Traditional Christmas service of Christian worship
Nine Lessons and Carols
, also known as the
Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols
and
Service of Nine Lessons and Carols
, is a service of
Christian worship
traditionally celebrated on or near
Christmas Eve
in England. The story of the
fall of humanity
, the
promise of the Messiah
, and the
birth of Jesus
is told in nine short
Bible
readings or
lessons
from Genesis, the prophetic books and the Gospels, interspersed with the singing of
Christmas carols
,
hymns
and
choir
anthems
.
History
[
edit
]
Although the tradition of Nine Lessons and Carols is popularly associated with
King's College, Cambridge
, its origins are attributed to
Truro Cathedral
in
Cornwall
. Up to the late 19th century, the singing of Christmas carols was normally performed by singers visiting people's houses, and carols ? generally considered to be secular in content ? had been excluded from Christian worship. In the
Victorian era
, the rising popularity of
hymnody
encouraged church musicians to introduce carols into worship. An 1875 book of carols,
Carols for Use in Church During Christmas and Epiphany
by Richard Chope and
Sabine Baring-Gould
, was an influential publication. At around this time, the composer and organist
John Stainer
was compiling a collection,
Christmas Carols New and Old
, and during Christmas 1878 he introduced carols into the service of
Choral Evensong
at
St Paul's Cathedral
in London.
Other cathedrals also began to adopt carols at
Christmastide
that year and the
Royal Cornwall Gazette
reported that the choir of Truro Cathedral would sing a service of carols at 10:00 pm on Christmas Eve:
The Choir of the Cathedral will sing a number of carols in the Cathedral on Christmas Eve, the service commencing at 10pm. We understand that this is at the wish of many of the leading parishioners and others. A like service has been instituted in other cathedral and large towns, and has been much appreciated. It is the intention of the choir to no longer continue the custom of singing carols at the residences of members of the congregation.
Two years later, the Right Rev.
Edward White Benson
, at that time
Bishop of Truro
, conducted the first formal service of "Nine Lessons and Carols" on
Christmas Eve
(24 December) 1880. Benson, concerned at the excessive consumption of alcohol in Cornish
pubs
during the
festive season
, sought a means of attracting revellers out of the pubs and into church by offering a religious celebration of Christmas. The idea for a service consisting of Christmas music interspersed with Bible readings was proposed by the
succentor
of the cathedral, the Rev.
George Walpole
(who later became
Bishop of Edinburgh
). The cathedral ? a
Victorian gothic
building ? was still under construction, and services were being held in a temporary wooden structure which served as a
pro-cathedral
. The first Nine Lessons and Carols service took place there at 10:00 p.m. on Christmas Eve and was attended by over 400 people.
[3]
[4]
[5]
Benson's son,
A. C. Benson
, later recalled:
My father arranged from ancient sources a little services for Christmas Eve, nine carols and nine tiny lessons. They were read by various officers of the church, beginning with a chorister and ending, through different grades, with the bishop.
Bishop Benson was appointed
Archbishop of Canterbury
in 1883, and the Nine Lessons service began to gain in popularity across the
Church of England
and the wider
Anglican Communion
, as well as
Roman Catholic
churches in
England and Wales
. The original liturgy has since been adapted and used by other churches all over the world, particularly in English-speaking countries. Lessons and Carols most often occur in
Anglican
churches. However, numerous Christian denominations have adopted the service, or a variation of it, as part of their Christmas celebrations. In the UK, the service has become the standard format for school carol services.
In 1916, a service of Nine Lessons and Carols was held at
Brown University
in
Providence, Rhode Island
; the institution celebrated the 100th anniversary of its Lessons and Carols in 2016.
[7]
Notably in 1918, the Rev.
Eric Milner-White
the new
dean
of King's College, Cambridge, introduced the service to the college chapel, taking advantage of the established choral tradition of the
Choir of King's College, Cambridge
. It proved highly successful, and began an annual tradition ? albeit with some alterations to Benson's original format from 1919 onwards. The
BBC
began to broadcast the service on the radio from 1928 and on television from 1954, establishing
Carols from King's
as the most popular and widely recognised presentation of the service.
