American writer (1926?1968)
Neal Cassady
|
---|
|
Born
| Neal Leon Cassady
(
1926-02-08
)
February 8, 1926
Salt Lake City, Utah
, U.S.
|
---|
Died
| February 4, 1968
(1968-02-04)
(aged 41)
San Miguel de Allende
, Mexico
|
---|
Occupation
| Author, poet
|
---|
Genre
| Beat poetry
|
---|
Notable works
| The First Third
|
---|
Spouse
| LuAnne Henderson (1945?1948; annulled),
Carolyn Cassady
(1948?1963; divorced),
[1]
|
---|
Partner
| Diane Hansen (1950??),
Anne Murphy (??1968)
|
---|
Children
| 5
[2]
|
---|
Neal Leon Cassady
(February 8, 1926 ? February 4, 1968) was a major figure of the
Beat Generation
of the 1950s and the
psychedelic
and
counterculture
movements of the 1960s.
Cassady published only two short fragments of prose in his lifetime, but exerted considerable intellectual and stylistic influence through his conversation and correspondence. Letters, poems, and an unfinished autobiographical novel have been published since his death.
He was prominently featured as himself in the "scroll" (first draft) version of
Jack Kerouac
's novel
On the Road
, and served as the model for the character Dean Moriarty in the 1957 version of that book. In many of Kerouac's later books, Cassady is represented by the character Cody Pomeray. Cassady also appeared in
Allen Ginsberg
's poems, and in several other works of literature by other writers.
Biography
[
edit
]
Early years
[
edit
]
Cassady was born to Maude Jean (Scheuer) and Neal Marshall Cassady in
Salt Lake City, Utah
.
[3]
His mother died when he was 10, and he was raised by his
alcoholic
father in
Denver, Colorado
. Cassady spent much of his youth either living on the streets of
skid row
, with his father, or in
reform school
.
As a youth, Cassady was repeatedly involved in petty crime. He was arrested for car theft when he was 14, for shoplifting and car theft when he was 15, and for car theft and
fencing
stolen property when he was 16.
In 1941, the 15-year-old Cassady met
Justin W. Brierly
, a prominent Denver educator.
[4]
Brierly was well known as a mentor of promising young men and was impressed by Cassady's intelligence. Over the next few years, Brierly took an active role in Cassady's life. Brierly helped admit Cassady to
East High School
where he taught Cassady as a student, encouraged and supervised his reading, and found employment for him. Cassady continued his criminal activities, however, and was repeatedly arrested from 1942 to 1944; on at least one of these occasions, he was released by law enforcement into Brierly's safekeeping. In June 1944, Cassady was arrested for
possession of stolen goods
and served 11 months of a one-year prison sentence. Brierly and he actively exchanged letters during this period, even through Cassady's intermittent incarcerations; this correspondence represents Cassady's earliest surviving letters.
[5]
Some authors have suggested that Brierly may have also been responsible for Cassady's first homosexual experience.
[6]
[
verify
]
Personal life
[
edit
]
In October 1945, after being released from prison, Cassady married 16-year-old Lu Anne Henderson.
[7]
In 1946, the couple traveled to New York City to visit their friend,
Hal Chase
, another protege of Brierly's. While visiting Chase at
Columbia University
, Cassady met Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.
[8]
Although Cassady did not attend Columbia, he soon became friends with them and their acquaintances, some of whom later became members of the Beat Generation. While in New York, Cassady persuaded Kerouac to teach him to write fiction. Cassady's second wife, Carolyn, has stated, "Neal, having been raised in the slums of Denver amongst the world's lost men, determined to make more of himself, to become somebody, to be worthy and respected. His genius mind absorbed every book he could find, whether literature, philosophy, or science. Jack had a formal education, which Neal envied, but intellectually he was more than a match for Jack, and they enjoyed long discussions on every subject."
[9]
Carolyn Robinson
met Cassady in 1947, while she was studying for her master's in theater arts at the University of Denver.
