State of Malaysia
State
Negeri Sembilan
(
Malay pronunciation:
[?n?g?ri
s?mbi?lan]
,
Negeri Sembilan Malay
:
Nogori Sombilan
,
Nismilan
), historically spelled as
Negri Sembilan
,
[4]
is a
state
in
Malaysia
which lies on the
western coast
of
Peninsular Malaysia
. It borders
Selangor
on the north,
Pahang
in the east, and
Malacca
and
Johor
to the south.
Negeri Sembilan has diverse
tropical rainforests
and an
equatorial
climate. The state's mountain ranges belong to the
Titiwangsa Mountains
, a southern subrange of the
Tenasserim Hills
that spans throughout southern
Myanmar
, southern
Thailand
and Peninsular Malaysia, with
Mount Besar Hantu
as the highest point. The Titiwangsa also ends here, at
Mount Tampin
, located south of the state.
The capital of Negeri Sembilan is
Seremban
. The royal capital is
Seri Menanti
in
Kuala Pilah District
. Other important towns are
Port Dickson
,
Bahau
and
Nilai
.
The name is believed to derive from the nine (
sembilan
) villages or
nagari
in the
Minangkabau language
(now known as
luak
) settled by the
Minangkabau
(or
Menangkabau
[4]
), a people originally from
West Sumatra
(in present-day
Indonesia
). Minangkabau features are still visible today in
traditional architecture
and the
dialect of Malay spoken
.
Unlike the hereditary monarchs of the other royal
Malay states
, the ruler of Negeri Sembilan is
elected
and is known as
Yang di-Pertuan Besar
instead of
Sultan
. The election of the Ruler is also unique. He is elected by the council of
Undangs
who lead the four biggest territories of
Sungai Ujong
,
Jelebu
,
Johol
, and
Rembau
, from the legitimate male members of the
Pagaruyung
Dynasty, with the surviving sons of the previous Yamtuan coming first in the considerations but not being obligatory to be voted on, making it one of the more democratic monarchies.
The
Arabic
honorific title of the state is
Darul Khusus
(??? ??????; "The Special Abode").
Etymology
[
edit
]
The name
Negeri Sembilan
is believed to derive from the nine (
sembilan
) chiefdoms or
Nogoghi
in the
Negeri Sembilan dialect
(now known as
luak
) settled by the
Minangkabau
. The size of Negeri Sembilan is now smaller than the original size of Negeri Sembilan.
History
[
edit
]
Ancient and medieval history
[
edit
]
The earliest possible human settlement in Negeri Sembilan can be traced back around 14
kya
(thousand years) to the
Pasoh Caves
, a complex of
karst caves
near
Simpang Pertang
in the Jelebu district. Artefacts found around the caves include stone tools and food remains, estimated to date from 12,000
BCE
based on
carbon dating
.
[5]
The early inhabitants of Negeri Sembilan were the ancestors of the
Semelai
,
Semai
,
Semang
, and
Jakun
peoples, who lived either as
hunter-gatherer
nomads or as subsistence farmers.
[
citation needed
]
According to the
Malay Annals
,
Parameswara
reportedly visited the settlement of
Sening Ujong
, which was located in what is now Seremban.
The Minangkabaus from
Sumatra
settled in what is today Negeri Sembilan in the 15th century, under the protection of the
Malacca Sultanate
and later the
Sultanate of Johor
. They also brought their
matrilineal
custom, known as
Adat Perpatih
, which became the local custom.
[6]
[7]
The
Linggi River
along the western part of the state, and the
Muar River
were used as major trade routes since the time of the Malacca Sultanate. The former linked the tin-rich area of Sungai Ujong to the port city of
Malacca
; while the latter, along with the
Pahang River
via the
Serting River
in just a walking distance to the east, formed part of the
Laluan Penarikan
(lit. 'portage route' in
Malay
), facilitating access between the Strait of Malacca and the
South China Sea
.
As Johor weakened in the 18th century
[
citation needed
]
, attacks by the
Bugis
forced the Minangkabaus to seek protection from their homeland.
[
citation needed
]
The Minangkabau ruler, Sultan Abdul Jalil, obliged by sending his near relative, Raja Mahmud, also known as
Raja Melewar
.
[
citation needed
]
When Raja Melewar arrived, he found that another royal, Raja Khatib had already established himself as ruler.
[
citation needed
]
He declared war against Raja Khatib and became the ruler of Negeri Sembilan. The Sultan of Johor confirmed his position by granting the title
Yamtuan Seri Menanti
(
"He Who is Highest Lord of the Seri Menanti
") in 1773.
[
citation needed
]
Nine chiefdoms
[
edit
]
At the time of its establishment, Negeri Sembilan was originally a loose confederation of nine chiefdoms (
luaks)
, hence the name. During Raja Melewar's rule, it covered a larger area than its modern-day boundaries. In addition to the entire modern-day Negeri Sembilan, it also encompassed parts of what are now Selangor, Malacca, Pahang and Johor.