[8]
[4]
In North America, the Lessons and Carols tradition spread to other US and Canadian institutions. In 1928, organist and choirmaster Twining Lynes, introduced the service to
Groton School
in
Groton, Massachusetts
, after being inspired by services in England.
[9]
In Canada, the Festival of Nine Lessons and carols is done multilingually at
Bishop's College School
,
Quebec
, with the nine lessons read in nine languages or dialects.
In December 2013, Truro Cathedral staged a reconstruction of Bishop Benson's original 1880 Nine Lessons with Carols Service which was attended by a congregation of over 1,500 people.
[5]
Service at King's College, Cambridge
[
edit
]
The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at
King's College, Cambridge
, was held on
Christmas Eve
in 1918. During
World War I
the dean, Eric Milner-White, had served as
army chaplain
in the
7th Infantry Division
and he was concerned that the distress of the "Great War" had hardened attitudes against religion. Taking advantage of the established choral tradition of the
Choir of King's College, Cambridge
, he introduced Benson's carol service to King's as a means of attracting people back to Christian worship. The first Nine Lessons service in
King's College Chapel
was held on Christmas Eve, 1918, directed by
Arthur Henry Mann
who was the
organist
from 1876 to 1929.
[10]
The King's College service was immensely successful, and the following year Milner-White made some changes to Benson's original format, notably introducing the tradition of opening the service with a solo treble singing "
Once in Royal David's City
". This was then followed by a
bidding prayer
penned by Milner-White himself, and re-ordering the lessons.
[8]
[11]
[4]
The choir had 16
trebles
as specified in statutes laid down by
Henry VI
, and until 1927 the men's voices were provided by
choral scholars
and
lay clerks
. Today, 14
undergraduates
from the choir sing the men's parts.
[10]
Broadcasting of the service
[
edit
]
The popularity of the service was established when the service began to be broadcast by the
British Broadcasting Corporation
in 1928, and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since. During the 1930s the service reached a worldwide audience when the BBC began broadcasting the service on its
Overseas Service
. Even throughout the
Second World War
, despite the
stained glass
having been removed from the chapel and the lack of heating, the broadcasts continued. For security reasons, the name "King's" was not mentioned during wartime broadcasts.
[10]
Nine Lessons and Carols from King's College was first televised by
BBC Television
in 1954, conducted by the director of music,
Boris Ord
.
[12]
[13]
Since the Second World War, it has been estimated that each year there are millions of listeners worldwide who listen to the service live on the
BBC World Service
. Domestically, the service is broadcast live on
BBC Radio 4
, and a recorded broadcast is made on Christmas Day on
BBC Radio 3
.
[10]
In the US, a 1954 service was put into the
National Recording Registry
by the
Library of Congress
in 2008.
[14]
The broadcast has been heard live on public radio stations affiliated with
American Public Media
since 1979, and most stations broadcast a repeat on Christmas Day. Since 1963, the service has been periodically filmed for television broadcast in the UK.
[15]
Presently, each year a programme entitled
Carols from King's
is pre-recorded in early or mid-December then shown on Christmas Eve in the UK on
BBC Two
and
BBC Four
. The programme is weighted more heavily in favour of carols sung by the choir, with only seven readings in total, not all of which are from the Bible.
In 2020, during the
COVID-19 pandemic
, the service was conducted, for the first time, without a congregation.
[16]
[17]
The service did not take place live, but instead a pre-recorded service produced by King's College was broadcast at the usual time.
[18]
It was the first time since 1930 that the service had not been broadcast live.
Order of service
[
edit
]
The format of the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols has not changed substantially since 1918. The order of the lessons was revised in 1919, since when the service has always begun with the hymn "
Once in Royal David's City
".
[10]
Today the first verse is sung unaccompanied by a solo boy chorister. To avoid putting him under undue stress, the chorister is not told that he will be singing the solo until immediately before the service.