[10]
Five weeks after Lu Anne's departure, Cassady got an annulment from Lu Anne and married Carolyn on April 1, 1948. Carolyn's book,
Off the Road
: Twenty Years with Cassady, Kerouac and Ginsberg
(1990), details her marriage to Cassady and recalls him as "the archetype of the American Man".
[11]
Cassady's sexual relationship with Ginsberg lasted off and on for the next 20 years.
[12]
During this period, Cassady worked for the
Southern Pacific Railroad
and kept in touch with his "Beat" acquaintances, even as they became increasingly different philosophically.
The couple eventually had three children and settled down in a
ranch house
in
Monte Sereno, California
, 50 miles south of
San Francisco
, where Kerouac and Ginsberg sometimes visited.
[13]
This home, built in 1954 with money from a settlement from Southern Pacific Railroad for a train-related accident, was demolished in August 1997.
[14]
In 1950, Cassady married Diane Hansen, a young model who was pregnant with his child, Curtis.
[15]
Cassady traveled cross-country with both Kerouac and Ginsberg on multiple occasions, including the trips documented in Kerouac's
On the Road
.
Role of drugs
[
edit
]
Following an arrest in 1958 for offering to share a small amount of
marijuana
with an undercover agent at a San Francisco nightclub, Cassady served a two-year sentence at California's
San Quentin State Prison
. After his release in June 1960, he struggled to meet family obligations, and Carolyn divorced him when his parole period expired in 1963. Carolyn stated that she was looking to relieve Cassady of the burden of supporting a family, but "this was a mistake and removed the last pillar of his self-esteem".
[16]
After the divorce, in 1963, Cassady shared an apartment with Allen Ginsberg and
Beat
poet
Charles Plymell
, at 1403 Gough Street in San Francisco.
[
citation needed
]
Cassady first met author
Ken Kesey
during the summer of 1962; he eventually became one of the
Merry Pranksters
, a group that formed around Kesey in 1964, who were vocal proponents of the use of
psychedelic drugs
.
[
citation needed
]
Travels and death
[
edit
]
During 1964, Cassady served as the main driver of the bus named
Furthur
on the iconic first half of the journey from San Francisco to New York, which was immortalized by
Tom Wolfe
's book,
The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
(1968). Cassady appears at length in a documentary film about the Merry Pranksters and their cross-country trip,
Magic Trip
(2011), directed by
Alex Gibney
.
In January 1967, Cassady traveled to Mexico with fellow prankster George "Barely Visible" Walker and Cassady's longtime girlfriend Anne Murphy. In a beachside house just south of
Puerto Vallarta
,
Jalisco
, they were joined by Barbara Wilson and Walter Cox.
During the next year, Cassady's life became less stable, and the pace of his travels more frenetic. He left Mexico in May, traveling to San Francisco, Denver, New York City, and points in between. Cassady then returned to Mexico in September and October (stopping in
San Antonio
, on the way to visit his oldest daughter, who had just given birth to his first grandchild), visited Ken Kesey's
Oregon
farm in December, and spent the New Year with Carolyn at a friend's house near San Francisco. Finally, in late January 1968, Cassady returned to Mexico once again.
On February 3, 1968, Cassady attended a wedding party in
San Miguel de Allende
,
Guanajuato
, Mexico. After the party,
he went walking along a railroad track to reach the next town, but passed out in the cold and rainy night wearing nothing but a T-shirt and jeans. In the morning, he was found in a
coma
by the tracks, reportedly by Anton Black, later a professor at
El Paso Community College
, who carried Cassady over his shoulders to the local post office building. Cassady was then transported to the closest hospital, where he died a few hours later on February 4, aged 41.
The exact cause of Cassady's death remains uncertain. Those who attended the wedding party confirm that he took an unknown quantity of
secobarbital
, a powerful
barbiturate
sold under the brand name
Seconal
. The physician who performed the
autopsy
wrote simply, "general congestion in all systems." When interviewed later, the physician stated that he was unable to give an accurate report because Cassady was a foreigner and there were drugs involved. "Exposure" is commonly cited as his cause of death, although his widow believes he may have died of
kidney failure
.
