American Presbyterian minister and socialist politician (1884?1968)
Norman Thomas
|
---|
Thomas in 1937
|
Born
| Norman Mattoon Thomas
(
1884-11-20
)
November 20, 1884
|
---|
Died
| December 19, 1968
(1968-12-19)
(aged 84)
|
---|
Alma mater
| |
---|
Political party
| Socialist
|
---|
Spouse
|
Frances Stewart
(
m.
1910; died 1947)
|
---|
Children
| 5
|
---|
Norman Mattoon Thomas
(November 20, 1884 ? December 19, 1968) was an American
Presbyterian
minister
who achieved fame as a
socialist
,
pacifist
, and six-time presidential candidate for the
Socialist Party of America
.
Early years
[
edit
]
Thomas was the oldest of six children, born November 20, 1884, in
Marion, Ohio
, to Emma Williams (nee Mattoon) and Weddington Evans Thomas, a Presbyterian minister. Thomas had an uneventful Midwestern childhood and adolescence, helping to put himself through Marion High School as a paper carrier for
Warren G. Harding
's
Marion Daily Star
.
[1]
Like other paper carriers, he reported directly to
Florence Kling Harding
. "No pennies ever escaped her," said Thomas. The summer after he graduated from high school his father accepted a pastorate at
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
, which allowed Norman to attend
Bucknell University
. He left Bucknell after one year to attend
Princeton University
, the beneficiary of the largesse of a wealthy uncle by marriage.
[2]
Thomas graduated magna cum laude from
Princeton University
in 1905.
[3]
After some
settlement house
work and a trip around the world, Thomas decided to follow in his father's footsteps and enrolled in
Union Theological Seminary
. He graduated from the seminary and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1911.
[4]
After assisting the
Rev. Henry Van Dyke
at the fashionable
Brick Presbyterian Church
on
Manhattan
's
Fifth Avenue
, Thomas was appointed pastor of the East Harlem Presbyterian Church, ministering to Italian-American Protestants.
[5]
Union Theological Seminary had been at that time a center of the
Social Gospel
movement and liberal politics, and as a minister, Thomas preached against American participation in the First World War. This
pacifist
stance led to his being shunned by many of his fellow alumni from Princeton, and opposed by some of the leadership of the Presbyterian Church in New York. When church funding of the American Parish's social programs was stopped, Thomas resigned his pastorate.
[6]
Despite his resignation, Thomas did not formally leave the ministry until 1931, after his mother's death.
[6]
It was Thomas's position as a
conscientious objector
that drew him to the
Socialist Party of America
(SPA), a staunchly
antimilitarist
organization. When SPA leader
Morris Hillquit
made his campaign for
mayor of New York
in 1917 on an antiwar platform, Thomas wrote to him expressing his good wishes. To his surprise, Hillquit wrote back, encouraging the young minister to work for his campaign, which Thomas energetically did.
[7]
Soon thereafter he himself joined the Socialist Party.
[8]
Thomas was a
Christian socialist
.
[9]
Thomas was the secretary (then an unpaid position) of the pacifist
Fellowship of Reconciliation
even before the war. When the organization started a magazine called
The World Tomorrow
in January 1918, Thomas was employed as its paid editor. Together with
Devere Allen
, Thomas helped to make
The World Tomorrow
the leading voice of liberal Christian social activism of its day.
[9]
In 1921, Thomas moved to secular journalism when he was employed as associate editor of
The Nation
magazine. In 1922 he became co-director of the
League for Industrial Democracy
. Later, he was one of the founders of the
National Civil Liberties Bureau
, the precursor of the
American Civil Liberties Union
.
[
citation needed
]
Electoral politics
[
edit
]
Thomas ran for office five times in quick succession on the Socialist ticket?for
governor of New York
in
1924
, for mayor of New York in
1925
, for
New York State Senate
in 1926, for
alderman
in 1927, and for mayor of New York again in 1929. In
1934
, he ran for the US Senate in New York and polled almost 200,000 votes, then the second-best result for a Socialist candidate in New York state elections; only
Charles P. Steinmetz
polled more votes, almost 300,000 in
1922
when he ran for
State Engineer
.
