Entertainment venue at nighttime
A
nightclub
is a club that is open at
night
, usually for
drinking
,
dancing
and other entertainment. Nightclubs often have a
bar
and
discotheque
(usually simply known as
disco
) with a dance floor,
laser lighting displays
, and a stage for
live music
or a
disc jockey
(DJ) who mixes recorded music. Nightclubs tend to be smaller than live music venues like
theatres
and
stadiums
, with few or no seats for customers.
Nightclubs generally restrict access to people in terms of age,
attire
,
personal belongings
, and inappropriate behaviors. Nightclubs typically have
dress codes
to prohibit people wearing informal, indecent, offensive, or gang-related attire from entering. Unlike other entertainment venues, nightclubs are more likely to use
bouncers
to screen prospective patrons for entry.
The busiest nights for a nightclub are Friday and Saturday nights. Most nightclubs cater to a particular music genre or sound for branding effects. Some nightclubs may offer food and beverages (including alcoholic beverages).
[1]
Terminology
[
edit
]
In some countries, nightclubs are also referred to as "discos" or "discotheques" (
German
:
Disko
or
Diskothek
(outdated; nowadays:
Club
);
French
:
discotheque
;
Italian
,
Portuguese
, and
Spanish
:
discoteca,
antro
(common in Mexico), and
boliche
(common in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay),
discos
is commonly used in all others in Latin America). In
Japanese
ディスコ,
disuko
refers to an older, smaller, less fashionable venue; while クラブ,
kurabu
refers to a more recent, larger, more popular venue. The term
night
is used to refer to an evening focusing on a specific genre, such as "
retro
music night" or a "singles night". In Hong Kong and China, nightclub is used as a
euphemism
for a
hostess club
, and the association of the term with the sex trade has driven out the regular usage of the term.
[
citation needed
]
History
[
edit
]
Early history
[
edit
]
In the
United States
,
New York
increasingly became the national capital for tourism and entertainment. Grand hotels were built for upscale visitors.
[2]
New York's theater district
gradually moved northward during this half century, from The
Bowery
up
Broadway
through
Union Square
and
Madison Square
, settling around
Times Square
at the end of the 19th century. Stars such as
Edwin Booth
and
Lillian Russell
were among the early
Broadway
performers.
[3]
Prostitutes
served a wide variety of clientele, from sailors on leave to playboys.
[4]
The first nightclubs appeared in New York City in the 1840s and 1850s, including McGlory's, and the Haymarket. They enjoyed a national reputation for
vaudeville
, live music, and dance. They tolerated unlicensed liquor, commercial sex, and
gambling
cards, chiefly
Faro
. Practically all gambling was illegal in the city (except upscale
horseracing
tracks), and regular payoffs to political and police leadership was necessary. Prices were high and they were patronized by an upscale audience.
Timothy Gilfoyle
called them "the first nightclubs".
[5]
[6]
By contrast,
Owney Geoghegan
ran the toughest nightclub in New York from 1880 to 1883. It catered to a downscale clientele and besides the usual illegal liquor, gambling, and prostitution, it featured nightly fistfights and occasional shootings, stabbings, and police raids.
[7]
[8]
Webster Hall
is credited as the first modern nightclub,
[9]
being built in 1886 and starting off as a "social hall", originally functioning as a home for dance and political activism events.
Reisenweber's Cafe
is credited for introducing
jazz
and
cabaret
to New Yorkers.
[10]
Jukebox and prohibition
[
edit
]
The
jukebox
(a coin-operated record-player) was invented by the Pacific Phonograph Company in 1889 by its managers Louis Glass and his partner William S. Arnold.
[11]
The first was installed at the Palais Royale Saloon,
San Francisco
on November 23, 1889, becoming an overnight sensation.
[12]
The advent of the jukebox fueled the
Prohibition
-era boom in underground illegal
speakeasy
bars, which needed music but could not afford a live band and needed precious space for paying customers.
[13]
Webster Hall stayed open, with rumors circulating of
Al Capone
's involvement and police bribery.
From about 1900 to 1920,
working class
Americans would gather at
honky tonks
or
juke joints
to dance to music played on a piano or a jukebox. With the
repeal of Prohibition
in February 1933, nightclubs were revived, such as New York's
21 Club
,
Copacabana
,
El Morocco
, and the
Stork Club
. These nightclubs featured
big bands
.
During America's Prohibition, new speakeasies and nightclubs appeared on a weekly basis.