The original nine chiefdoms or domains that made up the first incarnation of Negeri Sembilan in 1773
[
citation needed
]
, and gave the state its name, were:
- Sungai Ujong
- Jelebu
- Rembau
- Johol
- Jelai
- Ulu Pahang
- Naning
- Segamat
- Klang
.
However, the latter four chiefdoms were annexed into neighbouring states in the 19th century. Naning was incorporated into the
Straits Settlement of Malacca
in 1832 following the
Naning War
.
Ulu Pahang became the Bera region of Pahang, Segamat was annexed by Johor, and Klang became part of the Kuala Langat region of Selangor.
[
citation needed
]
After Raja Melewar's death in 1795, a series of disputes arose over the succession. For a considerable period, the local nobles appealed to the Minangkabau ruler in Sumatra for a new ruler.
[
citation needed
]
However, competing interests supported different candidates, often resulting in further instability and civil war.
[
citation needed
]
Colonial history
[
edit
]
In 1874, the
British
intervened militarily in a leadership tussle in Sungai Ujong to preserve British economic interests and placed the domain under the control of a
British Resident
.
[
citation needed
]
Jelebu
followed in 1883 and Rembau in 1887.
[
citation needed
]
Their presence were detested among the locals, which eventually paved a way leading to a deadly civil war and subsequent breakup.
Battle of Paroi
[
edit
]
In 1875, the Battle of Paroi occurred, where British forces, accompanied by Arab mercenaries and
Gurkha
, engaged Malay defenders in
Paroi
. Despite initial setbacks, the British ultimately prevailed, capturing the Malay stronghold. Casualties were heavy on both sides, with the
British
and
Arabs
contingents suffering 37 killed and wounded, while the Malays lost about 35 killed and many wounded.
[8]
Battle of Bukit Putus
[
edit
]
After the Battle of Paroi, the British waited for Gurkha reinforcements, which arrived on 10 December 1875. The Malays fortified
Bukit Putus
, a
mountain pass
on the boundary between Sungai Ujong and Terachi. The British attacked Bukit Putus from both the front and behind. The Gurkhas successfully captured the Malay stockade at Bukit Putus.
[9]
The Malays retreated after the surprise appearance of Sungai Ujong Resident P.J. Murray's forces from behind. The inhabitants of the Terachi Valley fled, villages were burned, and
Yamtuan Antah
's palace in
Seri Menanti
was destroyed.
[10]
Seri Menanti Confederation, modern Negeri Sembilan and statehood
[
edit
]
The formation of modern Negeri Sembilan began in 1889, when the
Seri Menanti
domain, under the rule of
Tuanku Muhammad
(son of
Yamtuan Antah
), combined with the domains of
Tampin
and
Rembau
, forming the
Seri Menanti Confederation
as a single political entity.
[
citation needed
]
The domains of Sungai Ujong and Jelebu joined this confederation in 1895, forming the state of Negeri Sembilan in its modern borders.
[11]
Martin Lister
became the new state's first
Resident
, and Negeri Sembilan became part of the
Federated Malay States
the same year.
Modern history
[
edit
]
Negeri Sembilan endured
Japanese occupation
in
World War II
between 1942 and 1945, joined the
Federation of Malaya
in 1948 and became a state of
Malaysia
in 1963.
In the 1990s and 2000s, Seremban and Nilai attracted people who migrated from the overcrowded towns of the Klang Valley. These two cities also became home to new factories and industrial parks, contributing to the state's modern development.
On 9 September 2009, the
Ministry of Housing and Local Government
approved the state capital of Seremban's application to become a city (Bandar Raya), as it had experienced significant population growth. To make this possible,
its city council
had to be merged with the
Nilai Municipal Council
. After several postponements, Seremban officially attained city status on 20 January 2020.
Later that same year on 9 November, Negeri Sembilan was placed under the
Movement Control Order
lockdown due to increasing
COVID-19
infections.
[
citation needed
]
Geography
[
edit
]
Facing the
Strait of Malacca
, Negeri Sembilan is one of the
West Coast
states of
Peninsular Malaysia
. It is specifically belong to the southern region, along with Malacca and Johor.
[12]
[13]
However, some sources define Negeri Sembilan as a central region state with
Selangor
and the federal territories of
Kuala Lumpur
and
Putrajaya
.
[14]
The state is slightly smaller than
Selangor
, with a total land area of 6,686 km² (430 sq mi). It is the fourth smallest state in Malaysia by area and the second largest in the southern region behind Johor. Its shape is roughly
pentagonal
.
Topography
[
edit
]
Topographically, Negeri Sembilan consists of two vast plains divided by a mountainous spine in the middle. This region is well drained by various rivers on both sides. The
Titiwangsa Mountains
, the southernmost extension of the
Tenasserim Hills
and the wider
Indo-Malayan Cordillera
, spans for approximately 92 km (57.1 mi) through the middle of the state. The mountain range starts from the border tripoint with Pahang and Selangor near Kenaboi, Jelebu, and extends towards Tampin, close to the border with Malacca.