[19]
The nine lessons, which are the same every year, are read by representatives of the College and of the city of Cambridge using the text of the
King James Version
of the
Bible
published in 1611. The singing is made up of "carols" sung by the choir and "hymns" sung by the choir and congregation. Some services have also included
anthems
sung between the carols and hymns, such as a performance of "
E'en So, Lord Jesus, Quickly Come
" in 2004.
[20]
Since 1983, a new carol has been commissioned by the College and premiered at the service. The carols vary from year to year, although some music is repeated, and the service ends with the hymn "
Hark! The Herald Angels Sing
". The order of service in 2023 was as follows:
[21]
- "Fantasia in C, BK 25" – music by
William Byrd
(c. 1540?1623)
- 'La vierge et l'enfant' from "
La Nativite du Seigneur
" – music by Olivier Messaien (1908?1992)
- "Prelude in D, BuxWV 139" – music by
Dieterich Buxtehude
(c. 1637?1707)
- 'Les anges' from "La Nativite du Seigneur" – music by Olivier Messaien
- "Prelude and Fugue in G, BWV 550" – music by
Johann Sebastian Bach
(1685?1750)
- "In dulci jubilo, BuxWV 197" – music by Dieterich Buxtehude
- Carol: "Out of your sleep arise and wake" – words, anonymous 15th century English, modernised by
Eleanor Parker
; music by Robin Nelson
- First lesson from
Genesis
3: 8–15, 17–19
(read by a chorister of King's College)
- Second lesson from Genesis 22: 15–18
(read by the Chaplain of King's College)
- Carol: "Illuminare Jerusalem" – words, 16th century Scots, modernised by Eleanor Parker; music by
Judith Weir
- Third lesson from
Isaiah
9: 2, 6–7
(read by a member of the King's College staff)
- Fourth lesson from Isaiah 11: 1–4a, 6–9
(read by a representative of
Eton College
)
- Fifth lesson from
Luke
1: 26–35, 38
(read by a
Fellow
of King's College)
- Seventh lesson from Luke 2: 8–16
(read by the Director of Music of King's College)
- Eighth lesson from
Matthew
2: 1–12
(read by the Vice-Provost of King's College)
- Carol: "The Christ-Child lay on Mary's lap" – words, 'A Christmas Carol' by
G. K. Chesterton
(1874?1936); music by
John Rutter
(written in memory of Stephen Cleobury)
- Carol: "Procedenti puero" – words, 15th century English; music by
Peter Warlock
(1894?1930)
- "
In Dulci Jubilo
, BWV 729" – music by Johann Sebastian Bach
- 'Dieu parmi nous' from "La Nativite du Seigneur" – music by Olivier Messaien
Commissioned carols and organ postludes
[
edit
]
The table below shows the new carols commissioned by King's College, Cambridge, since 1983.
Year
|
Title of carol
|
Author/source and composer
|
1983
|
In Wintertime
[
citation needed
]
(When Thou Wast Born in Wintertime)
|
Words:
Betty Askwith
Music:
Lennox Berkeley
|
1984
|
One Star, At Last
[
citation needed
]
(Fix on One Star)
|
Words:
George Mackay Brown
Music:
Peter Maxwell Davies
|
1985
|
Illuminare Jerusalem
[22]
|
Words: Adapted from the
Bannatyne Manuscript
[23]
Music:
Judith Weir
|
1986
|
Nowel, Nowel, Holly Dark
[
citation needed
]
|
Words:
Walter de la Mare
Music:
Richard Rodney Bennett
|
1987
|
What Sweeter Music Can We Bring
[24]
|
Words:
Robert Herrick
Music:
John Rutter
|
1988
|
The Birthday of Thy King
[
citation needed
]
(Awake, Glad Heart, Get up, and Sing!)