Texas Guinan
opened and ran many, and had many padlocked by the police.
Harlem
had its own clubs including the
Cotton Club
. Midtown New York had a string of nightclubs, many named after bandleaders such as
Paul Whiteman
,
Vincent Lopez
, and
Roger Wolfe Kahn
who opened Le Perroquet de Paris at a cost of $250,000. It was billed as America's most beautiful and sophisticated nightclub and featured the young Kahn and his band most evenings.
[14]
Pre-WWII
[
edit
]
Europe
[
edit
]
Pre-World War II
Soho
in
London
offered
cafe society
,
cabaret
,
burlesque
jazz, and bohemian clubs similar to those in New York,
Paris
, and
Berlin
.
[16]
Nightclubs in London were tied much to the idea of "
high society
", via organisations such as the
Kit Kat Club
[17]
[
better source needed
]
(which took its name from the political
Kit-Cat Club
in
Pall Mall, London
) and the
Cafe de Paris
. The
43 Club
on
Gerrard Street
was run by
Kate Meyrick
the 'Night Club Queen'. Meyrick ran several London nightclubs in the 1920s and early 1930s, during which time she served prison sentences for breaching licensing laws and bribing a police officer. In this era, nightclubbing was generally the preserve of those with money.
In Paris,
Josephine Baker
ran several nightclubs during the 1920s including Chez Josephine, as did her friend
Bricktop
who ran Bricktops. Jazz singer and Broadway star
Adelaide Hall
and her husband Bert Hicks opened the nightclub
La Grosse Pomme
on Rue Pigalle in
Montmartre
on December 9, 1937.
[18]
Hall and Hicks also owned the chic Florida Club in London's Mayfair.
[19]
In Germany during the
Golden Twenties
, there was a need to dance away the memories of the
First World War
. In Berlin, where a "
tango
fever" had already swept dancing establishments in the early 1910s, 899 venues with a dancing licence were registered by 1930, including the
Moka Efti
,
Casanova
,
Scala
,
Delphi-Palast
(destroyed in WW2, replaced by the
Delphi Filmpalast
[20]
),
Kakadu
,
Femina-Palast
,
Palais am Zoo
,
Gourmenia-Palast
,
Uhlandeck
, and the
Haus Vaterland
.
[21]
[15]
[22]
In the 1920s, the
nightlife
of the city was dominated by
party drugs
such as
cocaine
.
[23]
[24]
Hundreds of venues in the city, which at the time had a sinful reputation, offered in addition to bars, stages, and dance floors an erotic nightlife, such as
small booths
where lovers could withdraw to for intimate moments. These venues were aimed at rich and poor people,
gays
,
lesbians
,
nudists
, and gangsters alike.
[24]
Asia
[
edit
]
In 1930s
Shanghai
, the big clubs were
The Paramount Club
(opened in 1933) and
Ciro's
(opened in 1936). Other clubs of the era were the Metropole and the
Canidrome
.
Jazz bands
, big bands, and singers performed for a bowtied clientele. The Paramount and Ciro's in particular were fiercely rivalrous and attracted many customers from the underworld. Shanghai's clubs fell into decline after the
Japanese invasion of 1937
and eventually closed. The Paramount reopened after the
communist victory in 1949
as
The Red Capitol Cinema
, dedicated to
Maoist
propaganda films, before fading into obscurity. It reopened as The Paramount in 2008.
[25]
World War II years
[
edit
]
In
occupied France
,
jazz
and
bebop
music, and the
jitterbug
dance were banned by the
Nazis
as "decadent American influences", so as an act of resistance, people met at hidden basements called
discotheques
[26]
where they danced to jazz and
swing music
, played on a single turntable when a jukebox was not available. These discotheques were also patronized by anti-
Vichy
youth called
zazous
. In
Nazi Germany
, there were underground discotheques patronized by
anti-Nazi
youth called the "
Swing Kids
".
Post-WWII: Emergence of the disc jockey and discotheque
[
edit
]
The end of World War II saw the beginning of a transformation in the nightclub: no longer the preserve of a moneyed elite, over several decades, the nightclub steadily became a mass phenomenon.
[
why?
]
In Germany, the first discotheque on record that involved a
disc jockey
was
Scotch-Club
, which opened in 1959.
[27]
Its, and therefore the world's first DJ was 19-year-old local cub reporter Klaus Quirini who had been sent to write a story about the strange new phenomenon of public record-playing; fueled by
whisky
, he jumped on stage and started announcing records as he played them and took the stage-name DJ Heinrich.
