Favoritism granted to relatives or friends
Nepotism
is the act of granting an
advantage
, privilege, or position to
relatives
in an occupation or field. These fields may include but are not limited to: business, politics, academia, entertainment, sports, religion, and
health care
.
[1]
[2]
The term originated with the assignment of nephews, sons, or other relatives to important positions by Catholic popes and bishops.
[3]
Nepotism has been criticized since
ancient history
by several philosophers, including
Aristotle
,
Valluvar
, and
Confucius
, condemning it as both evil and unwise.
[4]
Origins
[
edit
]
The term comes from Italian word
nepotismo
,
[5]
[6]
which is based on Latin root
nepos
meaning nephew.
[7]
Since the
Middle Ages
and until the late 17th century, some
Catholic
popes and bishops ? who had taken vows of
chastity
and, therefore, usually had no legitimate offspring of their own ? gave their nephews such positions of preference as were often accorded by fathers to sons.
[8]
Several popes
elevated nephews
and other relatives to the
cardinalate
. Often, such appointments were a means of continuing a papal "dynasty".
[9]
For instance,
Pope Callixtus III
, head of the
Borgia
family, made two of his nephews cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, later used his position as a cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming
Pope Alexander VI
.
[10]
Alexander then elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to cardinal; Farnese would later go on to become
Pope Paul III
.
[11]
Paul III also engaged in nepotism, appointing, for instance, two nephews, aged 14 and 16, as cardinals. The practice was finally limited when
Pope Innocent XII
issued the
bull
Romanum decet Pontificem
, in 1692.
[8]
The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a cardinal.
[12]
Mention in ancient literature
[
edit
]
In the
second book
of the
Kural literature
, which forms a manual for governments and corporations,
Valluvar
suggests about nepotism and favouritism thus: "If you choose an unfit person for your job just because you love and you like him, he will lead you to endless follies."
[13]
According to him, nepotism is both evil and unwise.
[4]
Types
[
edit
]
Political
[
edit
]
Nepotism is a common accusation in politics when the relative of a powerful figure ascends to similar power seemingly without appropriate qualifications. The
British English
expression "
Bob's your uncle
" is thought to have originated when
Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
, promoted his nephew,
Arthur Balfour
, to the esteemed post of
Chief Secretary for Ireland
, which was widely seen as an act of nepotism.
[14]
Organizational
[
edit
]
Nepotism in organizations leads to
monopolization
of power because when members involved in institutional
decision-making
are related, decisions made within institutions risk favoring a group of closely connected people.
[15]
Nepotism can also occur within organizations, when a person is employed due to their familial ties.
[16]
It is generally seen as unethical, both on the part of the employer and employee.
[17]
One of the consequences of nepotism in an organization is the creation of a limitation in the organization's network of contacts, reducing the opportunities for negotiation with other social circles, which can lead to a reduction in the success and duration of organizations in the long term.
[18]
In employment
[
edit
]
Nepotism at work can mean increased opportunity at a job, attaining a job or being paid more than other similarly situated people.
[19]
Arguments are made both for and against employment granted due to a family connection, which is most common in small,
family run businesses
. On one hand, nepotism can provide stability and continuity. Critics cite studies that demonstrate decreased morale and commitment from non-related employees,
[20]
and a generally negative attitude towards superior positions filled through nepotism. An article from
Forbes
magazine stated "there is no ladder to climb when the top rung is reserved for people with a certain name."
[21]
Employing intimate people favors perpetuating the ideas or goals of those who employ them, knowing that the people around them will face up to them. However, it can lead to a lack of competent staff or a reduction in
productivity
because even if the employees are not the best options for their functions, they will be protected by those who employ them.
[22]
Some businesses forbid nepotism as an ethical matter, considering it too troublesome and disruptive. Most Companies' Codes of Conduct include severe disciplinary sanction for Conflicts of Interest. However, in Nepotistic practices, these are rarely observed or implemented.