|
Words: After
Henry Vaughan
Music:
Peter Sculthorpe
|
1989
|
Carol of St. Steven
[
citation needed
]
|
Words: Adapted from
William Sandys
Music:
Alexander Goehr
|
1990
|
Богородице Дево, радуйся
[25]
(Rejoice, O Virgin Mary)
|
Words:
Orthodox Liturgy
(in
Russian
)
Music:
Arvo Part
|
1991
|
A Gathering
[
citation needed
]
|
Words:
Lancelot Andrewes
Music:
John Casken
|
1992
|
Swete Jesu
[
citation needed
]
|
Words: Anonymous, 13th century
Music:
Nicholas Maw
|
1993
|
Christo Paremus Cantica
[
citation needed
]
|
Words: Anonymous, 15th century
Music:
Diana Burrell
|
1994
|
The Angels
[
citation needed
]
(Should you Hear them Singing Among Stars)
|
Words:
John V. Taylor
Music:
Jonathan Harvey
|
1995
|
Seinte Marie Moder Milde
[
citation needed
]
|
Words: 13th century manuscript in the library of
Trinity College, Cambridge
Music:
James MacMillan
|
1996
|
Pilgrim Jesus
[
citation needed
]
(Iesus! Christus! In the Manger of my Body)
|
Words:
Kevin Crossley-Holland
Music:
Stephen Paulus
|
1997
|
The Fayrfax Carol
[26]
|
Words: Anonymous,
early Tudor
Music:
Thomas Ades
|
1998
|
Winter Solstice Carol
[27]
|
Words: English translation of the
Magnificat
antiphon
for Christmas Day
Music:
Giles Swayne
|
1999
|
On Christmas Day to My Heart
[28]
|
Words:
Clement Paman
Music:
Richard Rodney Bennett
|
2000
|
The Three Kings
[29]
|
Words:
Dorothy L. Sayers
Music:
Jonathan Dove
|
2001
|
Spring in Winter
[22]
|
Words:
Christopher Smart
Music:
John Woolrich
|
2002
|
The Angel Gabriel Descended to a Virgin
[30]
|
Words: 15th–17th century
Music:
Robin Holloway
|
2003
|
The Gleam
[31]
(Not yet shepherds the gilded kings)
|
Words:
Stephen Plaice
Music:
Harrison Birtwistle
|
2004
|
God Would be Born in Thee
[32]
[33]
(Lo, In the Silent Night a Child in God is Born)
|
Words:
Angelus Silesius
Music:
Judith Bingham
|
2005
|
Away in a Manger
[24]
|
Words: 19th century
Music:
John Tavener
|
2006
|
Misere' Nobis
[34]
(Jesu of a Maiden Thou Wast Born)
|
Words: English mediaeval carol
Music:
Mark-Anthony Turnage
|
2007
|
Noel (Now Comes the Dawn)
[25]
(Stardust and Vaporous Light)
|
Words:
Richard Watson Gilder
Music:
Brett Dean
|
2008
|
Mary
(The Night When She First Gave Birth)
[35]
|
Words:
Bertolt Brecht
, translated by
Michael Hamburger
Music:
Dominic Muldowney
|
2009
|
The Christ Child
[36]
|
Words:
G. K. Chesterton
Music:
Gabriel Jackson
[37]
|
2010
|
Christmas Carol (Offerings They Brought of Gold)
|
Words:
Einojuhani Rautavaara
, translated by Hanni-Mari and Christopher Latham
Music: Einojuhani Rautavaara
[38]
|
2011
|
Christmas Hath a Darkness
|
Words:
Christina Rossetti
Music:
Tansy Davies
[39]
|
2012
|
Ring Out, Wild Bells
|
Words:
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Music:
Carl Vine
[40]
|
2013
|
Hear the Voice of the Bard
|
Words:
William Blake
Music:
Thea Musgrave
[41]
|
2014
|
De Virgine Maria
|
Words: 12th-century Latin, translated by
Ronald Knox
Music:
Carl Rutti
|
2015
|
The Flight
|
Words:
George Szirtes
Music:
Richard Causton
[42]
|
2016
|
This Endernight
|
Words: Anonymous c. 1400
Music:
Michael Berkeley
[43]
|
2017
|
Carol Eliseus
|
Words: Welsh
Music:
Huw Watkins
[44]
|
2018
|
O Mercy Divine
|
Words:
Charles Wesley
[45]
Music:
Judith Weir
[46]
|
2019
|
The Angel Gabriel
|
Words:
Sabine Baring-Gould
Music:
Philip Moore
[47]
|
2020
|
No new commission
[48]
|
2021
|
There is no Rose
|
Words: 15th century
Music:
Cecilia McDowall
[49]
|
2022
|
Angelus ad Virginem
|
Words: Mediaeval
Music:
Matthew Martin
[50]
|
2023
|
The Cradle
|
Words: Anonymous, 17th century Austrian, translated by
Robert Graves
Music:
Cheryl Frances-Hoad
[51]
|
Organ postludes have also been commissioned in certain years, as shown in the table below.