[9]
Thomas's political activity also included attempts at the US presidency. Following
Eugene Debs
's death in 1926, there was a leadership vacuum in the Socialist Party. Neither of the party's two top political leaders,
Victor L. Berger
and Hillquit, was eligible to run for president because of their foreign birth. The third main figure,
Daniel Hoan
, was occupied as mayor of
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
.
[9]
Down to approximately 8,000 dues-paying members, the Socialist Party's options were limited, and the little-known minister from New York with oratorial skills and a pedigree in the movement became the choice of the 1928 National Convention of the Socialist Party.
The 1928 campaign was the first of Thomas's six consecutive campaigns as the presidential nominee of the Socialist Party. As an articulate and engaging spokesman for
democratic socialism
, Thomas had considerably greater influence than the typical
perennial candidate
. Although most upper- and middle-class Americans found socialism unsavory, the well-educated Thomas?who often wore three-piece suits and looked and talked like a president?gained grudging admiration.
Thomas frequently spoke on the difference between socialism, the movement he represented, and
communism
and revolutionary
Marxism
. His early admiration for the
Russian Revolution
had turned into energetic
anti-Stalinism
. (Some revolutionaries thought him no better;
Leon Trotsky
criticized Thomas on more than one occasion.)
[10]
He wrote several books, among them his passionate defense of World War I
conscientious objectors
,
Is Conscience a Crime?
, and his statement of the 1960s
social democratic
consensus,
Socialism Re-examined
.
Socialist Party politics
[
edit
]
At the 1932 Milwaukee convention, Thomas and his radical pacifist allies in the party joined forces with
constructive socialists from Wisconsin
and a faction of young Marxist intellectuals called the
"Militants"
in backing a challenger to National Chairman Morris Hillquit. While Hillquit and his cohort retained control of the organization at this time, this action earned the lasting enmity of Hillquit's New York-based allies of the so-called
"Old Guard"
. The diplomatic party peacemaker Hillquit died of tuberculosis the following year, lessening the stability of his faction.
At the 1934 National Convention of the Socialist Party, Thomas's connection with the Militants deepened when he backed a radical
Declaration of Principles
authored by his longtime associate from the radical pacifist journal
The World Tomorrow
,
Devere Allen
. The Militants swept to majority control of the party's governing National Executive Committee at this gathering, and the Old Guard retreated to their New York fortress and formalized their factional organization as the
Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party
, complete with a shadow Provisional Executive Committee and an office in New York City.
Thomas favored work to establish a broad Farmer?Labor Party upon the model of the Canadian
Cooperative Commonwealth Federation
,
[11]
but remained supportive of the Militants and their vision of an "all-inclusive party", which welcomed members of dissident communist organizations (including
Lovestoneites
and
Trotskyists
) and worked together with the
Communist Party USA
in joint
Popular Front
activities. The party descended into a maelstrom of factionalism in the interval, with the New York Old Guard leaving to establish themselves as the
Social Democratic Federation of America
, taking with them control of party property, such as the
Yiddish-language
The Jewish Daily Forward
, the English-language
New Leader
, the
Rand School of Social Science
, and the party's summer camp in Pennsylvania.
In 1937, Thomas returned from Europe determined to restore order in the Socialist Party. He and his followers in the party teamed up with the Clarity majority of the National Executive Committee and gave the green light to the New York Right Wing to expel the Appeal faction from the organization. These expulsions led to the departure of virtually the whole of the party's youth section, who affiliated to the new Trotskyist
Socialist Workers Party
. Demoralization set in and the Socialist Party withered, its membership level below that of 1928.