[
citation needed
]
In entertainment
[
edit
]
Outside of national politics, accusations of "nepotism" are made in instances of
prima facie
favoritism to relatives, in such cases as:
- Peaches Geldof
's role as magazine editor in an
MTV
reality show ? produced by a company owned by her father
Bob Geldof
.
[23]
[24]
- Tori Spelling
's breakout role on
Beverly Hills 90210
as a result of her father
Aaron Spelling
's involvement with the show.
[25]
- Hollywood's
Coppola family
includes many distinguished filmmakers and actors. The careers of
Sofia Coppola
,
Nicolas Cage
, and
Jason Schwartzman
have been attributed to aid by director
Francis Ford Coppola
, who cast his daughter Sofia in
The Godfather Part III
.
[26]
[27]
Cage changed his last name to distance himself from such charges.
[28]
- Ben Platt
's role as high schooler
Evan Hansen
in the
2021 film adaptation
of the musical
Dear Evan Hansen
as a result of his winning the
Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical
for originating the role on Broadway in 2016, as well as the involvement of his father,
Marc Platt
, as one of the film's producers. The latter was never involved on the producing team of the stage version. The casting sparked controversy due to Ben Platt being ten years older than his character at the time of filming, resulting in critics and viewers deeming him too old to reprise his role.
[29]
[30]
He would go on to be nominated for two
Golden Raspberry Awards
, including
Worst Actor
, for his performance.
[31]
- New York
magazine’s December 2022 cover (calling 2022 'The Year of the
Nepo Baby
') featured notable celebrities (
Maude Apatow
,
Lily-Rose Depp
,
Maya Hawke
,
Dakota Johnson
, Ben Platt,
Jack Quaid
,
Zoe Kravitz
, and
John David Washington
) whose career successes have been achieved through nepotism.
[32]
[33]
[34]
- Thanasis Antetokounmpo
has been labeled the beneficiary of Nepotism with his brother being
Giannis Antetokounmpo
, even though his play is deemed by some to not be good enough for him to occupy a roster spot on the
Milwaukee Bucks
.
[35]
In academia
[
edit
]
Nepotism is also frequent in academia where it is frequent for professors to have their partners, and sometimes children, hired by the same faculty in which they work.
[36]
In the second half of the 20th century, in the United States at least, this was far less frequent as universities typically held very strict anti-nepotism policies.
[37]
Countries with high levels of corruption and higher education systems with low competition between universities are generally have higher levels of corruption in academia.
[38]
Italy has been noted for having particularly high levels of nepotism in its academic system, when compared to other developed nations.
[39]
[40]
Nepotism is often praised for favoring female employment in academia.
[41]
Selected examples by country
[
edit
]
Argentina
[
edit
]
In
Argentina
, nepotism is a common practice. Although there have been various attempts at reducing it,
[42]
it is difficult in a country where state jobs are used as a token of gratitude or party favoritism.
Former president
Mauricio Macri
has been investigated for nepotism after allegedly extending a tax amnesty to his family.
[43]
Nonetheless, in 2018, the government of Mauricio Macri set a limit on nepotism through Decree 93/2018
[44]
establishing that "appointments of people could no longer be made, under any modality, throughout the National Public Sector, who have some kinship link both in straight line as well as in a collateral line up to the second degree, with the President and Vice President of the Nation, Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers, Ministers and other officials with the rank and hierarchy of Minister. The spouse and the Cohabitant Union are included. "
The
Kirchnerist
movement has been openly accused that it believes in nepotism, treating meritocracy as a pejorative concept.
[
citation needed
]
The government's ministries and secretariats are reportedly plagued with friends, family and supporters of the current party leaders, many of whom have been criticized for being incompetent at their jobs.
[45]
On December 10, 2023, the libertarian president
Javier Milei
takes office - who campaigned criticizing the political "caste", an entelechy built to denigrate traditional political parties and among whose characteristics is that of appointing friends and family to public positions on a discretionary basis - and in one of his first measures he modifies the Mauricio Macri's Decree 93/2018 to be able to grant his sister,
Karina Milei
, the position of General Secretary of the Presidency.