[28]
In the US,
Connie's Inn
and the
Cotton Club
in
Harlem
, NY were popular venues for white audiences. Before 1953 and some years thereafter, most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands.
In Paris, at a club named
Le Whisky a Gogo
, founded in 1947 on the
rue de Seine
by Paul Pacine,
[29]
[30]
[31]
Regine Zylberberg
in 1953 laid down a dance floor, suspended coloured lights, and replaced the jukebox with two turntables that she operated herself so there would be no breaks between the music. This was the world's first-ever "discotheque".
[32]
The Whisky a Gogo set into place the standard elements of the modern post-World War II
discotheque
-style nightclub.
In London, by the end of the 1950s, several of the
coffee bars
in London's Soho introduced afternoon dancing. These prototype discotheques were nothing like modern-day nightclubs, as they were unlicensed, daytime venues where coffee was the drink of choice and that catered to a very young public ? mostly made up of French and Italians working illegally, mostly in catering, to learn English, as well as
au pair
girls from most of western Europe.
A well known venue was
Les Enfants Terribles
at 93 Dean St., in
Soho
, London. Initially opening as a coffee-bar, it was run by Betty Passes who claimed to be the inventor of
disco
after she pioneered the idea of dancing to records at her premises' basement in 1957. It stayed popular into the 1960s. It later became a 1940s-themed club called the Black Gardenia but has since closed.
[33]
[34]
The Flamingo Club
on
Wardour Street
in London ran between 1952 and 1967 and was known for its role in the growth of
rhythm and blues
and jazz in the UK. It earned a controversial reputation with gangsters and prostitutes said to have been frequent visitors in the 1960s, along with musicians such as
the Beatles
.
1960s
[
edit
]
Discotheques began to appear in New York City in 1964: the
Village Vanguard
offered dancing between jazz sets; Shepheard's, located in the basement of the
Drake Hotel
, was small but popular; L'Interdit and Il Mio (at
Delmonico's
) were private; the
El Morocco
had an on-premises disco called Garrison; and the
Stork Club
had one in its Shermaine suite. Larger discos opened in 1966: Cheetah, with room for 2000 dancers, the
Electric Circus
, and Dom.
[35]
While the discotheque swept Europe throughout the 1960s, it did not become widely popular in the United States until the 1970s,
[27]
where the first
rock and roll
generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to nightclubs until the disco era.
[
citation needed
]
In the early 1960s,
Mark Birley
opened a members-only discotheque nightclub,
Annabel's
, in
Berkeley Square
, London. In 1962, the
Peppermint Lounge
in New York City became popular and is the place where
go-go dancing
originated.
Sybil Burton
opened the "Arthur" discotheque in 1965 on East
54th Street
in
Manhattan
on the site of the old El Morocco nightclub and it became the first, foremost, and hottest disco in New York City through 1969.
[36]
In Germany in the 1960s, when Berlin was divided by the
Wall
,
Munich
became Germany's epicenter of nightlife for the next two decades with numerous nightclubs and discotheques such as
Big Apple
,
PN hit-house
,
Tiffany
,
Domicile
,
Hot Club
,
Piper Club
,
Why Not
,
Crash
,
Sugar Shack
, the underwater discotheque
Yellow Submarine
, and
Mrs. Henderson
, where stars such as
Mick Jagger
,
Keith Richards
,
Freddie Mercury
, and
David Bowie
went in and out and which led to artists such as
Giorgio Moroder
,
Donna Summer
, and Mercury settling in the city.
[37]
[38]
[39]
In 1967, Germany's first large-scale discotheque opened in Munich as the club
Blow Up
, which because of its extravagance and excesses quickly gained international reputation.
[37]
[38]
In parallel, the
hippie
movement spawned Britain's first club for
psychedelic music
, the
UFO Club
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
(at the Blarney Club, 31
Tottenham Court Road
, London from 23 Dec 1966 to Oct 1967) which then became the
Middle Earth
club
[46]
[47]
(at 43 King Street) and eventually the
Roundhouse
in 1968. Both the UFO Club and Middle Earth were short-lived but saw performances by artists such as house-band
Pink Floyd
,
Soft Machine
,
Procol Harum
,
Fairport Convention
,
Arthur Brown
, and
Jimi Hendrix
; DJ
John Peel
was a regular. These clubs germinated what would later become the underground gig scene of the 1970s and 1980s, at venues such as the
100 Club
and
The Clarendon in Hammersmith
. During the 1960s, the Clarendon was a
country & western
club, having earlier been an upmarket jazz,
dining
, and dancing club in the pre-War era.