Attendance at the service
[
edit
]
Attendance at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols held on Christmas Eve is now by ticket only, many of which are allocated by public ballot; standby tickets are also made available to those who applied for in the ballot.
[52]
Owing to the service's popularity, demand for seats greatly exceeds the number of tickets available. In previous years, when tickets were available at the door, some people began queuing the night before,
[53]
but now only those with standby tickets are permitted to stand in the queue.
[52]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
"Christmas at the Cathedral"
.
Royal Cornwall Gazette
. Falmouth. 20 December 1878
. Retrieved
18 August
2015
.
- ^
Alex Webb (24 December 2001),
"Choir that sings to the world"
,
BBC News
.
- ^
a
b
c
Gray, Christopher (29 November 2013).
"How Truro created Christmas musical history"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
9 May
2019
.
- ^
a
b
"Nine Lessons and Carols"
.
www.trurocathedral.org.uk
.
- ^
"Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols"
.
bbc.co.uk
. 16 December 2005.
- ^
"100th Annual Service of Lessons and Carols | Office of the Chaplains and Religious Life"
.
www.brown.edu
. Retrieved
4 October
2019
.
- ^
a
b
McGrath, Alister E. (2006).
Christianity: An Introduction
. John Wiley & Sons. p. 293.
ISBN
9781405108997
.
- ^
"Spiritual Life at Groton"
.
Groton School
. Retrieved
4 October
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Nine lessons and carols: History of the service
,
King's College Chapel
, retrieved
9 March
2008
.
- ^
"In the Chapel: Carols"
.
King's College Cambridge
. Retrieved
4 October
2019
.
- ^
Humphreys, Garry (20 May 2012).
"The Choir of King's College, Cambridge made world-famous by Boris Ord"
.
www.semibrevity.com
. Retrieved
2 October
2019
.
- ^
Coghlan, Alexandra (2016).
Carols From King's
. Random House. p. 168.
ISBN
9781473530515
. Retrieved
2 October
2019
.
- ^
Metzler, Natasha (9 June 2009).
"New National Recording Registry entries announced"
. Associated Press, San Francisco Chronicle
. Retrieved
17 March
2017
.
- ^
History of A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols
,
King's College, Cambridge
, retrieved
25 December
2010
.
- ^
"Carols from King's"
.
BBC
. Retrieved
25 December
2020
.
- ^
"Carols from King's to be sung in empty chapel for first time in a century"
.
The Guardian
. 29 November 2020
. Retrieved
25 December
2020
.
- ^
"Radio to broadcast recorded version of Christmas Eve service"
.
King's College Cambridge
. Retrieved
31 August
2021
.
- ^
Peter Kingston (21 December 2007),
"The world's greatest carol event"
,
The Guardian
(EducationGuardian)
.
- ^
"A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols 2004"
.
King's College, Cambridge
. University of Cambridge. Archived from
the original
on 24 October 2014
. Retrieved
3 November
2014
.
- ^
A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2023
, Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge
, 24 December 2023
, retrieved
24 December
2023
. For the songs sung in earlier years, see "
List of carols performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel, Cambridge
".
- ^
a
b
Nine Lessons and Carols 2001
, Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge
, 2001, archived from
the original
on 9 December 2007
, retrieved
1 January
2008
.
- ^
John MacQueen; Winifred MacQueen (1972),
A Choice of Scottish Verse, 1470–1570
, London:
Faber and Faber
,
ISBN
0-571-09532-1
- ^
a
b
c
A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2005
(PDF)
, Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge
, 24 December 2005, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 11 December 2006
, retrieved
1 January
2008
.
