Jewellery worn around the neck
Neck rings
, or
neck-rings
, are any form of stiff
jewellery
worn as an ornament around the
neck
of an individual, as opposed to a loose
necklace
. Many cultures and periods have made neck rings, with both males and females wearing them at various times.
Of the two most notable types, one is the
torc
, an often heavy and valuable ornament normally open at the throat. These were worn by various early cultures but are especially associated with the ancient
Celts
of the
European Iron Age
, where they were evidently a key
indicator of wealth and status
, mostly worn by men.
The other type is one or more spiral metal coils of many turns, often worn only by married women.
Illusion of elongation
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In a few
African
and
Asian cultures
, neck rings are worn usually to create the appearance that the neck has been stretched.
The custom of wearing neck rings is related to an
ideal of beauty
: an elongated neck. Neck rings push the
clavicle
and
ribs
down.
[1]
The neck stretching is mostly illusory: the weight of the rings twists the
collarbone
and eventually the upper ribs at an angle 45 degrees lower than what is natural, causing the illusion of an elongated neck. The
vertebrae
do not elongate, though the space between them may increase as the
intervertebral discs
absorb liquid.
The custom requires that the girls who wear the neck rings start before
puberty
, in order to get the body used to them. These heavy coils can weigh as much as 11 pounds (5 kg).
Role of tourism
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Tourism
is often considered to encourage the use of neck rings
in Myanmar
, as they are a popular attraction for tourists.
[1]
Kayan
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Padaung
(
Kayan Lahwi
) women of the
Kayan people
begin to wear neck coils from as young as age two. The length of the coil is gradually increased to as much as twenty turns. The weight of the coils will eventually place sufficient pressure on the
clavicles
(collarbone) to cause them to deform and create an impression of a longer neck.
[2]
[3]
Small Kayan girls may wear brass collars from the age of two to five years old, as it is more comfortable to deform the collarbone and upper ribs slowly. The alternative, an accelerated process at around the age of twelve, when girls first begin to compete for the attention of boys, is painful.
Marco Polo
first described the practice to Western culture in c. 1300. Refugee practitioners in
Thailand
were first accessible to tourists in 1984.
Ndebele
[
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The
South Ndebele peoples
of Africa also wear neck rings as part of their traditional dress and as a sign of wealth and status. Only married women are allowed to wear the rings, called
dzilla
. Metal rings are also worn on different parts of the body, not just the neck. Traditionally these rings are given to a wife by her husband, and not removed until the husband's death; however, these rings are individual and do not function as a body modification.
[4]
[5]
The rings are usually made of copper or brass, usually stacked in multiples of 3.
See also
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References
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External links
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]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Neck rings
.