[46]
Less than two months later, Francisco Adorni, the brother of the government spokesperson
Manuel Adorni
, took a position as an advisor in the Ministry of Defense.
[47]
Australia
[
edit
]
Shortly after his appointment as the Anglican Archbishop of Sydney in 2001,
Peter Jensen
was accused, in an Australian Broadcasting Corporation interview, of nepotism after nominating his brother
Phillip Jensen
as Dean of Sydney and appointing his wife Christine Jensen to an official position in the Sydney diocese.
[48]
Anna Bligh
, who won the 2009 Queensland State election, has been accused of nepotism by giving her husband Greg Withers a position as the Office of Climate Change head.
[49]
Football Federation Australia
was led by
Frank Lowy
from its inception in 2004 until his
term limit
exit in 2015. His son,
Steven Lowy
, who had little direct involvement in high level sports governance was nominated as his replacement by Frank, and was elected unopposed by a board strongly loyal to Frank. Steven's introduction exacerbated existing governance issues, with factional opposition led by
City Football Group
causing
FIFA
intervention to be threatened. Eventually governance reforms were forced through despite opposition from the Lowy family, and it ended with Steven Lowy resigning from the role. Lowy had also been accused of nepotism regarding his sons in his corporate dealings as founder of
Westfield Group
.
[50]
[51]
Azerbaijan
[
edit
]
On 21 February 2017,
President of Azerbaijan
Ilham Aliyev
created the position of
Vice President of Azerbaijan
, then appointed his wife
Mehriban Aliyeva
to the position.
[52]
Since 1993, the presidency of Azerbaijan has always been in the hands of a member of the Aliyev family: in 1993,
Heydar Aliyev
was elected president of Azerbaijan, and after his death in a United States hospital in 2003, his son Ilham Aliyev became president and has been since then. His regime has been accused for a lack of democratic freedoms and press freedom.
[53]
[54]
Belgium
[
edit
]
Over the past decade, criticism has been growing over the creation of political dynasties in Belgium. This phenomenon has been explained by the fact that prominent party members control the ranking of candidates on party lists for elections and a candidate's place on a list determines who is elected. Another justification for the phenomenon is the importance of name recognition for collecting votes.
[55]
Claims of nepotism have been made against
Bruno Tobback
, the son of senator and former minister
Louis Tobback
, a member of the Flemish socialists, became the Belgian federal government's minister for the pensions and environment at 35 in 2005.
[56]
Alexander De Croo
, the son of former speaker of the Belgian parliament Herman De Croo, ran for the leadership of his father's party Open VLD at age 33.
[57]
Finally there is the example of
Maya Detiege
, the daughter of former mayor of the city of
Antwerp
Leona Detiege, who herself is the daughter of the former mayor of
Antwerp
Frans Detiege.
[55]
Among other examples are former minister
Freya Van Den Bossche
and senator
Jean-Jacques De Gucht
, being the daughter and son of respectively former minister
Luc Vandenbossche
and former minister
Karel De Gucht
.
Cambodia
[
edit
]
Prime Minister
Hun Sen
and senior members of
Parliament
are known for their hand in getting family members into government positions. In the
2013 Cambodian parliamentary elections
, at least eight candidates were sons of high-ranking
Cambodian People's Party
officials.
[58]
All sons of the ruling party lost but were eventually appointed into high-ranking government positions.
China
[
edit
]
For the past 3,000 years, nepotism has been common in China's clan and extended family-based culture.
Confucius
wrote about the importance of balancing "filial piety with merit". The
clan
-based
feudal system
collapsed during Confucius' lifetime, yet nepotism has continued through the modern age.
[59]
[60]
France
[
edit
]
In October 2009,
Jean Sarkozy
, the second son of the
President of the French Republic
Nicolas Sarkozy
, was poised to become the director of the major
EPAD
[
fr
]
authority despite lacking any higher education degree and professional experience.