This geographical feature results in the state being bisected almost diagonally into two regions:
western Negeri Sembilan
, consisting of the Port Dickson, Seremban, and Rembau Districts; and
eastern Negeri Sembilan
, which includes the districts of Jelebu, Kuala Pilah, Jempol, and Tampin. The western half is more developed and has an intricate and concentrated road network compared to the latter, which is predominantly rural.
The Negeri Sembilan section of the Titiwangsa Mountains forms a
division
for four river basins. The
Langat
and
Linggi Rivers
flows through the western half, while the
Muar
and
Pahang Rivers
constitute the eastern side. The Linggi and Muar rivers are the two major rivers flowing through the state and serve as significant water sources for the population. Its rainforests form part of the
Titiwangsa Forest Complex
, a component of the Central Forest Spine conservation area that covers much of the heavily forested and mountainous interior of Peninsular Malaysia.
Highest point
[
edit
]
Mount Besar Hantu
, at 1,462 m (4,797 ft), located in Jelebu District and close to the border with
Pahang
, is the highest point in Negeri Sembilan. The nearby
Mount Nuang
, which is 31 metres taller, marks the
tripoint
with
Selangor
and
Pahang
at its northernmost point, of which it is the third tallest in the former; while in the south,
Mount Ledang
, an
isolated mountain
, marks the
tripoint
with
Malacca
and
Johor
, where it is the highest point of the latter at 1,276 m (4,186.3 ft).
Districts
[
edit
]
On the administrative level, Negeri Sembilan consists of seven districts, namely
Port Dickson
,
Seremban
,
Rembau
,
Kuala Pilah
,
Jelebu
,
Jempol
and
Tampin Districts
, and further sectioned into 14 respective
luaks
.
The
luaks
in Negeri Sembilan are as follows:
Sungai Ujong
, Rembau, Jelebu,
Johol
,
Tampin
,
Ulu Muar
,
Terachi
,
Ineh
, Jempol,
Gunung Pasir
,
Gemencheh
,
Pasir Besar
,
Ayer Kuning
, and
Linggi
.
Sungai Ujong, Rembau, Johol and Jelebu are governed by the
Undangs
, thus they are known as the
Luak Berundang
. In addition, there are four
luaks
that are
protected
under two of the
Luak Berundang
, which are Gemencheh, Ayer Kuning and Pasir Besar, which are protectorates of Johol; as well as Linggi, a protectorate of Sungai Ujong.
The
luaks
surrounding
Seri Menanti
such as Terachi, Ulu Muar, Jempol, Gunung Pasir and Ineh are collectively known as the
Luak Tanah Mengandung
.
Lastly, the Luak of Tampin, also known as the
Adat
Territory of Tampin
(Malay:
Wilayah Adat Tampin
), holds a semi-autonomous status and is ruled by the
Tunku Besar
.
[15]
[16]
Climate
[
edit
]
Negeri Sembilan experiences
equatorial climate
(
Koppen climate classification
:
Af
), which is hot and humid all year round.
Thunderstorms
are mostly prevalent during the period of
monsoonal
transitions that occur twice a year.
Dry seasons usually starts shortly after the first monsoonal transition and lasts until
August
to
September
, as the moisture brought by the southwesterly
Indo-Australian Monsoon
are blocked by the
Barisan Mountains
in
Sumatera
, creating a
rainshadow effect
on the eastern coast of the island and the
Malay Peninsula
.
In the corresponding
Borneo-Australian Monsoon
that blows from the northeast, Negeri Sembilan, along with the states of Melaka, Johor, and the
east coastal
states of Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang are the most affected by the monsoonal surge that brings persistently heavy rainfall and caused rough sea conditions in the
South China Sea
.
Climate data for Seremban
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
30.9
(87.6)
|
31.7
(89.1)
|
32.5
(90.5)
|
32.2
(90.0)
|
31.7
(89.1)
|
31.3
(88.3)
|
31.1
(88.0)
|
30.9
(87.6)
|
31.2
(88.2)
|
31.2
(88.2)
|
31.0
(87.8)
|
31.0
(87.8)
|
31.4
(88.5)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
26.6
(79.9)
|
27.2
(81.0)
|
27.7
(81.9)
|
27.8
(82.0)
|
27.5
(81.5)
|
27.1
(80.8)
|
26.9
(80.4)
|
26.8
(80.2)
|
26.9
(80.4)
|
27.0
(80.6)
|
26.9
(80.4)
|
26.8
(80.2)
|
27.1
(80.8)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
22.3
(72.1)
|
22.7
(72.9)
|
22.9
(73.2)
|
23.4
(74.1)
|
23.4
(74.1)
|
23.0
(73.4)
|
22.7
(72.9)
|
22.8
(73.0)
|
22.7
(72.9)
|
22.8
(73.0)
|
22.9
(73.2)
|
22.6
(72.7)
|
22.9
(73.1)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
114
(4.5)
|
110
(4.3)
|
178
(7.0)
|
232
(9.1)
|
180
(7.1)
|
119
(4.7)
|
127
(5.0)
|
143
(5.6)
|
158
(6.2)
|
237
(9.3)
|
252
(9.9)
|
193
(7.6)
|
2,043
(80.3)
|
Source: Climate-Data.org
[17]
|
Government
[
edit
]
Constitution
[
edit
]
The Constitution of Negeri Sembilan came into force on 26 March 1959. It is divided into two sections. The constitution establishes that the state's form of government is
constitutional monarchy
and the world's only
elective monarchy
for matrilineal society. The system was partially the basis for the federal monarchy.