In April 1938, Thomas was the center of national controversy when he came to
Jersey City, New Jersey
to defend labor organizers' free speech and challenge the political machine of Mayor
Frank Hague
. Hague was a close ally of Franklin Roosevelt and controlled federal patronage in the state. Though denied a permit for political reasons, Thomas came anyway to speak at an outdoor rally. The police arrested him as soon as he got out of his car. As the officers prepared to expel him from the city, Thomas quipped, "So this is Jersey justice". People across the political spectrum, including the 1932 and 1936 Republican presidential nominees,
Herbert Hoover
and
Alfred M. Landon
, criticized Hague for his suppression of free speech and Roosevelt for his silence about the incident. Thomas and Landon became good friends as a result of the incident.
[12]
Causes
[
edit
]
Thomas was initially as outspoken in opposing
the Second World War
as he had been with regard to the First World War. Upon returning from a European tour in 1937, he formed the Keep America Out of War Congress, and spoke against war, thereby sharing a platform with the non-interventionist
America First Committee
.
[13]
In the 1940 presidential campaign he said Republican
Wendell Willkie
was the candidate of "the Wall Street war machine" and that he "would take us to war about as fast and about on the same terms as Mr. Roosevelt".
[14]
In testimony to Congress in January 1941 he opposed the proposed
Lend Lease
program of sending military supplies to Great Britain, calling it "a bill to authorize undeclared war in the name of peace, and dictatorship in the name of defending democracy". He said that the survival of the British Empire was not vital to the security of the United States, but added that he favored helping Britain to defend herself against aggression.
[15]
After
the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
on December 7, 1941, a bitter split took place in the Socialist Party regarding support for the war; Thomas reluctantly supported it, though he thought it could have been honorably avoided. His brother and many others continued their pacifist opposition to all wars.
[16]
Thomas later wrote self-critically that he had "overemphasized both the sense in which it was a continuance of World War I and the capacity of nonfascist Europe to resist the
Nazis
".
[17]
Thomas was one of the few public figures to oppose
President Roosevelt's
incarceration of Japanese Americans
following the attack on Pearl Harbor. He accused the ACLU of "dereliction of duty" when the organization supported the forced mass removal and incarceration.
[18]
[19]
Thomas also campaigned against
racial segregation
, environmental depletion, and anti-labor laws and practices, and in favor of opening the United States to Jewish victims of Nazi persecution in the 1930s.
Thomas was an early proponent of birth control. The birth-control advocate
Margaret Sanger
recruited him to write "Some Objections to Birth Control Considered" in
Religious and Ethical Aspects of Birth Control
, edited and published by Sanger in 1926. Thomas accused the Catholic Church of hypocritical opinions on sex, such as requiring priests to be celibate and maintaining that laypeople should have sex only to reproduce. "This doctrine of unrestricted procreation is strangely inconsistent on the lips of men who practice celibacy and preach continence."
[20]
Thomas also deplored the secular objection to birth control because it originated from "racial and national" group-think. "The white race, we are told, our own nation?whatever that nation may be?is endangered by practicing birth control. Birth control is something like disarmament?a good thing if effected by international agreement, but otherwise dangerous to us in both a military and economic sense. If we are not to be overwhelmed by the 'rising tide of color' we must breed against the world. If our nation is to survive, it must have more cannon and more babies as prospective food for the cannon."
[21]
Thomas was also very critical of
Zionism
and of
Israel's policies toward the Arabs
in the postwar years (especially after the
Suez Crisis
) and often collaborated with the
American Council for Judaism
.
Later years
[
edit
]
After 1945, Thomas sought to make the
anti-Stalinist left
the leader of social reform, in collaboration with labor leaders like
Walter Reuther
. In 1961, he released an album,
The Minority Party in America: Featuring an Interview with Norman Thomas
, on
Folkways Records
, which focused on the role of the third party.
[22]
Thomas actively campaigned for
Lyndon B. Johnson
in the 1964 presidential election. He was critical of Johnson's foreign policy, but praised his work on civil rights and poverty. Thomas called Johnson's opponent
Barry Goldwater
a "personable man with good stands on domestic issues" but also described him as "the greatest evil" due to his views on foreign policy.