- ^
a
b
c
A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2007
(PDF)
, Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge
, 24 December 2007, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 7 June 2011
, retrieved
24 December
2007
.
- ^
Nine Lessons and Carols 1997
, Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge
, 1997, archived from
the original
on 28 September 2006
, retrieved
1 January
2008
.
- ^
Nine Lessons and Carols 1998
, Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge
, 1998, archived from
the original
on 13 August 2007
, retrieved
1 January
2008
.
- ^
Nine Lessons and Carols 1999
, Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge
, 1999, archived from
the original
on 16 December 2007
, retrieved
1 January
2008
.
- ^
Nine Lessons and Carols 2000
, Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge
, 2000, archived from
the original
on 8 August 2007
, retrieved
1 January
2008
.
- ^
Nine Lessons and Carols 2002
, Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge
, 2002, archived from
the original
on 17 November 2007
, retrieved
1 January
2008
.
- ^
Nine Lessons and Carols 2003
,
King's College Chapel, Cambridge
, 2003, archived from
the original
on 25 December 2007
, retrieved
1 January
2008
.
- ^
Nine Lessons and Carols 2004
, Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge
, 2004, archived from
the original
on 17 January 2008
, retrieved
1 January
2008
.
- ^
In addition, a carol entitled
Starry Night O'er Bethlehem
with words by Anne Willcocks and music by
David Willcocks
was also specially written for the service.
- ^
a
b
A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2006
(PDF)
, Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge
, 24 December 2006, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 4 February 2007
, retrieved
1 January
2008
.
- ^
A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2008
(PDF)
, Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge
, 24 December 2008, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 5 November 2010
, retrieved
25 December
2008
. For the songs sung in earlier years, see "
List of carols performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel, Cambridge
".
- ^
OUP Choral News E-mail October 2009
, 9 October 2009
.
- ^
Oxford Music Now
(PDF)
,
Oxford University Press
, Spring 2009, p. 5, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 26 July 2011
, retrieved
16 May
2009
.
- ^
Boosey & Hawkes - Performance Calendar
, retrieved
24 October
2010
.
- ^
A Festival of Nine Lessons & Carols, Order of Service, 2011
(PDF)
, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 31 January 2012
, retrieved
25 December
2011
.
- ^
A Festival of Nine Lessons & Carols, Order of Service, 2012
(PDF)
, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 16 January 2013
, retrieved
27 December
2012
.
- ^
Commissioned carol sets Blake poem to music
, retrieved
5 December
2013
.
- ^
Richard Causton composes 2015 commissioned carol
, retrieved
29 November
2015
.
- ^
Michael Berkeley composes Christmas commissioned carol
, retrieved
19 November
2016
.
- ^
New Christmas Eve carol announced
, retrieved
9 December
2017
[
permanent dead link
]
.
- ^
http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapel/9lc_order_of_service_2018.pdf%7Caccess-date=15
[
permanent dead link
]
December 2018
- ^
"News"
.
- ^
"King's commissions a new carol for Christmas Eve"
.
- ^
Interview with Daniel Hyde > 'The Irregular Christmas';
BBC Music Magazine
, Christmas 2020, p 35
- ^
"King's announces commissioned carol for Christmas Eve"
.
- ^
"Christmas Religious Programming on the BBC 2022"
. Retrieved
29 November
2022
.
- ^
King's College, Cambridge, "King's commissions a new carol for Christmas Eve"
, 28 November 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^
a
b
King's College, Cambridge, A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Attending in Person
. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^
Hallows, Neil (22 December 2006).
"Queuing for King's"
.
BBC News
. Retrieved
5 October
2019
.
Sources
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Cleobury, Stephen
(December 1988), "Nine Lessons and Carols at King's: 70 Years On",
The Musical Times
,
129
(1750), The Musical Times, Vol. 129, No. 1750: 687?689,
doi
:
10.2307/966672
,
JSTOR
966672
.
- Barnett, Laura (9 December 2006),
"My week: Stephen Cleobury"
,
The Daily Telegraph
(Weekend)
[
dead link
]
.
External links
[
edit
]
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