In the north of England, the distinct
northern soul
movement spanned
Manchester
's
Twisted Wheel Club
,
[48]
the
Blackpool Mecca
,
[49]
Cleethorpes Pier
,
[50]
and the
Wigan Casino
, known for the
acrobatic dancing
of its clubgoers;
[51]
[52]
each of these clubs was known for all-nighters.
1970s: Disco
[
edit
]
Disco has its roots in the underground club scene. During the early 1970s in New York City, disco clubs were places where oppressed or
marginalized
groups such as gay people,
African Americans
,
Latinos
,
Italian Americans
, and
Jews
could party without following male to female dance protocol or exclusive club policies. Discotheques had a law where for every three men, there was one woman.
[53]
The women often sought these experiences to seek safety in a venue that embraced the
independent woman
? with an eye to one or more of the same or opposite sex or none. Although the culture that surrounded disco was progressive in dance couples,
cross-genre
music, and a push to put the physical over the rational, the role of women looked to be placed in the role of safety net.
[54]
It brought together people from different backgrounds.
[55]
These clubs acted as safe havens for
homosexual
partygoers to dance in peace and away from public scrutiny.
[56]
By the late 1970s, many major U.S. cities had thriving disco club scenes centered on discotheques, nightclubs, and private loft parties where DJs would play disco hits through powerful
PA systems
for the dancers. The DJs played "a smooth mix of long single records to keep people 'dancing all night long
'
".
[57]
Some of the most prestigious clubs had elaborate lighting systems that throbbed to the beat of the music.
The genre of disco has changed through the years. It is classified both as a musical genre and as a nightclub; and in the late seventies, disco began to act as a safe haven for social outcasts. This club culture that originated in downtown New York, was attended by a variety of different ethnicities and economic backgrounds. It was an inexpensive activity to indulge in, and discos united a multitude of different minorities in a way never seen before; including those in the gay and
psychedelic
communities. The music ultimately was what brought people together.
[58]
Some cities had disco dance instructors or
dance schools
that taught people how to do popular disco dances such as "touch dancing", the "
hustle
", and the "
cha-cha-cha
". There were also disco fashions that discotheque-goers wore for nights out at their local disco, such as sheer, flowing
Halston
dresses for women and shiny polyester
Qiana
shirts for men. Disco clubs and "hedonistic loft parties" had a club culture with many Italian American, African American, gay, and Hispanic people.
[59]
In addition to the dance and fashion aspects of the disco club scene, there was also a thriving
drug subculture
, particularly for
recreational drugs
that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud music and the flashing lights, such as
cocaine
[60]
(nicknamed "blow"),
amyl nitrite
"
poppers
",
[61]
and the "other quintessential 1970s club drug
Quaalude
, which suspended motor coordination and turned one's arms and legs to
Jell-O
".
[62]
The "massive quantities of drugs ingested in discotheques by newly liberated gay men produced the next cultural phenomenon of the disco era: rampant
promiscuity
and
public sex
. While the dance floor was the central arena of seduction, actual sex usually took place in the nether regions of the disco: bathroom stalls, exit stairwells, and so on. In other cases, the disco became a kind of "main course" in a
hedonist
's menu for a night out."
[62]
Well known 1970s discotheques included celebrity hangouts such as Manhattan's
Studio 54
, which was operated by
Steve Rubell
and
Ian Schrager
.
[63]
Studio 54 was notorious for the hedonism that went on within; the balconies were known for sexual encounters, and drug use was rampant. Its dance floor was decorated with an image of the "
Man in the Moon
" that included an animated
cocaine spoon
. Other 1970s discotheques in New York City were Manhattan's Starship Discovery One at 350 West
42nd Street
,
Roseland Ballroom
,
Xenon
,
The Loft
, the
Paradise Garage
, a recently renovated
Copacabana
, and Aux Puces, one of the first gay disco bars. The album cover of Saturday Night Band's
Come On and Dance, Dance
featured two dancers in the Starship Discovery One. In San Francisco, there was the
Trocadero Transfer
, the
I-Beam
, and the
End Up
.
In Spain during the 1970s, the first clubs and discos opened in
Ibiza
, an island which had been a popular destination for hippie travelers since the 1960s and now was experiencing a tourist boom.