[23]
[24]
Thomas's 80th birthday in 1964 was marked by a well-publicized gala at the
Hotel Astor
in Manhattan. At the event Thomas called for a cease-fire in Vietnam and read birthday telegrams from
Hubert Humphrey
,
Earl Warren
, and
Martin Luther King Jr.
He also received a check for $17,500 (equivalent to $171,900 in 2023) in donations from supporters. "It won't last long," he said of the check, "because every organization I'm connected with is going bankrupt."
[25]
In 1966, the conservative journalist and writer
William F. Buckley, Jr
chose Thomas to be the third guest on Buckley's new television interview show,
Firing Line
. In 1968, Thomas signed the "
Writers and Editors War Tax Protest
" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the
Vietnam War
.
[26]
Also in 1966, Thomas traveled to the
Dominican Republic
along with future Congressman
Allard K. Lowenstein
to observe that country's
general election
. The two were leaders of the "Committee on free elections in the Dominican Republic", an organization based in the U.S. that monitored the election, in which
Juan Bosch
of the
Dominican Revolutionary Party
, affiliated with the
Socialist International
, was beaten closely but decisively by the conservative ex-president
Joaquin Balaguer
. Balaguer continued to govern the country on and off for the next 30 years.
[27]
In the autumn of that year, Thomas received the second
Eugene V. Debs Award
for his work in promoting world peace.
[28]
Personal life
[
edit
]
In 1910,
[29]
Thomas married Frances Violet Stewart (1881?1947),
[30]
[31]
the granddaughter of
John Aikman Stewart
, financial adviser to Presidents
Lincoln
and
Cleveland
, and a trustee of Princeton for many years.
[32]
Together, they had three daughters and two sons:
[30]
- Mary "Polly" Thomas (1914?2010),
[33]
who married Herbert C. Miller Jr,
[30]
a professor and chairman of pediatrics at the
University of Kansas
[34]
- Frances Thomas (1915?2015), who married John W. Gates, Jr. (died 2006)
[35]
- Rebekah Thomas (1918?1986),
[36]
who married John D. Friebely
[30]
- William Stewart Thomas (1912?1988)
- Evan Welling Thomas II (1920?1999),
[37]
[38]
who married Anna Davis (nee Robins) in 1943
[39]
Death
[
edit
]
Thomas died at the age of 84 on December 19, 1968, at a nursing home in
Huntington, New York
.
[40]
Pursuant to his wishes, he was cremated and his ashes were scattered on
Long Island
.
Legacy
[
edit
]
The
Norman Thomas High School
(formerly known as Central Commercial High School) in
Manhattan
and the Norman Thomas '05 Library at
Princeton University
's
Forbes College
are named after him, as is the assembly hall at the
Three Arrows Cooperative Society
, where he was a frequent visitor. He is also the grandfather of
Newsweek
columnist
Evan Thomas
and the great-grandfather of writer
Louisa Thomas
.
[41]
A plaque in the Norman Thomas '05 Library reads: Norman M. Thomas, class of 1905. "I am not the champion of lost causes, but the champion of causes not yet won."
[
citation needed
]
Works
[
edit
]
- The Conquest of War
. New York: Fellowship Press, 1917.
- War's Heretics : A Plea for the Conscientious Objector
Archived
2019-08-27 at the
Wayback Machine
. Chicago: American Liberty Defense League, 1917.
- The case of the Christian Pacifists at Los Angeles, Cal.
New York City:
National Civil Liberties Bureau
1918
- The Conscientious Objector in America
. New York:
B. W. Huebsch
, 1923.
- The League of Nations and the Imperialist Principle: A Criticism
. New York:
Foreign Policy Association
, 1923.
- What Is Industrial Democracy?
New York:
League for Industrial Democracy
, 1925.
- The Challenge of War: An Economic Interpretation
. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1927.
- Is Conscience a Crime?
New York:
Vanguard Press
, 1927.
- In the League and Out
. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1930.
- America's Way Out: A Program for Democracy
. New York:
Macmillan
, 1931.