[17]
Children
[
edit
]
Cassady has five known children: Robert William Hyatt Jr. (1945), Cathleen Joanne Cassady (1948), Jami Cassady Ratto (1949), Curtis W. Hansen (1950), and John Allen Cassady (1951). Robert, son of Neal Cassady and Maxine Beam, is an artist working in Arvada, Colorado. In February 2017, he was featured in
Westword
magazine.
[18]
Cathleen, known as Cathy, is the mother of the only grandchild Neal met. Cathy, Jami, and John keep a website in memory of their parents and parents' "beat" friends.
[19]
[20]
Curt, born from Cassady's marriage with Diana Hansen, died April 30, 2014, aged 63. He was one of the co-founders of radio station
WEBE
108, in
Bridgeport, Connecticut
.
[21]
Writing style and influence
[
edit
]
Cassady is credited with helping Kerouac break with his
Thomas Wolfe
-influenced sentimental style, as seen in
The Town and the City
(1950). After reading Cassady's letters, Kerouac was inspired to write his story in Cassady's communication style: "...in a rush of mad ecstasy, without self-consciousness or mental hesitation".
[22]
This fluid writing style, reading more like a
stream of consciousness
or hypermanic rapid-fire conversation than written prose, is best demonstrated within Cassady's letters to family and friends. In a letter to Kerouac from 1953, Cassady begins with the following fervent sentence;
Well it's about time you wrote, I was fearing you farted out on top that mean mountain or slid under while pissing in Pismo, beach of flowers, food and foolishness, but I knew the fear was ill-founded for balancing it in my thoughts of you, much stronger and valid if you weren't dead, was a realization of the experiences you would be having down there, rail, home, and the most important, climate, by a remembrance of my own feelings and thoughts (former low, or more exactly, nostalgic and unreal; latter hi) as, for example, I too seemed to spend time looking out upper floor windows at sparse, especially night times, traffic in females?old or young.
[23]
On the Road
became a sensation. By capturing Cassady's voice, Kerouac discovered a unique style of his own that he called "spontaneous prose," a stream of consciousness prose form.
[24]
Cassady's own written work was never formally published in his lifetime, and he left behind only a half-written manuscript and a number of personal letters. Cassady admitted to Kerouac in a letter from 1948, "My prose has no individual style as such, but is rather an unspoken and still unexpressed groping toward the personal. There is something there that wants to come out; something of my own that must be said. Yet, perhaps, words are not the way for me."
[23]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
In film
[
edit
]
- Anthem to Beauty
(1997).
- Love Always, Carolyn
? A film about Kerouac, Cassady and Me
(2011), a documentary that features Cassady in archival segments, as well as interviews with Cassady's ex-wife Carolyn and his children.
[25]
- Magic Trip
(2011),
Alex Gibney
's
documentary film
using the footage shot by Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters during their cross-country bus trip in the
Furthur
bus; the hyperkinetic Cassady is frequently seen driving the bus, jabbering, and sitting next to a sign that boasts, "Neal gets things done."
- The Other One: The Long Strange Trip of
Bob Weir
(2015).
Dramatizations
[
edit
]
- The film
Who'll Stop the Rain
(1978) is a psychological drama released by United Artists. The film is based on
Robert Stone
's novel
Dog Soldiers
(1974), and stars
Nick Nolte
as Ray Hicks. Stone based the character of Hicks on Beat writer Neal Cassady. Stone became acquainted with Cassady through novelist Ken Kesey, a classmate of Stone in graduate school at Stanford University. Hicks' death scene on the railroad tracks at the film's conclusion was directly based on Cassady's death along a railroad track outside of San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, in 1968.
- Heart Beat
(1980), which portrays Neal Cassady's friendship with Jack Kerouac, stars
Nick Nolte
as Cassady and
John Heard
as Kerouac. The film was based on the memoir of the same name by Carolyn Cassady (played by
Sissy Spacek
). Talk show host
Steve Allen
, who was a big supporter of
On The Road
, appears briefly as himself. Released immediately after Warner Bros. acquired
Orion Pictures
, the film was given a limited release due to studio politics and a perceived lack of public interest. The film quickly fell from view.