[61]
In 2008 he was voted regional councillor of
Neuilly-sur-Seine
, the town of which his father had previously been mayor.
[62]
In September 2009,
rap
-producer Pierre Sarkozy, the first son of then-President Nicolas Sarkozy, asked
SCPP
[
fr
]
for a financial contribution of around €10000 towards an €80000 artistic project. Because he was not a SCPP member, the request was automatically rejected. Pierre Sarkozy then went to the
Elysee
which led to an Elysee aide contacting the SCPP, and SCPP president Marc Guez assuring the issue would soon be favorably resolved.
[63]
[64]
According to
Abeille Music
[
fr
]
president and SCPP member Yves Riesel, however, this would not happen as SCPP's financial help has been restricted to members only for months.
[65]
Greece
[
edit
]
In Greece it is common practice for family members of current or former party leaders to be party members and get appointed as ministers when the party is in government.
[66]
In addition, there have been three prime ministers from the
Papandreou family
,
[67]
two from the
Mitsotakis family
(one currently serving),
[68]
two from the
Karamanlis family
(a third one was serving as minister of transportation until February 2023, quitting his position following the worst rail disaster in the history of the country).
India
[
edit
]
Nepotism in India is common in politics, judiciary, business, the film industry, religious circles, and many other types of organizations.
Nepotism in Indian politics
[
edit
]
Since the 1980s, Indian politics has become dynastic, possibly due to the absence of elected party organization, independent civil society associations that mobilize support for a party, and centralized financing of elections.
[69]
One example of dynastic politics has been the
Nehru?Gandhi family
which produced
three
Indian prime ministers. Family members have also led the
Congress party
for most of the period since 1978 when
Indira Gandhi
floated the then Congress(I) faction of the party.
[70]
The ruling
Bharatiya Janata Party
also features several senior leaders who are dynasts.
[71]
Dynastic politics is prevalent also in a number of political parties with regional presence such as
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
(AIMIM),
Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
(DMDK),
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
(DMK),
Indian National Lok Dal
(INLD),
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
(JKNC),
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
(JKPDP),
Janata Dal (Secular)
(JD(s)),
Jannayak Janta Party
(JJP)
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
(JMM),
National People's Party
(NPP),
Nationalist Congress Party
(NCP),
Pattali Makkal Katchi
(PMK),
Rashtriya Janata Dal
(RJD),
Rashtriya Lok Dal
(RLD),
Samajwadi Party
(SP),
Shiromani Akali Dal
(SKD),
Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
(SS(UBT)),
Bharat Rashtra Samithi
(BRS),
Yuvajana Shramika Rythu Congress Party
(YSRCP) and
Telugu Desam Party
(TDP).
[72]
[73]
Judiciary
[
edit
]
Many judges and advocates of the
high courts
and the
Supreme Court of India
are alleged to be appointed by exercising casteism, nepotism,
[74]
[75]
[76]
and favoritism, primarily due to the Supreme Court and the high court appointment process called
Collegium
[77]
which recommends to the President, in a legally binding manner, the names of judges to be appointed or promoted to the higher judiciary. The various judicial services exams are also infamous for these practices.
[78]
Indian film industry
[
edit
]
The
Kapoor family
,
[79]
one of the most prolific generational families involved in Indian cinema, have been known for bringing their children into the industry with their endorsements and influence.
[
citation needed
]
In June 2020, a fresh debate on nepotism followed soon after the
suicide
of actor
Sushant Singh Rajput
,
[80]
which fans believe was in reaction to efforts by
Bollywood
insiders to boycott him.
[81]
Filmmaker
Karan Johar
, who Rajput had worked with in the
Netflix
film
Drive
(2019), was quickly accused of nepotism by actress
Kangana Ranaut
, with Rajput's fans calling for a boycott of Johar and his studio,
Dharma Productions
, as well as of actor
Salman Khan
and
his brothers
, who were accused of bullying outsiders in the past.