- Socialism and the Individual
. Girard, KS:
Haldeman-Julius Publications
, 1931.
- The Socialist Cure for a Sick Society
. New York:
John Day Company
, 1932.
- As I See It
. New York: Macmillan, 1932.
- Why I Am a Socialist
. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1932.
- What Socialism Is and Is Not
. Chicago: Socialist Party of America, 1932.
- What's the Matter with New York: A National Problem
. With Paul Blanshard. New York: Macmillan, 1932.
- A Socialist Looks at the New Deal
. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1933.
- The New Deal: A Socialist Analysis
. Chicago: Committee on Education and Research of the Socialist Party of America, 1934.
- Human Exploitation in the United States
. New York:
Frederick A. Stokes
, 1934.
- The Choice Before Us
. New York: Macmillan, 1934. (UK title:
Fascism or Socialism?
)
- The Plight of the Share Cropper
. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1934.
- War ? No Glory, No Profit, No Need
. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1935.
- War As a Socialist Sees It
. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1936.
- After the New Deal ? What?
New York: Macmillan, 1936.
- Debate: Which Road for American Workers ? Socialist or Communist?
[
permanent dead link
]
New York: Socialist Call, 1936.
- Is the New Deal Socialism? An Answer to Al Smith and the American Liberty League
. New York: National Office, Socialist Party, n.d. [c. 1936].
- Why I Am a Socialist
. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1936.
- Shall labor support Roosevelt?
Chicago : Labor League for Thomas and Nelson, 1936.
- Emancipate youth from toil, old age from fear
, Chicago: Socialist Party, 1936.
- You Can't Cure Tuberculosis with Cough Drops
. New York: Socialist Party, n.d. [1936].
? leaflet
- Democracy versus dictatorship
New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1937.
- Socialism on the Defensive
. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1938.
- Justice Triumphs in Spain! A Letter about the Trial of the POUM
. With
Devere Allen
. Chicago: Socialist Party, n.d. [c. 1938].
- Collective Security Means War
. Chicago: Socialist Party, 1938.
- Keep America Out of War: A Program
. With Bertram D. Wolfe. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1939.
- Russia: Democracy or Dictatorship?
[
permanent dead link
]
With
Joel Seidman
. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1939.
- What's Behind the "Christian Front"?
New York:
Workers' Defense League
, 1939.
- Stop the Draft : An Appeal to the American People
. New York: Socialist National Headquarters, 1940.
- We Have a Future
. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1941.
- World Federation: What Are the Difficulties?
New York:
Post War World Council
, 1942.
- Democracy and Japanese Americans
. New York: Post War World Council, 1942.
- Martin Dies and Socialism
. New York: Socialist Party, n.d. [c. 1943].
- Victory's Victims? The Negro's Future
. With A. Philip Randolph. Socialist Party, n.d. [c. 1943].
- What Is Our Destiny?
Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1944.
- Conscription: The Test of Peace
. New York: Post War World Council, 1944.
- Russia: Promise and Performance.
[
permanent dead link
]
New York: Socialist Party, 1945.
- A socialist looks at the United Nations
Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1945.
- An Appeal to the Nations
. New York: Socialist Party, 1947.
- The One Hope of Peace: Universal Disarmament Under International Control
. New York: Post War World Council, 1947.
- Why I am a candidate
New York: Socialist Party, 1948.
- How Can the Socialist Party Best Serve Socialism? An Argument in Support of the Position of the Majority of the National Executive Committee Concerning Electoral Activities.
[New York]: [Socialist Party], 1949.
- A Socialist's Faith
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1951.
- Democratic Socialism: A New Appraisal.
[
permanent dead link
]
New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1953.
- The Test of Freedom
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1954.
- Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen... Reflections on Public Speaking
. New York: Hermitage House, 1955.
- The Prerequisites for Peace
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1959.
- Great Dissenters
. New York: W.W. Norton, 1961.