[64]
The first ever "
Superclub
" in Ibiza was the now-abandoned "Festival Club" at
Sant Josep de sa Talaia
, which was built between 1969 and 1972 and serviced tourists who were bused in until it closed in 1974.
[65]
[66]
Responding to this influx of visitors, locals opened the first large clubs
Pacha
,
Amnesia
, and the
Ku-club
(renamed Privilege in 1995).
[67]
[68]
[69]
[70]
By the early 1980s, the term "disco" had largely fallen out of favour in the
United States
.
1970s: Glam and punk rock
[
edit
]
In parallel to the disco scene and quite separate from it, the
glam rock
(
T. Rex
, David Bowie,
Roxy Music
) and
punk rock
cultures in London produced their own set of nightclubs, starting with
Billy's
at 69
Dean Street
(known for its David Bowie nights),
[71]
Louise's on
Poland Street
(the first true punk club and hangout of the
Sex Pistols
,
Siouxsie Sioux
plus the
Bromley Contingent
,
[72]
and then Blitz (the home of the
Blitz Kids
).
Crackers
was a key part of the jazz-
funk
scene and also the early punk scene via its Vortex nights.
[73]
The underground warehouse party scene was kicked off by
Toyah Willcox
with her
Mayhem Studios
at
Patcham Terrace
in
Battersea
.
[74]
[75]
[76]
The emergence of this highly experimental artistic scene in London can be credited almost entirely to
Rusty Egan
,
Steve Strange
, the Bromley Contingent's
Philip Sallon
, and Chris Sullivan.
[77]
Dozens of clubs came and went, but one of the original batch, and being London's longest running one-nighter club,
[78]
Gaz's Rockin' Blues
, is still going as of 2020.
[79]
[80]
The
new wave music
scene grew out of Blitz and the
Cha Cha Club
in
Charing Cross
. Whilst overall, the club scene was fairly small and hidden away in basements, cellars, and warehouses, London's complicated mix of punk,
New Romantic
, New Wave, and gay clubs in the late 1970s and early 1980s paved the way for
acid house
to flourish in the late 1980s, initially with
Shoom
and two acid house nights at
Heaven
: Spectrum and Rage.
In the north of England, what later became the "alternative" scene was centred around the Roxy/Bowie room at Pips in Manchester,
[81]
[82]
which opened in 1972; as small as this scene was, many notable figures attended the club, and Joy Division played their first gig there, billed as "Warsaw" before changing their name that night.
[83]
1980s: New wave, post-punk, goth, rave, and acid house
[
edit
]
During the 1980s, during the New Romantic movement, London had a vibrant nightclub scene, which included clubs like The Blitz,
the Batcave
, the
Camden Palace
, and
Club for Heroes
. These clubs grew out of the earlier
Mandrake
and Billy's (later Gossip's)
[84]
[85]
at 69 Dean Street, in the basement below the ground floor
Gargoyle Club
. Both music and fashion embraced the aesthetics of the movement. Bands included
Depeche Mode
,
Yazoo
,
The Human League
,
Duran Duran
,
Eurythmics
, and
Ultravox
.
Reggae
-influenced bands included
Boy George
and
Culture Club
, and
electronic
vibe bands included
Visage
. At London nightclubs, young men would often wear make-up and young women would wear men's suits.
Leigh Bowery
's
Taboo
(which opened in 1985)
[86]
bridged the New Romantic and acid house scenes.
With the birth of
house music
in the mid-1980s and then acid house, kickstarted by Chris Sullivan's
The Wag Club
[87]
[88]
[89]
(on the site of the earlier
The Flamingo Club
), a cultural revolution swept around the world; first in
Chicago
at the
Warehouse
and then London and New York City. London clubs such as
Clink Street
, Revolution in Progress (RiP), Philip Sallon's
The Mudd Club
,
[90]
Danny Rampling
's
Shoom
(starting in December 1987 in the basement of Southwark's Fitness Centre),
Paul Oakenfold
's
Spectrum
, and
Nicky Holloway
's
The Trip
fused the eclecticism and ethos of [Ibiza with the new electronic music from the US.
The largest
UK
cities like
Birmingham
,
Leeds
(The Orbit),
Liverpool
(
Quadrant Park
and 051), Manchester (
The Hacienda
),
Newcastle
, and
Swansea
, and several key European places like Paris (
Les Bains Douches
), Ibiza (
Pacha
), and
Rimini
, also played a significant role in the evolution of
clubbing
, DJ culture, and nightlife.