- What Happened to Kerouac
(1986).
- The Last Time I Committed Suicide
(1997), with
Thomas Jane
as Cassady, is based on the "Joan Anderson letter" written by Cassady to Jack Kerouac in December 1950. Until 2014, much of this letter was thought to have been lost, though an excerpt had been published in a 1964 edition of John Bryan's magazine
Notes from Underground
.
- A short film
Luz Del Mundo
(2007) deals with Cassady's friendship and adventures with Jack Kerouac. Cassady is played by
Austin Nichols
, and Kerouac is played by
Will Estes
.
[26]
- In the film
Across the Universe
(2007), the character Dr. Robert, played by
Bono
, is said to have been inspired by Neal Cassady.
[27]
- Neal Cassady
(2007), a biographical film
[28]
focused mostly on the Merry Prankster years and stars
Tate Donovan
as Neal,
Amy Ryan
as Carolyn Cassady,
Chris Bauer
as Kesey, and
Glenn Fitzgerald
as Kerouac;
Noah Buschel
wrote and directed the film, which deals primarily with how Neal became trapped by his fictional alter-ego, Dean Moriarty. The Cassady family criticized this film as highly inaccurate.
[29]
- Howl
(2010),
Jon Prescott
, chronicles
Allen Ginsberg
's creation of the poem "
Howl
" and the obscenity trial surrounding its publication;
Jon Prescott
portrays Cassady.
[30]
[31]
- In
On the Road
(2012), the dramatic adaptation of the book, Neal Cassady/Dean Moriarty is portrayed by
Garrett Hedlund
.
[32]
- In
Big Sur
(2013),
Josh Lucas
portrays Cassady.
In literature
[
edit
]
- David Amram
's
OFFBEAT: Collaborating with Kerouac
(2002)
- Charles Bukowski
's
Notes of a Dirty Old Man
(1969) as "Kerouac's boy Neal C."
- Allen Ginsberg
:
- "The Green Automobile" (1953) as "my old companion"
- "
Howl
" (1956) as "N.C., secret hero of these poems"
- "Many Loves" (1956)
- "On Neal's Ashes" (1968)
- "The Fall of America" (1968)
- "Elegies for Neal Cassady" (1968)
- John Clellon Holmes
:
- Go
(1952) as "Hart Kennedy"
- The Horn
(1958) as "the driver"
- Jack Kerouac
:
- On the Road
(1957) as "Dean Moriarty". Cassady was the model for the character Dean Moriarty in Kerouac's
On the Road
, and the character "Cody Pomeray" in many of Kerouac's other novels. In the surviving first draft of
On the Road
, which Kerouac typed on a 120-foot roll of paper specially constructed for that purpose, the story's protagonist's name remains "Neal Cassady".
[33]
However, in Kerouac's final edition of
On The Road
, Cassady's character is known as "Dean Moriarty". In
On the Road
, the narrator, Sal Paradise (representing Jack Kerouac) states, "He was simply a youth tremendously excited with life, and though he was a con-man, he was only conning because he wanted so much to live and to get involved with people who would otherwise pay no attention to him ... Somewhere along the line, I knew there'd be girls, visions, everything; somewhere along the line, the pearl would be handed to me."
[34]
[35]
- The Subterraneans
(1958) as "Leroy"
- The Dharma Bums
(1958) as "Cody"
- Book of Dreams
(1960) as "Cody Pomeray"
- Visions of Cody
(1960; published 1973) as "Cody Pomeray"
- Big Sur
(1962) as "Cody Pomeray"
- Desolation Angels (novel)
(1965) as "Cody Pomeray"
- Ken Kesey
:
- "Over the Border" (1973), as "Houlihan"
- Kesey also wrote a fictional account of Cassady's death in the
short story
"The Day After Superman Died" (1979, referring to Cassady as "Houlihan"), wherein Cassady is portrayed as mumbling about the number of
railroad ties
he had counted on the line (64,928) as his last words before dying. It was published as a part of Kesey's collection
Demon Box
(1986).