The Ruler
[
edit
]
The official constitutional title of the Ruler of the state are
Duli Yang Maha Mulia
Yang di-Pertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan
, (currently Duli Yang Maha Mulia Yang di-Pertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus Tuanku Muhriz ibni Almarhum Tuanku Munawir), Yang Teramat Mulia Undang of Sungei Ujong, Yang Teramat Mulia Undang of Jelebu, Yang Teramat Mulia Undang of Johol, Yang Teramat Mulia Undang of Rembau and Yang Teramat Mulia Tengku Besar Tampin and they hold office for life.
The state's constitution proclaims the Yang di-Pertuan Besar, Undang of Sungei Ujong, Undang of Jelebu, Undang of Johol, Undang of Rembau and Tengku Besar Tampin are vested with the Executive Power of the state, are the Head of the Religion of
Islam
in the state and are the fountain of all honour and dignity for the state. The current Yang di-Pertuan Besar is
His Royal Highness Tuanku Muhriz ibni Almarhum Tuanku Munawir
. His Royal Highness succeeds
Almarhum Tuanku Jaafar Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman
who died on 27 December 2008.
Unlike
Malaysia
's eight other Royal Malay states, the Ruler of Negeri Sembilan is elected to his office by the territorial chiefs or Ruling Chiefs of the state. These Ruling Chiefs are titled Undang. Only four of the
Undangs
have the right to vote in the election for the Ruler of the State. They are:
- The Undang of Sungai Ujong
- The Undang of Jelebu
- The Undang of Johol
- The Undang of Rembau
The Undang themselves cannot stand for election, and their choice of Ruler is limited to a male Muslim who is Malay and also a "lawfully begotten descendant of Raja Radin ibni Raja Lenggang".
The Assembly convenes at the
Wisma Negeri
in the state capital,
Seremban
.
Executive and Legislature
[
edit
]
The State Executive Council consists of the Menteri Besar, who is its chairman, and ten other members. The Menteri Besar and the other members of the council are appointed by the Yang Di-Pertuan Besar from the members of the State Assembly of the governing party or coalition. The current
Menteri Besar
or Chief Minister of the state is
Aminuddin Harun
.
The unicameral
Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly
is the
state legislature
of Negeri Sembilan. It consists of 36 members who represent
single-member constituencies
throughout the state.
Elections
are held no more than five years apart, and are usually conducted simultaneously with elections to the
federal parliament
.
Departments
[
edit
]
- Negeri Sembilan State Financial Office
[18]
- Negeri Sembilan Public Works Department
[19]
- Office of Lands and Mines Negeri Sembilan
[20]
- Negeri Sembilan Irrigation and Drainage Department
[21]
- Negeri Sembilan State Forestry Department
[22]
- Negeri Sembilan State Agriculture Department
[23]
- Negeri Sembilan Social Welfare Department
[24]
- Negeri Sembilan Town and Country Planning Department
[25]
- Department of Veterinary Services of Negeri Sembilan
[26]
- Negeri Sembilan State Mufti Department
[27]
- Negeri Sembilan State Islamic Religious Affairs Department
[28]
- Negeri Sembilan Syariah Judiciary Department
[29]
Statutory bodies
[
edit
]
- Negeri Sembilan State Islamic Religious Council (MAINS)
[30]
- Negeri Sembilan State Museum Board (LMNS)
[31]
- Negeri Sembilan Public Library Corporation (PPANS)
[32]
- Negeri Sembilan Foundation (YNS)
[33]
- Negeri Sembilan State Development Corporation (PKNNS)
[34]
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
The state comprises 7 districts, which in turn divided into 61
mukims
.