Significant New York nightclubs of the period were
Area
,
Danceteria
, and
The Limelight
.
[91]
However, the seismic shift in nightlife was the emergence of
rave culture
in the UK. A mixture of free and commercial outdoor parties were held in fields, warehouses, and abandoned buildings, by various groups such as Biology, Sunrise, Confusion, Hedonism, Rage & Energy, and many others. This laid the ground for what was unfold in the 1990s, initially in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States and then worldwide from the 2000s onwards.
1990s, 2000s, and 2010s
[
edit
]
In Europe and North America, nightclubs play disco-influenced dance music such as
house music
,
techno
,
Eurodance
and other dance music styles such as
electronica
,
breakbeat
, and
trance
. Most nightclubs in major cities in the U.S. that have an
early adulthood
clientele, play
hip hop
,
dance-pop
, house, and/or trance music. These clubs are generally the largest and most frequented of all of the different types of clubs.
Techno clubs are popular around the world since the early 1990s. Well known examples of the 1990s include
Tresor
,
E-Werk
, and
Bunker
in
Berlin
; Omen and
Dorian Gray
in
Frankfurt
;
Ultraschall
,
KW ? Das Heizkraftwerk
, and
Natraj Temple
in Munich; and Stammheim in
Kassel
.
[92]
The
Castlemorton Common Festival
in 1992 triggered the UK government's
Criminal Justice Act
, which largely ended the rave movement by criminalizing any gathering of 20 or more people where music ("sounds wholly or predominantly characterized by the emission of a succession of repetitive beats") was played. Commercial clubs immediately capitalized on the situation causing a boom in "Superclubs" in the UK, such as
Ministry of Sound
(London),
Renaissance
, and
Cream
(
Liverpool
). These developed the club-as-spectacle theme pioneered in the 1970s and 1980s by Pacha (Ibiza) and
Juliana's Tokyo
(Japan), creating a global phenomenon; however, many clubs such as
The Cross
in London, preserved the more underground feel of the former era.
Since the late 2000s, venues that received high media attention include
Berghain
in Berlin and
Fabric
in London.
Video art
has been used in nightclubs since the 1960s, but especially with the rise of
electronic dance music
since the late 1980s.
VJing
gained more and more importance. VJs ("video jockeys") mix video content in a similar manner that DJs mix audio content, creating a visual experience that is intended to complement the music.
2020s
[
edit
]
The 2020s started with the global
COVID-19 pandemic
, which closed nightclubs worldwide ? the first ever synchronized, global shutdown of nightlife. In response, online "virtual nightclubs" developed, hosted on
video-conferencing
platforms such as
Zoom
.
[93]
As countries relaxed lockdown rules following drops in case numbers, some nightclubs reopened in repurposed form as sat-down pubs.
[94]
[95]
As vaccine rollouts reached advanced stages, nightclubs were able to reopen with looser restrictions, such as producing
certification of full vaccination
upon entry.
[96]
Entry criteria
[
edit
]
Many nightclubs use
bouncers
to choose who can enter the club, or specific lounges or VIP areas. Some nightclubs have one group of bouncers to screen
clients
for entry at the main door, and then other bouncers to screen for entry to other dance floors, lounges, or VIP areas. For legal reasons, in most jurisdictions, the bouncers have to check ID to ensure that prospective patrons are of legal drinking age and that they are not intoxicated already. In this respect, a nightclub's use of bouncers is no different from the use of bouncers by
pubs
and
sports bars
. However, in some nightclubs, bouncers may screen patrons using criteria other than just age and intoxication status, such as
dress code
,
guest list
inclusion, and physical appearance.
This type of screening is used by clubs to make their club "exclusive", by denying entry to people who are not dressed in a stylish enough manner. While some clubs have written dress codes, such as no ripped jeans, no jeans, no gang clothing, and so on, other clubs may not post their policies. As such, the club's bouncers may deny entry to anybody at their discretion. The guest list is typically used for private parties and events held by
celebrities
. At private parties, the hosts may only want their friends to attend. At celebrity events, the hosts may wish the club to only be attended by
A-list
individuals.
Cover charge
[
edit
]
In most cases, entering a nightclub requires a flat fee, called a
cover charge
. Some clubs waive or reduce the cover charge for early arrivers, special guests, or women (in the
United Kingdom
this latter option is illegal under the
Equality Act 2010
,
[97]
but the law is rarely enforced, and open violations are frequent). Friends of the
doorman
or the club owner may gain free entrance. Sometimes, especially at larger clubs in Continental European countries, one gets only a pay card at the entrance, on which all money spent in the discotheque (often including the entrance fee) is marked. Sometimes, entrance fee and cloakroom costs are paid by cash, and only the drinks in the club are paid using a pay card.