- Eugene V. Debs in the Light of History
. Terre Haute, IN: Eugene V. Debs Foundation, 1964.
- Socialism Re-Examined
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1963.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Kauffman, Bill
(2010-08-01)
Up Against the Wall
Archived
2011-05-18 at the
Wayback Machine
,
The American Conservative
- ^
David A. Shannon,
The Socialist Party of America: A History
. New York: Macmillan, 1955; p. 189.
- ^
Johnpoll, Bernard K.
Pacifist's Progress: Norman Thomas and the Decline of American Socialism
. Quadrangle Books, 1970. p. 13.
- ^
Shannon,
The Socialist Party of America
, pp. 189?90.
- ^
Current Biography 1945
, pp. 688?91.
- ^
a
b
Current Biography 1945
, p. 688.
- ^
Shannon,
The Socialist Party of America
, p. 190.
- ^
Shannon,
The Socialist Party of America
, pp. 190?91.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Shannon,
The Socialist Party of America
, p. 191.
- ^
Leon Trotsky (June 1938).
"Their Morals and Ours"
. The New International
. Retrieved
21 June
2018
.
The drawing-room socialist, Thomas, is [...] only a bourgeois with a socialist 'ideal'. [...] His personal life, interests, ties, moral criteria exist outside the party. With hostile astonishment he looks down upon the Bolshevik to whom the party is a weapon for the revolutionary reconstruction of society, including also its morality." [...] "This righteous man expelled the American 'Trotskyists' from his party precisely as the GPU shot down their co-thinkers in the U.S.S.R. and in Spain.
- ^
Johnpoll,
Pacifist's Progress
, pp. 138?39.
- ^
Beito, David T. (2023).
The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance
(First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 63?68.
ISBN
978-1598133561
.
- ^
Norman Thomas,
A Socialist's Faith
. (1951); pp. 312?13.
- ^
Facts on File: World News Digest
November 5, 1940
- ^
Facts on File: World News Digest
, January 28, 1941.
- ^
Swanberg,
Norman Thomas
, p. 260
- ^
Thomas,
A Socialist's Faith
, p. 313.
- ^
The ACLU national board supported the government and tried to stop a rogue chapter on the West Coast from going to court.
"American Civil Liberties Union,"
Densho Encyclopedia
(2013)
- ^
For more detail see
Samuel Walker (1999).
In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU
. SIU Press. pp. 139?43.
ISBN
978-0809322701
.
.
- ^
The Abortion rights controversy in America, A Legal Reader,
edited by N.E.H. Hull, William James Hoffer and Peter Charles Hoffer, 2004. p. 60
- ^
The Abortion Rights Controversy, p. 61
- ^
"The Minority Party in America: Featuring an Interview with Norman Thomas"
. folkways.si.edu. 2020-02-08
. Retrieved
2020-02-08
.
- ^
"Johnson Is Lauded, Goldwater Scored By Norman Thomas"
.
The New York Times
. 30 May 1964.
- ^
Norman Thomas: The Great Dissenter; Raymond F. Gregory, 2008
- ^
"People"
.
Time.com
. 1964-12-18. Archived from
the original
on October 19, 2008
. Retrieved
2015-05-13
.
- ^
"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest",
New York Post
, January 30, 1968.
- ^
Forman, James (1972).
The Making of Black Revolutionaries
. University of Washington Press. pp. 358?.
ISBN
978-0295976594
. Retrieved
16 September
2017
.
- ^
"Eugene V. Debs Award"
.
Eugene V. Debs Foundation Website
. Eugene V. Debs Foundation. 2017-09-18.
- ^
"Rev. N.M. Thomas Weds Miss Stewart; Assistant Pastor of Brick Presbyterian Church and His Bride Active in Charities. "Angel of Hell's Kitchen" Bride Endeared to the Poor by Her Devotion to Them ? She Aided Mr. Thomas In Summer Garden Work"
.
The New York Times
. September 2, 1910
. Retrieved
13 April
2016
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Princeton Alumni Weekly"
.