Districts in Negeri Sembilan
|
|
Number
|
District
|
Seat
|
Area (km
2
)
|
Mukim
|
Local government level
[35]
|
1
|
Seremban
|
Seremban
|
935.02
|
Ampangan
,
Labu
,
Lenggeng
,
Pantai
,
Rasah
,
Rantau
,
Seremban City
, Setul
|
City
[36]
|
2
|
Port Dickson
|
Port Dickson
|
572.35
|
Jimah,
Linggi
, Pasir Panjang,
Port Dickson Town
, Si Rusa
|
Municipality
[37]
|
3
|
Rembau
|
Rembau
|
415.12
|
Batu Hampar,
Bongek
,
Chembong
,
Chengkau
, Gadong, Kundur, Legong Hilir, Legong Hulu, Miku, Nerasau,
Pedas
, Pilin, Selemak, Semerbok, Sepri, Tanjung Keling, Titian Bintangor
|
District council
[38]
|
4
|
Jelebu
|
Kuala Klawang
|
1,349.89
|
Glami Lemi, Kenaboi,
Kuala Klawang
, Peradong,
Pertang
, Triang Hilir, Ulu Klawang, Ulu Triang
|
District council
[39]
|
5
|
Kuala Pilah
|
Kuala Pilah
|
1,090.40
|
Ampang Tinggi,
Johol
,
Juasseh
, Kepis, Langkap, Parit Tinggi, Pilah,
Seri Menanti
, Terachi, Ulu Jempol, Ulu Muar
|
District council
[40]
|
6
|
Jempol
|
Bandar Seri Jempol
|
1,490.87
|
Jelai, Kuala Jempol, Rompin, Serting Ilir, Serting Ulu
|
Municipality
[38]
|
7
|
Tampin
|
Tampin
|
878.69
|
Ayer Kuning
,
Gemencheh
, Keru, Repah, Tampin Tengah, Tebong
Autonomous sub-district:
Gemas
|
District council
[41]
|
Demographics
[
edit
]
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1970
| 481,563
| ?
|
---|
1980
| 551,442
| +14.5%
|
---|
1991
| 692,897
| +25.7%
|
---|
2000
| 829,774
| +19.8%
|
---|
2010
| 986,204
| +18.9%
|
---|
2020
| 1,199,974
| +21.7%
|
---|
|
Source:
[42]
|
Ethnicity
[
edit
]
Negeri Sembilan has a collective
population
of 1,098,500 as of 2015;
[2]
[43]
the
ethnic composition
consisting of
Malays
622,000 (56.6%) (mostly are
Minangkabau
descent), other
Bumiputras
20,700 (1.9%),
Chinese
234,300 (21.3%),
Indian
154,000 (14%), Others 4,200 (0.4%), and Non Citizens 63,300 (5.8%).
[2]
The state has the highest percentage of Indians when compared to other Malaysian states. Up until today the state is known as the strongholds of Adat Perpatih in Malaysia.
Religion
[
edit
]
According to the 2010 census, the population of Negeri Sembilan is 60.3%
Muslim
, 21.2%
Buddhist
, 13.4%
Hindu
, 2.4%
Christian
, 1.1% of unknown affiliation, 0.8% non-religious, 0.5%
Taoist
or
Chinese religion
follower, and 0.3% of followers of other religions.
Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 92.9% of the Chinese population in Negeri Sembilan is identified as Buddhists, with significant minority of adherents identifying as Christians (3.6%),
Chinese folk religions
(1.9%) and Muslims (0.8%). The majority of the Indian population are Hindus (89.0%), with a significant minorities of numbers identifying as Christians (5.0%), Muslims (3.2%) and Buddhists (1.4%). The non-Malay
Bumiputera
community are predominantly
Atheists
(39.7%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (28.3%) and Muslims (20.2%). All Malays are Muslims.
[45]
Languages
[
edit
]
Negeri Sembilan is a multiethnic state in which every ethnic group speaks their respective languages and dialects. The Negeri Sembilanese people speak a unique
variety of Malay
known as
Negeri Sembilan Malay
or in their native language as
Baso Nogoghi
. It is not closely related to other varieties of Malay in Peninsular Malaysia but more closely related with Malay varieties spoken in neighbouring
Sumatra
especially
varieties of Minangkabau
. Besides Malays, the Chinese community also speak their languages and dialects.
Orang Asli
peoples like
Temuans
speak a
language
closely related to Malay.
Standard Malay
is widely used throughout the state.
Tamil
(mother tongue to Indian Tamils and Ceylon Tamils) is used as a lingua franca among the other minor Indian communities. Besides, a small number of
Telugu
,
Malayalam
and
Punjabi
exist in the towns of Negeri Sembilan.
