한국   대만   중국   일본 
Nikola Mandi? - Wikipedia Jump to content

Nikola Mandi?

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the Croatian footballer, see Nikola Mandi? (footballer) .

Nikola Mandi?
2nd Prime Minister of the Independent State of Croatia
In office
2 September 1943 ? 8 May 1945
Poglavnik Ante Paveli?
Preceded by Ante Paveli?
Succeeded by Office abolished
4th President of the Diet of Bosnia
In office
1912 ? 9 July 1914
Preceded by Safvet-beg Ba?agi?
Succeeded by Office abolished
Personal details
Born ( 1869-01-20 ) 20 January 1869
Travnik , Ottoman Empire
Died 7 June 1945 (1945-06-07) (aged 76)
Zagreb , Croatia , Yugoslavia
Nationality Croat
Political party Croat People's Union
(1910?1919)
Croatian Popular Party
(1919?1929)
Usta?e
(1929?1945)
Alma mater University of Vienna
Profession Lawyer , politician

Nikola Mandi? ( Croatian pronunciation: [n?kola m?ndit?] ; 20 January 1869 ? 7 June 1945) was a Croatian politician and one of the leading political figures in Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austrian-Hungarian rule. He also served as a Prime Minister of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) during World War II . He was executed by the Yugoslav Partisans as a war criminal on 7 June 1945.

Early life [ edit ]

Nikola Mandi? was born in the town of Travnik on 20 January 1869, [1] to a Bosnian Croat family. [2] He finished gymnasium in Sarajevo and went on to study law at the University of Vienna , where he received a doctorate in law in 1894. Mandi? returned to Sarajevo and worked as a judicial clerk before becoming an attorney. [1]

Political career [ edit ]

Austria-Hungary [ edit ]

In the early 1900s, Mandi? became one of the most influential Croat politicians in Bosnia and Herzegovina . [1] In 1907, he and other Croat politicians founded a political party known as the Croat People's Union ( Croatian : Hrvatska narodna zajednica , HNZ). The party received approval from Austria-Hungary in November 1907, and Mandi? was elected party leader at its founding assembly in February 1908. At the time, he was serving as deputy mayor of Sarajevo. [3]

On 6 October 1908, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina . Mandi? unconditionally supported the move, reasoning that the annexation would make it easier for the two regions to later be united with the nominally autonomous Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . He also believed that Bosnia and Herzegovina should receive the status of "empire's land", ruled jointly by both Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary . [4]

Mandi? became a member of the Diet of Bosnia ( Bosanski sabor ) in 1910, representing the HNZ. He was elected Speaker of the Diet in 1911 and was named vice-governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina by decree of Emperor Franz Joseph . Mandi? was also the founder and first president of the Croatian Central Bank ( Hrvatska centralna banka , HCB), as well as its subsidiary, the Agricultural Bank of Sarajevo ( Poljoprivredna banka u Sarajevu , PBS). He also founded a Croatian choir called "Trebevi?". Mandi? remained a member of the Bosnian Diet until Austria-Hungary's dissolution in November 1918. [1]

Kingdom of Yugoslavia [ edit ]

Following the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , Mandi? was chosen to become a deputy in the National Assembly, but never took office because prominent Serbian politicians vetoed his appointment. [ citation needed ]

In 1920, Mandi? was appointed to the constituent assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, representing the Croatian Popular Party ( Hrvatska pu?ka stranka ). At the assembly, he became notable as an advocate of Croatian, as opposed to Yugoslav, political aims. He expressed his opposition to King Alexander 's Vidovdan Constitution and voted against it on 28 June 1921, when it was passed with 223 voted for, 35 voted against and 161 abstained. Disappointed by the outcome of the vote, Mandi? tendered his resignation from the assembly. [1]

Independent State of Croatia [ edit ]

Nikola Mandi? with Brigadier General Fritz Neidholt , the commander of the 369th (Croatian) Infantry Division , known as the Devil's Division.