[
citation needed
]
Actors and actresses
Alia Bhatt
,
Varun Dhawan
,
Janhvi Kapoor
,
Ishaan Khatter
,
Ananya Pandey
,
Athiya Shetty
,
Tiger Shroff
,
Arjun Kapoor
and
Sara Ali Khan
, all of whom hail from film families, were also widely criticized.
[82]
Indonesia
[
edit
]
Suharto
, Indonesia's second president, is involved in nepotism, alongside corruption and
collusion
(together, they are known as the
KKN
in
Indonesian
:
korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme
). Companies belonging to Suharto's children, particularly Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana ("Tutut"), Hutomo Mandala Putra ("Tommy"), and Bambang Trihatmodjo, were given lucrative government contracts and protected from market competition by monopolies. Examples include the toll-expressway company
Jasamarga
(monopolized by Tutut), the national car project
Timor
(monopolized by Bambang and Tommy), and the cinema market (monopolized by
21 Cineplex
, which is owned by Suharto's cousin Sudwikatmono). The family is said to control about 36,000 km
2
(14,000 sq mi) of real estate in Indonesia, including 100,000 m
2
(1,100,000 sq ft) of prime office space in Jakarta and nearly 40% of the land in
East Timor
. Additionally, Suharto's family members received free shares in 1,251 of Indonesia's most lucrative domestic companies (mostly run by Suharto's ethnic-Chinese cronies), while foreign-owned companies were encouraged to establish "strategic partnerships" with the former Indonesian president's family companies.
[83]
[84]
Mauritius
[
edit
]
Nepotism is common in
Mauritian politics
, with many relatives and friends of high-ranking politicians being appointed high-ranking positions and associated companies being granted government contracts.
Since the
first democratic elections in 1948
, the field of politics in Mauritius has been marked by a handful of families who have controlled the four major political parties which exist to this day. They are often referred to as the "modern dynasties" of Mauritian politics such as the Duval, Berenger, Cure, Uteem, Mohamed, Boolell, Ramgoolam and Jugnauth families. The Boolell family's involvement in politics started with
Satcam Boolell
in 1955, paving the way for his son
Arvin Boolell
, nephews Satish Boolell, Anil Gayan, and Sanjay Bhuckory, and son-in-law Sushil Kushiram to enter politics. The Duval dynasty started with ex-
Lord mayor
and minister Gaetan Duval, followed by his sons Xavier and Richard as well as grandson Adrien. Lall Jugnauth was the first of his clan to enter politics in the 1950s and was followed by his cousins Aneerood and Ashock as well as nephew Pravind. Abdool Razack Mohamed, who migrated from India in the 1930s, became Lord Mayor and minister; his son Yousuf and grandson Shakeel were also elected and served as ministers.
[85]
Roshi Bhadain
, who was a minister of the
MSM
government, is the nephew of former Labour Party minister
Vasant Bunwaree
.
[86]
Roshi Bhadain
and Akilesh Deerpalsing (Bhadain's advisor and campaign manager, who is also the son of former minister
Kishore Deerpalsing
), were investigated by
ICAC
in 2019 for suspicious recruitment practices when he was a minister.
[87]
[88]
[89]
In March 2020 Harry Ganoo, the retired brother of Minister
Alan Ganoo
, was nominated as the new president du Civil Service College Mauritius a few months after the November 2019 General Elections.
[90]
Until mid-2020, construction company PAD & Co. Ltd was awarded a string of major contracts such as constructing the new airport control tower, a new weather radar at
Trou aux Cerfs
, renovating the Bank of Mauritius, rehabilitating the coast line of
Cap Malheurueux
, renovating the
Port Louis
waterfront, upgrading roads, constructing the Harbour Cruise Terminal in Port Louis for the Mauritius Port Authority, and upgrading the navigation channels at
Port Mathurin
, Pointe La Gueule, and
Baie aux Huitres
in
Rodrigues
, among other projects.