[
citation needed
]
Some clubs offer patrons the chance to sign up on their guest list. A club's guest list is a special promotion the venue offers separate from general admission. Each club has different benefits when you are signed up on their guest list. Some of the benefits of being on a club's guestlist are: free entry, discounted cover charge, the ability to skip the line, and free drinks. Many clubs hire a promotions team to find and sign up guests to the club's guest list.
Dress code
[
edit
]
Many nightclubs enforce a dress code in order to ensure a certain type of clientele is in attendance at the venue. Some upscale nightclubs ban attendees from wearing trainers (sneakers) or jeans while other nightclubs will advertise a vague "dress to impress" dress code that allows the bouncers to discriminate at will against those vying for entry to the club.
Many exceptions are made to nightclub dress codes, with denied entry usually reserved for the most glaring rule breakers or those thought to be unsuitable for the party.
Rave parties
typically both allow and encourage the wearing of clubwear, deliberately skimpy and outrageous clothing designed for dancing and exhibitionism.
Certain nightclubs like
fetish nightclubs
may apply a dress code (
BDSM
) to a leather-only, rubber-only, or fantasy dress code.
Dress code criteria can be an excuse for discriminatory practices, such as in the case of Carpenter v. Limelight Entertainment Ltd.
[98]
Exclusive nightclubs
[
edit
]
Large cosmopolitan cities that are home to large affluent populations (such as
Atlanta
,
Chicago
,
Sydney
,
Los Angeles
,
Melbourne
,
Miami
,
New York City
, and
London
) often have what are known as exclusive boutique nightclubs. This type of club typically has a capacity of less than 200 occupants and a very strict entrance policy, which usually requires an entrant to be on the club's guest list.
[
citation needed
]
While not explicitly members only clubs, such as
Soho House
, exclusive nightclubs operate with a similar level of exclusivity. As they are off limits to most of the public and ensure the privacy of guests, many celebrities favor these types of clubs to other, less exclusive, clubs that do not cater as well to their needs.
[
citation needed
]
Another differentiating feature of exclusive nightclubs is that they are known for having a certain type of crowd, for instance, a fashion-forward,
affluent
crowd or a crowd with a high concentration of
fashion models
. Many exclusive boutique clubs market themselves as being a place to socialize with models and celebrities.
[
citation needed
]
Affluent patrons who find that marketing message appealing are often willing to purchase
bottle service
at a markup of several times the retail cost of the liquor.
[99]
Substance abuse
[
edit
]
A distinctive feature of a nightclub is also the fact that it can serve as a hub for substances like
alcohol
, which could affect third parties, creating a negative externality of consumption. The culture of nightclubs create a sense of consuming alcohol in larger quantities than usual. A study in Sao Paulo looking to identify causes of binge drinking found that environmental variables such as more number of dancefloors, higher level of noise, and 'all you can drink' services to be significantly linked to binge drinking.
[100]
Furthermore, the culture created around nightclubs to indulge in 'pre-drinking' accentuates the amount of alcohol consumed, which leads to more problems in residential areas off nightclub premises (for example, a higher chance of participating in a fight).
[101]
Moreover, young consumers of nightclubs who tend to binge drink are often found to be less safe during sexual encounters as a result of the alcohol,
[102]
which could lead to the spread of
STDs
.
A big issue that stems from
alcohol
and
drug abuse
in nightclubs is transportation. Private cars are the most prominent mode of transportation to and from nightclubs, and the use of drugs and alcohol in nightclubs are reported to increase the number of risky behaviors, such as
driving under the influence
or taking a lift from someone under the influence.
[103]
A portion of driving customers, despite drinking less than non-driving customers, are still observed to have alcohol levels above the legal threshold after a night out at a nightclub.
[104]
Photography
[
edit
]
In some nightclubs professional
photographers
will take publicity photos of patrons, to use in advertising for the nightclub.
Digital SLR
cameras and speedlight flash units are typically used.
[106]
Concert photography
and
event photography
are used to provide clubgoers with a memorable keepsake in addition to promo material used by clubs. Some nightclubs (and in particular techno clubs) pursue a strict no photo policy in order to protect the clubbing experience, and smartphone camera lenses of visitors are occasionally taped up with stickers when one enters the venue.