Economy
[
edit
]
The state's manufacturing sector contributes almost half of the state's gross domestic product (GDP), followed by services and tourism (40.3%), agriculture (6%), construction (2.2%) and mining (0.3%). Manufacturing activities include electrical supplies and electronics, textiles, furniture, chemicals, machinery, metal works and rubber products. The main industrial areas in Negeri Sembilan include
Senawang
,
Bandar Sri Sendayan
,
Sungai Gadut
,
Bandar Enstek
and
Nilai
in
Seremban
, Tanah Merah in
Port Dickson
and
Chembong
in
Rembau
. Notable companies also set up their plants in Negeri Sembilan, such as
Kellogg's
,
Dutch Lady
,
Ajinomoto
and
Coca-Cola
in Bandar Enstek,
Hino Motors
in Bandar Sri Sendayan,
Yakult
in
Seremban 2
,
Samsung SDI
,
Onsemi
and
NXP Semiconductors
in Senawang, and
Nestle
in Chembong. Nestle's Chembong plant is also the largest
Milo
manufacturer in the world, as well as the company's largest global centre of excellence.
Negeri Sembilan is mainly an agricultural state. However, the establishment of several industrial estates enhanced the manufacturing sector as a significant contributor to the state economy. Two districts in the western half of the state -
Seremban
and
Port Dickson
- have been gazetted as part of the
Malaysia Vision Valley
(
MVV
,
Malay
:
Lembah Wawasan Malaysia
), a 1,534 square kilometres (592 sq mi) new growth corridor conceived from the joint venture between
Sime Darby
and both the federal and state governments in 2015 as part of the National Transformation Agenda, the National Physical Plan (NPP), the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (11MP) and the 2045 Negeri Sembilan Structural Plan, in order to evenly balancing the existing development in the neighbouring
Klang Valley
area, providing ample space for the southern extension of the
Greater Kuala Lumpur
area, as well as to transform Negeri Sembilan into a developed state by 2045.
[46]
[47]
[48]
As of 2024, the MVV is now in its second iteration, and is still undergoing development. Meanwhile, districts east of the MVV -
Rembau
,
Kuala Pilah
,
Tampin
and
Jempol
- are yet to be developed into an agropolis, to boost foodstuff production in the state and national levels respectively.
[49]
The agricultural activity includes
rubber
and
oil palm
plantations, livestock, fruit orchards and vegetable farming. About 3,099 square kilometres are used for rubber and oil palm plantations.
Culture
[
edit
]
The
Minangkabau people
brought along with them a cultural heritage which is still preserved and practised today as the
adat perpatih
, a
matrilineal
system of
inheritance
and administration that is unique to the state, where the
husband
is the head of the household and inheritance passes from the mother to the daughter. The Minangkabaus in Negeri Sembilan are divided into twelve
suku
(clans). Each of these
suku
is led by a chief, known as the
Lembaga
. Each
suku
is broken down into subunits known as the
Perut
, where each of them are led by a chief, either known as a
Buapak
(male) or
Ibu Soko
(female). Both the
Buapak
and
Ibu Soko
play a vital role as people to refer to regarding the
adat
and religious matters among the subordinates of the
Perut
, known as
Anak Buah
.
Marriage
between members of the same clan is forbidden. The twelve
suku
are known as the following, of which the names of each
suku
indicates the area where they hailed:
- Biduanda
- Seri Lemak
- Seri Melenggang
- Anak Aceh
- Anak Melaka
- Tiga Nenek
- Tiga Batu
- Tanah Datar
- Batu Hampar
- Payakumbuh
- Batu Belang
- Mungkal
One
perbilangan
(customary poetry) sums up the traditional administrative system of the state:
Alam beraja
,
Luak berpenghulu
,
Suku berlembaga
,
Anak buah berbuapak
.
The Minangkabau influence in the state can be found in dances and food as well.
Performing arts
[
edit
]
Negeri Sembilan also has
traditional music
like the
Caklempong
, Dikir Rebana, Tumbuk Kalang, and
Bongai
.
[50]
[51]
[52]
[53]
The musical instruments used to bear some semblance to
Sumatra
, the ancestral home of the
Minangkabau people
. Dances like the tarian lilin (candle dance) and rentak kuda (the beat of the horse) are popular in Negeri Sembilan and the coordinated movements of the dancers in their colorful costumes in the
Tarian Piring
and the upbeat tempo of
Tarian Randai
. Unlike modern dance, each
beat
,
rhythm
and
movement
in these dances combines to form a story, maybe of a bygone myth or simply a reflection of the lifestyles of another era.
They are usually performed at traditional festivities, cultural events and dinner-cum-cultural shows.
Transportation
[
edit
]
As in most other Asian cities, driving is the main choice in the state. there are three expressways serving the state, which are
PLUS Highway
,
LEKAS Highway
and
Seremban?Port Dickson Highway
. There is
Seremban Inner Ring Road
that is a multi-lane
ring road
highway that connects to the expressways. Public transportation covers a variety of
transport modes
such as bus, rail and taxi.
For the bus services, it is operated by myBAS in the state.
[
citation needed
]
There are also 3 lines of free bus services in the Seremban and Jempol districts funded by the state government, now operated by MARA Liner. MARA Liner also operated 4 rural routes in Rembau and Tampin districts.