Princeton Alumni Weekly
. Vol. 48. January 1, 1947. p. 20
. Retrieved
April 13,
2016
.
- ^
"Frances Violet Stewart Thomas"
.
www.ourcampaigns.com
. Our Campaigns
. Retrieved
April 13,
2016
.
- ^
"Thomas, Norman [Mattoon]"
.
etcweb.princeton.edu
. Princeton University
. Retrieved
April 13,
2016
.
- ^
"Paid Notice: Deaths Miller, Mary (Polly)"
.
The New York Times
. August 1, 2010
. Retrieved
April 13,
2016
.
- ^
"The Country And Our State Are Looking To Us"
.
KU History
.
University of Kansas
. Retrieved
April 13,
2016
.
- ^
"Deaths: Gates, Frances Thomas"
.
The New York Times
. 18 December 2015
. Retrieved
13 April
2016
.
- ^
"1940 Vassar Alumnae/i Hub"
.
alums.vassar.edu
. Vassar College. Archived from
the original
on May 30, 2016
. Retrieved
April 13,
2016
.
- ^
"Evan Thomas II"
.
SFGate
. March 6, 1999
. Retrieved
April 13,
2016
.
- ^
"Paid Notice: Deaths Thomas, Evan Welling II"
.
The New York Times
. March 1, 1999
. Retrieved
April 13,
2016
.
- ^
"Paid Notice: Deaths Thomas, Anne Davis Robins"
.
The New York Times
. March 28, 2004
. Retrieved
April 13,
2016
.
- ^
Whitman, Aiden (December 20, 1968).
"Norman Thomas, Socialist, Dies; He Ran for President Six Times"
.
The New York Times
. p. 1
. Retrieved
May 31,
2022
.
- ^
[1]
Archived
December 31, 2006, at the
Wayback Machine
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Fleischmann, Harry,
Norman Thomas: A Biography
. New York, Norton & Co., 1964.
- Hyfler, Robert,
Prophets of the Left: American Socialist Thought in the Twentieth Century
. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984.
- Gregory, Raymond F.,
Norman Thomas: The Great Dissenter.
Sanford, NC: Algora Publishing, 2008.
- Johnpoll, Bernard K.,
Pacifists Progress: Norman Thomas and the Decline of American Socialism
. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970.
- Seidler, Murray B.,
Norman Thomas: Respectable Rebel
. Binghamton, New York, Syracuse University Press, 1967. Second Edition.
- Swanberg, W. A.,
Norman Thomas: The Last Idealist
. New York, Charles Scribner and Sons, 1976.
- Thomas, Louisa,
Conscience: Two Soldiers, Two Pacifists, One Family ? A Test of Will and Faith in World War I
. New York, The Penguin Press, 2011.
- Venkataramani, M.S., "Norman Thomas, Arkansas Sharecroppers, and the Roosevelt Agricultural Policies, 1933?1937",
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, vol. 47, no. 2 (Sept. 1960), pp. 225?46.
JSTOR
1891708
.
External links
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Presidential tickets
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- 1904
,
Debs
/
Hanford
- 1908
,
Debs
/
Hanford
- 1912
,
Debs
/
Seidel
- 1916
,
Benson
/
Kirkpatrick
- 1920
,
Debs
/
Stedman
- 1924
, Endorsed
Progressive Party ticket
- 1928
,
Thomas
/
Maurer
- 1932
,
Thomas
/
Maurer
- 1936
,
Thomas
/
Nelson
- 1940
,
Thomas
/
Krueger
- 1944
,
Thomas
/
Hoopes
- 1948
,
Thomas
/
Smith
- 1952
,
Hoopes
/
Friedman
- 1956
,
Hoopes
/
Friedman
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Parties by state
and territory
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Related topics
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This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election
|
Presidential
tickets that
won at least
one percent of
the national
popular vote
(Candidate(s) /
Running Mate(s))
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Other notable
left-wing parties
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1960?1979
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1980?1999
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2000?2019
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International
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National
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People
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Other
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