[107]
[108]
Bouncer
[
edit
]
Most nightclubs employ teams of
bouncers
, who have the power to restrict entry to the club and remove people. Some bouncers use handheld
metal detectors
to prevent weapons being brought into clubs.
[109]
[
page needed
]
Bouncers often eject patrons for reasons such as possession of
party drugs
in the venue, physical altercations with other patrons, and behavior deemed to be inappropriate or troublesome.
[110]
[111]
Bouncers only allow a certain number of people into a club at a time by counting heads in order to prevent
stampedes
, and
fire code
, or
liquor licensing
violations. They also enforce a club's
dress code
upon entry. Many clubs have balcony areas specifically for the security team to watch over the clubbers.
Floor show
[
edit
]
Some nightclubs present a 'floor show', a series of acts by comedians, dancers, models, singers, and other entertainers, which can be similar to
cabaret
.
[112]
[113]
Serious incidents
[
edit
]
- 20 September 1929:
Study Club fire
, early dance club fire that killed 22 in
Detroit
, Michigan, US
- 23 April 1940:
Rhythm Club fire
, 209 killed at nightclub fire at
Natchez
, Mississippi, US
- 28 November 1942:
Cocoanut Grove fire
, 492 killed in a nightclub fire at
Boston
, Massachusetts, US
- 1 November 1970:
Club Cinq-Sept fire
in a nightclub just outside the small town of
Saint-Laurent-du-Pont
, Isere in south-eastern
France
; 146 people killed
- 8 March 1973:
Whiskey Au Go Go fire
, 15 killed after firebombing at
Fortitude Valley
,
Brisbane
,
Australia
- 2 August 1973:
Summerland disaster
, 51 killed at fire at Summerland leisure centre at
Douglas, Isle of Man
- 28 May 1977:
Beverly Hills Supper Club fire
, 165 killed and 200 injured in nightclub fire at
Southgate
, Kentucky, US
- 14 February 1981:
Stardust fire
disaster, 48 killed and 214 injured at nightclub fire at
Dublin
,
Republic of Ireland
- 17 December 1983:
Alcala 20 nightclub fire
, 82 people were killed and 27 injured in
Madrid
,
Spain
- 25 March 1990:
Happy Land fire
, 87 killed in a nightclub fire at Happy Land,
The Bronx
,
New York City
- 20 December 1993:
Kheyvis fire
, 17 killed in a nightclub fire at
Buenos Aires
,
Argentina
- 27 November 1994: Yiyuan Disco fire, 233 killed in a nightclub fire at
Fuxin
,
China
- 18 March 1996:
Ozone Disco fire
, 162 dead and 95 injured at a nightclub in
Quezon City
,
Philippines
- 30 October 1998:
Gothenburg discotheque fire
, 63 people killed, 200 injured in a nightclub fire at
Gothenburg
,
Sweden
- 1 June 2001:
Suicide bombing at the Dolphinarium discotheque
in
Tel Aviv
,
Israel
- 12 October 2002:
2002 Bali bombings
, 202 killed by large bombs
- 7 December 2002:
Cowgate fire
,
Edinburgh
,
Scotland
- 17 February 2003:
2003 E2 nightclub stampede
,
Chicago
,
Illinois
, 21 killed and over 50 injured
- 20 February 2003:
The Station nightclub fire
, 100 killed at nightclub fire in
West Warwick
, Rhode Island
- 30 December 2004:
Republica Cromanon nightclub fire
, 194 killed and 714 injured in a nightclub fire at Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 18 June 2007:
Gatecrasher One Fire
,
Sheffield
,
England
- 1 January 2009:
Santika Club fire
in
Santika Club
in
Watthana
,
Bangkok
,
Thailand
, 61 killed and at least 212 injured
- 5 December 2009:
Lame Horse fire
, a fire at the Lame Horse nightclub killed at least 155 people and injures 79 others in Perm, Russia.
[114]
[115]
- 27 January 2013:
Kiss nightclub fire
, 242 died in stampede in Brazil
- 30 October 2015:
Colectiv nightclub fire
, 55 killed and 180 injured in Romania
- 12 June 2016: 49 people
killed in an attack
(Shooting spree) at the
Pulse nightclub
in
Orlando
, Florida
- 1 January 2017: At least 35 people
killed in an attack
on the Reina nightclub in
Istanbul
, Turkey
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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