Seremban has a main bus station which is Terminal One which connects Seremban with major places in Negeri Sembilan such as Kuala Pilah, Bahau, Rembau and Malaysia such as Alor Setar, Ipoh and Melaka. All bus companies that provide bus services are based here.
For the rail services,
Seremban Railway Station
is the main station to the state capital - Seremban and part of the
Klang Valley Integrated Transit System
, while
Gemas Railway Station
in Tampin District is the interchange between West Coast and East Coast Line. The
KTM Komuter
, a
commuter rail
service, was introduced in 1995 as the first rail transit system to provide local rail services from Negeri Sembilan to Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding
Klang Valley
suburban areas.
[54]
KTM Komuter's 175 km (109 mi) network in the Central Sector has 53 stations. It consists of two cross-city routes, namely the
Port Klang Line
(
Tanjung Malim
to
Port Klang
) and
Seremban Line
(
Batu Caves
to
Pulau Sebang/Tampin
).
There are no civil airports in the state, while the nearest airport,
Kuala Lumpur International Airport
(KLIA) at Sepang, Selangor can be accessed via shuttle bus between
Nilai Komuter station
to the airport.
[55]
Cuisine
[
edit
]
Traditional Negeri Sembilan food is typically very hot and spicy, as one of the ingredients used is the
cili padi
, one of the hottest types of
chili peppers
.
Masak lemak cili api
, a type of
gulai
made with turmeric and
cili padi
-infused
coconut milk
(
santan
), is a trademark dish in the cuisine of the state. The Negeri Sembilanese are also known for their penchant for
smoked
foods (known as
salai
in
Malay
), with examples include
sembilang salai
(smoked
catfish
),
ayam salai
(smoked
chicken
), etc., and these can also be cooked
masak lemak cili api
-style.
Rendang
, which is a rich dish of dry braised meat with herbs, spices and coconut milk, is also a well known fare in Negeri Sembilan, and there are variations of it according to the districts where the
rendang
originated, such as
rendang maman
from
Gemencheh
in
Tampin District
, made with
maman
leaves. Another Negeri Sembilan speciality is
lemang
, glutinous rice cooked in coconut milk in a
bamboo
stem over an open fire. This is normally served with
rendang
.
[6]
Tourism
[
edit
]
-
-
-
Excavation works in Gua Pelangi, Pasoh Caves Complex
-
Lata Kijang Waterfall, Kenaboi State Park
-
-
Attractions in Negeri Sembilan include:
- Galeri Diraja Tuanku Ja'afar
- is a gallery in
Seremban
, showcasing the life of former Negeri Sembilan
Yang di-Pertuan Besar
,
Tuanku Ja'afar
.
- Port Dickson
? A famous weekend retreat for city dwellers, said to have been named after British officer
John Frederick Dickson
in 1889.
[56]
Port Dickson is known for its high-end hotel establishments, army bases, pristine beaches facing the
Strait of Malacca
, and a lot more.
- Seri Menanti
Royal Museum ? Originally a palace for the Negeri Sembilan Royal family until 1992, this five-storey wooden palace was built using no nails or screws. The palace exhibits costumes, weaponry, bed chambers as well as documents on the royal lineage on display in the museum
[57]
- Army Museum ? Located in the
Port Dickson
suburb of Sirusa, it is the largest military museum in Malaysia. The Army Museum (
Malay
:
Muzium Tentera Darat
) exhibits artefacts in regards to the history of the
Malaysian Army
.
[58]
- Mount Datuk
- Located in
Rembau
, this 884-metre peak provides a good work out and excellent views from the top, which also include the
Strait of Malacca
, visible from the peak on a clear day. It is easily accessible via a day trip from
Kuala Lumpur
.
- Mount Angsi
- Standing at 2,702 ft (824 m), it is the seventh highest peak in Negeri Sembilan, after Mounts Besar Hantu (1,462 m [4,797 ft]), Hantu Kecil (1,354 m [4,442 ft]), Telapak Buruk (1,193 m [3,914 ft]), Berembun (1,017 m [3,337 ft]), Datuk (884 m [2,900 ft]) and Bintongan (839 m [2,753 ft]). It is even closer to Kuala Lumpur and is a popular climbing spot. The mountain is located on the border between
Seremban
and
Kuala Pilah Districts
.
- Lukut Fort and Museum
- In Lukut, the tourists can wander among the hilltop remains of a 19th-century fort before visiting the neighbouring Lukut Museum which contains a Lukut Historical Gallery and other interesting artefacts.
- Penarikan Portage
- the spot close to
Bahau
town is Jalan Penarikan where boats were carried over the short gap between eastbound and westbound rivers of the
Malay Peninsula
allowing movement between both coasts of the peninsula. It is described as the first east?west land route in Malaysian history.
- Teratak Za'aba - Pendeta
Za'aba
, whose real name was Zainal Abidin Ahmad, was a renowned Malay scholar and linguist who contributed a lot in shaping the modern
Malay language
. This museum, dedicated to him, is located at his birthplace in Kampung Bukit Kerdas,
Batu Kikir
near Bahau.
