museum Guidebook
. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Adcock, Al.
T-28 Trojan in Action
. Squadron/Signal Publications Inc. 1989.
ISBN
0-89747-211-X
- Cupido, Joe., "Veteran United: A T-28D Trojan Meets Up with a Former Pilot."
Air Enthusiast
, No. 83, September/October 1999, pp. 16?20
ISSN
0143-5450
- Genat, Robert. "Final Tour of Duty - North American's T-28 Trojans". North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1996.
ISBN
0-933424-61-2
- Nunez Padin, Jorge Felix (2010). Nunez Padin, Jorge Felix (ed.).
North American T-28 Fennec
. Serie Aeronaval (in Spanish). Vol. 28. Bahia Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales.
ISBN
978-987-1682-02-7
.
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
Manufacturer
"Charge Number"
| |
---|
By role
| Fighters
| |
---|
Bombers
| |
---|
Attack
| |
---|
Observation
| |
---|
Trainers
| |
---|
Transports
| |
---|
Drones
| |
---|
Experimental
| |
---|
Missiles
| |
---|
Spacecraft
| |
---|
|
---|
By name
| |
---|
|
|
---|
Advanced Trainer
(1925?1948)
| |
---|
Basic Combat
(1936?1940)
| |
---|
Basic Trainer
(1930?1948)
| |
---|
Primary Trainer
(1924?1948)
| |
---|
Main sequence
(1948?present)
| 1948 redesignations
| |
---|
New designations
| |
---|
|
---|
Alternate sequences
| 1962 redesignations
| |
---|
1990? sequence
| |
---|
|
---|
1
Not assigned •
2
Assigned to multiple types
|
|
---|
B.F
(Trainer)
| |
---|
B.KhF
(Fighter-trainer)
| |
---|
|
---|
B.J
(Attack)
| |
---|
Related designations
| |
---|