[91]
PAD & Co. Ltd's owner, Alain Hao Thyn Voon, is the son of Philippe Hao Thyn Voon, president of the Olympic Committee, with close ties to the MSM.
[92]
Following the
St Louis gate
scandal and discovery of fake bank guarantees, PAD & Co. Ltd went under
voluntary administration
.
[93]
In June 2020, MP Eshan Juman revealed details of a contract between the Ministry of Land and Housing and a private firm called Smart Clinics Ltd. The firm is partly owned by MSM Parliamentary Private Secretary Ismael Rawoo and his family. The contract was a lease of 60 years on 2 acres of prime beachfront state-owned land in Grande Riviere Noire, in the exclusive precinct of
Tamarin
in
Black River
.
[94]
As part of the deal, Rawoo's family will acquire the lease for Rs 15.05 million and will onsell the lease for Rs 250 million, generating a profit of around Rs 235 million.
[95]
[96]
In August 2020, V. Gobin, a 75-year-old retired schoolteacher and father of Attorney General Maneesh Gobin, was nominated as Chairman of the
Mahatma Gandhi
Institute and the
Rabindranath Tagore
Institute. Maneesh Gobin was elected to Parliament within the ruling MSM government in 2014 and 2019 and his father V. Gobin was elected once in 1987.
[97]
[98]
A week earlier, Rishikesh Hurdoyal, the brother of MSM Minister of Civil Service Vikram Hurdoyal, was nominated as chairman and President of the Mauritius Shipping Corporation Ltd, in addition to being a director of the
State Bank of Mauritius
. The new nomination will allow Rishikesh Hurdoyal to receive an extra Rs 54,540 per month, as well as an additional Rs 10,125 per month as entertainment allowance, with access to a chauffeured company car with 245 litres of fuel per month.
[99]
Malaysia
[
edit
]
The appointment of
Nurul Izzah
as a senior economic and finance advisor by Prime Minister
Anwar Ibrahim
resulted in accusations of nepotism.
[100]
The action was widely criticized by intellectuals, NGOs and even members of Pakatan Harapan party, who claimed it contravened principles of merit and fairness.
[101]
Romania
[
edit
]
Romanian Communist
dictator
Nicolae Ceau?escu
's family members "dominated" the country for decades.
[102]
[103]
Elena B?sescu
, the daughter of President
Traian B?sescu
, was elected in 2009 to the
European Parliament
, despite the fact that she had no significant professional or political experience.
[104]
Singapore
[
edit
]
| This section
needs expansion
. You can help by
adding to it
.
(
November 2020
)
|
Singapore's government
has been the target of numerous charges of nepotism, with several members of the
Prime Minister
's family holding high ranking posts.
Lee Kuan Yew
, who was prime minister from 1959 to 1990, preceded his son
Lee Hsien Loong
. Other family members holding high positions include the elder Lee’s daughter,
Lee Wei Ling
, the director of the National Neurological Institute, his other son,
Lee Hsien Yang
, the chief executive officer of
Singapore Telecommunications
from 1995 to 2007 and the younger Lee's wife
Ho Ching
, who was appointed
chief executive officer
of state holding investment company
Temasek Holdings
. The family members dispute the charges as they arise.
[105]
Sri Lanka
[
edit
]
Former President of Sri Lanka,
Mahinda Rajapaksa
, has been accused of nepotism, appointing three brothers to run important ministries and giving out other political positions to relatives, regardless of their merit. During his presidency, the Rajapaksa family held the ministries of
finance
,
defence
,
ports and aviation
, and
highways and road development
. The president's brother,
Gotabhaya Rajapaksa
, was given the post of
Defence Secretary
. He also controlled the armed forces, the police and the Coast Guard, and was responsible for immigration and emigration. Rajapaksa appointed his brother
Basil Rajapaksa
as minister of
Economic Development
. Together, the Rajapaksa brothers controlled over 70% of Sri Lanka's public budget. Mahinda Rajapaksa's eldest brother,
Chamal Rajapaksa
, was appointed as the
Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
, and has held many other posts before, while his eldest son, Namal Rajapaksa, is also a member of the parliament and holds undisclosed portfolios.