- Megalithic sites - Negeri Sembilan is home to a number of
megalithic
sites of historical significance, such as in
Terachi
in
Kuala Pilah District
,
Repah
in
Tampin District
and
Pengkalan Kempas
in
Port Dickson District
.
- Gemencheh Bridge
(Sungai Kelamah) Memorial - This memorial marks the site of a
battle at Gemencheh Bridge
during
World War II
where Allied forces ambushed advancing Japanese troops. Many people died here.
- Gemas Railway Museum -
Gemas
,
Tampin District
is a town known for being located on the
junction
between the
east coast
and
west coast
lines of the
Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad
's (KTMB) railway network. Previously, the museum's building was the former
Gemas railway station
, which ceased operations in 2013 after 91 years of service, coincident to the completion of the new station building, as part of the
electrification
and double tracking of the Seremban-Gemas section of the West Coast Line.
- Pasoh Caves - Located in Pasoh Forest Reserve,
Jelebu
, the Pasoh Caves complex holds the distinction of being the southernmost
karst cave
in
Peninsular Malaysia
as well as the first
Paleolithic
site discovered in the southern region, following the discovery of some artifacts as old as 14,000 years, in an
excavation
conducted by the
Science University of Malaysia
(USM).
- Batu Maloi Cave - Located in
Johol
,
Kuala Pilah District
, the Batu Maloi Cave is a 2.4-kilometre long
talus cave
made up of fallen boulders of
granite
with a river flowing through it. Said to be the longest granite cave in Malaysia, and is popular among cavers.
- Kenaboi State Park - Located in
Jelebu
, Kenaboi State Park is nestled in the lush million-year old rainforest and peaks of the
Titiwangsa Mountains
. The nature reserve is famous for being the main entry point to the tallest mountain in Negeri Sembilan, Mount Besar Hantu (1,462 m) and natural landmarks such as Lata Kijang, Lata Dinding and Lata Berungut.
- Mount Tampin
- Located in
Tampin
in the southern corner of the state, Mount Tampin is the geographical southern terminus of the
Titiwangsa Mountains
, at an elevation of 764 m.
Education
[
edit
]
Negeri Sembilan has several tertiary education institutions. Most of these education institutions are concentrated in major towns in Negeri Sembilan. The list below represents public and private university based in Negeri Sembilan state:
Public universities
[
edit
]
Private universities and university colleges
[
edit
]
Health care
[
edit
]
There are public hospitals and private hospitals in Negeri Sembilan:
Public Hospitals
Private Hospitals
- Nilai Medical Centre
[65]
- Seremban Specialist Hospital
[66]
- Columbia Asia Medical Centre - Seremban
[67]
- Senawang Specialist Hospital
- NSCMH Medical Centre
- Columbia Asia Hospital
- Mawar Medical Centre
Notable people
[
edit
]
- Zaquan Adha
, professional footballer
- Nabil Ahmad
, comedian, actor and television personality
- Zainal Abidin Ahmad
, better known by his pen name
Za'aba
, Malay linguist and writer
- Wan Aishah Wan Ariffin
, known mononymously as
Aishah
, singer and politician
- Abdul Ghafar Baba
, former
Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia
- Azam Baki
, head of
MACC
- Shamsiah Fakeh
, feminist and nationalist, one of the prominent figures of
Angkatan Wanita Sedar
(AWAS).
- Mohamad Hasan
, deputy leader of both
UMNO
and
BN
, 10th
Menteri Besar of Negeri Sembilan
and current
Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Shah Indrawan Ismail
, also known by his stage name
Tomok
, singer
- Khairy Jamaluddin
, politician and
radio personality
- Fish Leong
, singer
- Julian Leow Beng Kim
, archbishop of the
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur
- Anthony Loke
, Secretary-General of the
DAP
and current
Minister of Transport
- Rosmah Mansor
, wife of sixth
Prime Minister
Najib Razak
- Abdul Ghani Minhat
, former professional footballer
- Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad
, eighth
Yamtuan Besar
of Negeri Sembilan and the first
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
of Malaysia
- Siti Nordiana
, singer
- Mazlan Othman
, astrophysicist
- Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman
, 10th
Yamtuan Besar
of Negeri Sembilan, as well as the 10th
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
of Malaysia
- Sinnayah Sabapathy
, former track and field athlete
- Dol Said
, nationalist and rebel leader, known for his involvement in the
Naning War
.
- Yong Nyuk Lin
, former
Singaporean
politician
- Rais Yatim
, eighth
Menteri Besar of Negeri Sembilan
and 18th
President of the Dewan Negara
- Abdul Malek Yusuf
, second
Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca
- Aidil Zafuan
, professional footballer
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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[
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.
External links
[
edit
]
Places adjacent to Negeri Sembilan
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Villages
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International
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National
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Geographic
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