Mandi? was living as a retired government functionary at the time the Independent State of Croatia ( Nezavisna Dr?ava Hrvatska , NDH) was declared. He worked as an attorney and served as president of the Sarajevo Chamber of Attorneys until September 1943. On 2 September 1943, Poglavnik Ante Paveli? offered Mandi? the post of Prime Minister of the Independent State of Croatia . Mandi? accepted the offer. His appointment was met with mixed feelings, and infuriated politicians such as Mladen Lorkovi? , Mile Star?evi? and Vladimir Ko?ak , some of whom threatened to resign due to the decision. They brought up Mandi?'s age and questioned whether he would be able to serve to the best of his ability. [1]

Immediately, Mandi? became involved in discussions with the Croatian Peasant Party ( Croatian : Hrvatska selja?ka stranka , HSS) regarding the composition and character of the Government of the Independent State of Croatia . He advocated the creation of a coalition government, while prominent HSS member August Ko?uti? voiced support for a clerical, partisan one which distanced the Usta?e from Croatian state politics. The discussions ended in late September 1943, with no political compromise reached. [1]

On 1 March 1944, Mandi? and Croatian Foreign Minister Stijepo Peri? visited Adolf Hitler at the Schloss Klessheim , a Baroque palace located 4 km (2.5 mi) west of Salzburg . [1] German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop was also in attendance. [5] At the meeting, Hitler stressed that he considered Croatia an ally and partner and maintained that Serbia was merely a conquered state, stating: "[the] Serbs will never be [Germany's] friends". [6] Mandi? and Peri? complained to Hitler that the staff officers of the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) were promoting the autonomy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hitler disagreed with Mandi?'s assessment of the division, but later reached a compromise with Muslim autonomists whereby the division would remain in Bosnia and be used to defend its Muslim population. In return, the autonomists promised Hitler that they would support Bosnia and Herzegovina's integration into the NDH. [6]

Mandi? led an NDH government delegation to Sarajevo in late April 1944. There, he was presented with a memorandum documenting the persecution of Muslims by the Usta?e. Croatian politicians quickly condemned the memorandum, calling it "one of the greatest Muslim assaults...on the sovereignty and unity of the NDH." [7] In March 1945, Mandi? called for NDH citizens of all ethnicities to voice their thoughts on the Usta?e, the war and the communist Yugoslav Partisans . With his backing, the NDH drafted a memorandum to British Field Marshal Harold Alexander , Commander-in-Chief Middle East and commander of the 18th Army Group in Tunisia, expressing a desire to defect to the Allies in the wake of Hitler's death. The memorandum was ignored. [1]

Together with the rest of the Croatian government, Mandi? left Zagreb on 8 May 1945 in the Independent State of Croatia evacuation to Austria . He surrendered to the British on 15 May and demanded political asylum . The British ignored his requests and handed him over to the Partisans three days later, on 18 May. Mandi? was charged with various war crimes and put before a military tribunal in Zagreb. Mandi? was convicted and sentenced to death on 6 June 1945. His execution was carried out the following day. [1]

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dizdar et al. 1997 , p. 253.
  2. ^ Tomasevich 2001 , pp. 378?379.
  3. ^ Donia 2006 , p. 104.
  4. ^ Red?i? 2005 , p. 65.
  5. ^ Tomasevich 2001 , p. 326.
  6. ^ a b Red?i? 2005 , p. 189.
  7. ^ Red?i? 2005 , p. 107.

References [ edit ]

  • Dizdar, Zdravko; Gr?i?, Marko; Ravli?, Slaven ; Stupari?, Darko (1997). Tko je tko u NDH (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb : Minerva. ISBN   978-953-6377-03-9 .
  • Donia, Robert J. (2006). Sarajevo: A Biography . Ann Arbor, Michigan : University of Michigan Press. ISBN   978-0-472-11557-0 .
  • Red?i?, Enver (2005). Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War . Abingdon-on-Thames : Frank Cass. ISBN   978-0-7146-5625-0 .
  • Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941?1945: Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford, California : Stanford University Press. ISBN   978-0-8047-3615-2 .
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikola_Mandi?&oldid=1171964191 "