[106]
[107]
Others include: his nephew,
Shashindra Rajapaksa
, who is the former
Chief minister of Uva
; one of his cousins, former Sri Lankan ambassador to the
United States
,
Jaliya Wickramasuriya
; and another cousin,
Udayanga Weeratunga
, who is the former ambassador to
Russia
. Dozens of nephews, nieces, cousins, and in-laws have also been appointed as heads of banks, boards, and corporations.
[107]
Chandrika Kumaratunga
, who served as the former
President of Sri Lanka
from 1994 to 2005 and former
Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
in 1994, is the daughter of
S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike
and
Sirimavo Bandaranaike
who both served as
Prime Ministers of Ceylon
from 1956 to 1959, 1960 to 1965, 1970 to 1977 and 1994 to 2000. Her brother
Anura Bandaranaike
served as the
Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
from 2000 to 2001
Also, former president Ranasinghe Premadasa's son Sajith Premadasa is the Opposition leader of Sri Lanka who ran for presidential election in 2019 as well.
[108]
Also
Ranil Wickremesinghe
who served as prime minister of Sri Lanka from 1993 to 1994, 2001 to 2004, 2015 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 is a nephew of former Sri Lankan president
J. R. Jayewardene
.
[109]
Also a defense state minister of his government
Ruwan Wijewardene
is also a cousin of
Ranil Wickremesinghe
.
[110]
Also
Ruwan
is the great grandson of UNP founder and Sri Lanka's first Prime Minister
D. S. Senanayake
.
Ruwan
has been given a high priority in the party by
Ranil
by giving leadership roles.
[111]
[112]
[113]
Spain
[
edit
]
Nepotism occurred in
Spanish Colonial America
when offices were given to family members.
[114]
[
example needed
]
Juan Antonio Samaranch Salisachs
, son of
Juan Antonio Samaranch
, president of the
International Olympic Committee
(IOC) from 1980 to 2001, has been a member of the International Olympic Committee since 2001, and his daughter, Maria Teresa Samaranch Salisachs, has been president of the Spanish Federation of Sports on Ice since 2005.
[115]
United Kingdom
[
edit
]
The
Marquess of Salisbury
, who was
Prime Minister
for three separate occasions from 1885 to 1902 for a total of approximately 14 years, appointed his nephew
Arthur Balfour
as
Chief Secretary for Ireland
in 1887 and later as Prime Minister in 1902. This is supposedly the origin of the phrase "
Bob's your uncle
".
[116]
In February 2010, Sir Christopher Kelly, chairman of the
Committee on Standards in Public Life
, said that more than 200 MPs used Parliamentary allowances to employ their own relatives in a variety of office roles. He suggested that the practice should be banned.
[117]
In 2005, Councillor Ann Reid of York arranged for all nine sets of traffic lights on her daughter Hannah's wedding route through York to be switched to green for the five-car convoy. As a result, the wedding party took only 10 minutes to pass through the city.
[118]
North Yorkshire Police's Chief Constable
Grahame Maxwell
was disciplined by the IPCC in 2011, but refused to resign, after admitting that he assisted a relative through the first stages of a recruitment process.
[119]
Many Northern Irish politicians employ family members. In 2008, 19 elected politicians of the
Democratic Unionist Party
(DUP) directly employed family members and relatives comprising 27 of its 136 staff.
[120]
Boris Johnson
, the former Prime Minister was accused of nepotism for having appointed his brother
Jo Johnson
to the
House of Lords
, having previously also appointed him to his Cabinet as
Minister of State for Universities, Science, Research and Innovation
.
[
citation needed
]
In 2020
Kate Bingham
, the wife of
British Conservative Party
politician and then-
Financial Secretary to the Treasury
Jesse Norman
, was appointed chair of the UK's Vaccine Taskforce?the group set up to lead UK efforts to find and manufacture a
COVID-19
vaccine ? despite other more qualified people being proposed.
[121]
United States
[
edit
]
Palm Beach County, Florida
schools reinforced nepotism rules as of 2012 to ensure an "equitable work environment".
[122]
In December 2012, a report from the
Washington Post
indicated various nepotism practices from the
District of Columbia
and Northern
Virginia
's
Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority
(MWAA), including one family with five members working for the MWAA. One of the reasons given by the associate general counsel to defend the alleged nepotism was "if [the employees are] qualified and competed for [the positions] on their own, I don't see a problem with relatives working in the same organization."
[123]
The inspector general of the
U.S. Department of Transportation
and the U.S. Congress pressured the MWAA to resolve practices of nepotism. Authority employees are no longer allowed to directly or indirectly influence hiring or promotion of relatives, as documented in their ethics policy.
[124]
Politics
[
edit
]
President
John Adams
appointed his son
John Quincy Adams
as the first
United States Minister to Prussia
.
Around 30 family members or relatives of President
Ulysses S. Grant
prospered financially in some way from either government appointments or employment.
[125]
Franklin Roosevelt submitted the name of his son
Elliott Roosevelt
to the Senate for promotion to brigadier general. Following threats of resignation and pressure, Elliott Roosevelt was made a rated pilot during World War II. A suitable vacancy could not be found for him after his father's death, and his last day of service was VJ-Day. Franklin Roosevelt also appointed his son
James Roosevelt
as administrative assistant to the president and secretary to the president. James Roosevelt was the White House coordinator for 18 federal agencies.
Time
magazine suggested that James Roosevelt might be considered "Assistant President of the United States".
John F. Kennedy
made his brother-in-law,
Sargent Shriver
, the first director of the Peace Corps and his brother,
Robert F. Kennedy
, Attorney General.
[126]
President
Richard Nixon
appointed
John Eisenhower
as
United States Ambassador to Belgium
. Richard Nixon was the father to Eisenhower's daughter-in-law.
In 1979,
Bill Clinton
, within weeks of being newly elected as Governor of Arkansas, appointed his wife
Hillary
to chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee.
[127]
In 1993, newly elected as President of the United States, he again
appointed
his wife to chair a Task Force on National Health Care Reform. In 2013, Bill appointed his daughter
Chelsea
a member of the governing board of the
Clinton Foundation
and
Clinton Global Initiative
.
[128]
In 2017, President
Donald Trump
was accused of nepotism after appointing both his son-in-law
Jared Kushner
and his daughter
Ivanka
(married to Kushner) into
advisory roles to the president
.
[129]
Neither Jared nor Ivanka had any experience in public service. In 2020, President Trump appointed his son
Eric Trump
's brother-in-law, Kyle Yunaska, to the position of
NASA
Deputy Chief of Staff.
Legality
[
edit
]
Current (since 1995)
[130]
U.S. court rulings have held that the
White House
itself does not constitute an "agency" for the purposes of adhering to existing anti-nepotism laws on the books.
[131]
Venezuela
[
edit
]
Nepotism is known to be practiced by President of the Venezuela National Assembly,
Cilia Flores
. Nine positions in the National Assembly were filled by Flores' family members, including a mother-in-law, aunt, three siblings, a cousin and her mother, and two nephews.
[132]
[133]
Zimbabwe
[
edit
]
The late
Robert Mugabe
was reported to be preparing his wife
Grace Mugabe
to be the next president of Zimbabwe while he was president.
[134]
Vice President
Joice Mujuru
was previously considered to be the favored successor to Mugabe.
[135]
Types of partiality
[
edit
]
Nepotism refers to partiality to family whereas
cronyism
refers to partiality to an associate or
friend
.
Favoritism
, the broadest of the terms, refers to partiality based upon being part of a favored group, rather than job performance.
[136]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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Further reading
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External links
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]
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