- One of the interviewees
[
who?
]
in the film
Magic Trip
(2011) states that Cassady was the inspiration for the main character, Randle Patrick McMurphy, of
Ken Kesey
's novel
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
(1962).
- Phil Lesh
's
Searching for the Sound: My Life with the Grateful Dead
(2005)
- Nick Mamatas
'
Move Under Ground
(2004)
- Chuck Rosenthal's
Jack Kerouac's Avatar Angel: His Last Novel
(2001), as "Cody Pomeray."
- Robert Stone
:
- In
Hunter S. Thompson
's book
Hell's Angels
(1966), Cassady is described as, "the worldly inspiration for the protagonist of two recent novels", drunkenly yelling at police during the famed
Hells Angels
parties at Ken Kesey's residence in
La Honda, California
. Although Cassady's name was removed from the book at the insistence of Thompson's publisher, the description is clearly a reference to the character based on Cassady in Jack Kerouac's works,
On the Road
and
Visions of Cody
(1951?1952).
- Tom Wolfe
also chronicled Cassady's drunken yelling at police during Hells Angels parties in
The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
(1968).
In music
[
edit
]
- Tom Waits
recorded "Jack & Neal /California, Here I Come," on his 1977 album
Foreign Affairs
.
- A
New York City
-based folk duo,
Aztec Two Step
, in their 1972 debut album memorialized Cassady in the song "The Persecution & Restoration of Dean Moriarty (On The Road)".
- Death Cab for Cutie
loosely based their song "Styrofoam Plates" from
The Photo Album
(2001) on the events of Cassady's life depicted in
On the Road
.
- The
Doobie Brothers
guitarist and songwriter
Patrick Simmons
refers to Cassady in his song "
Neal's Fandango
" as his incentive for taking to the road.
- Cassady lived briefly with
The Grateful Dead
and is immortalized in "The Other One" section of their song "
That's It For The Other One
", as the bus driver "Cowboy Neal".
[36]
[37]
- A second Grateful Dead song, "Cassidy" by
John Perry Barlow
, might seem to be a misspelling of Cassady's name. However, in fact, the song primarily celebrates the 1970 birth of baby girl Cassidy Law into the Grateful Dead family, though the lyrics also include references to Neal Cassady himself.
[38]
- Bocephus King sings a song called "Cowboy Neal".
- The
progressive rock
band
King Crimson
released a song named "
Neal and Jack and Me
" on their album
Beat
(1982).
- Morrissey
's album
World Peace Is None of Your Business
(2014) features a track called "Neal Cassady Drops Dead".
- The Franco-American band
Moriarty
is named after the fictional character Dean Moriarty that Kerouac created from Neal Cassady.
- Jazz guitarist John Scofield wrote a song called "Cassidae" [
sic
], released on his album
Who's who?
(1979).
- Singer-songwriter
Eric Taylor
's song "Dean Moriarty" (1995) describes a character patterned after Neal Cassady.
- Fatboy Slim
produced a track, "Neal Cassady Starts Here", that appeared as a
B-side
to the singles "Santa Cruz" and "
Everybody Needs A 303
" (1996).
- The Beat-inspired
folk revival
band
Washington Squares
released a song named "Neal Cassady" on their album
Fair and Square
(1989).
Published works
[
edit
]
- "The Joan Anderson Letter", written by Cassady to Jack Kerouac (December 1950): it was, until 2014, thought to have been lost, though an excerpt had been published in a 1964 edition of John Bryan's magazine
Notes from Underground
.
[39]
Associated Press reported in November 24, 2014, that the entire letter had been found. The 18-page letter, which is said to have substantially inspired Kerouac's subsequent writing style, was to be auctioned on December 17, 2014, but a legal dispute over ownership prevented the auction from proceeding.
[40]
[41]
The original letter was auctioned by Heritage Auctions as Lot 45378 on March 8, 2017.
[42]
[43]
[44]
- "
Pull My Daisy
" (1951, poetry) written with Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg
- "Map to Kesey's", manuscript note reproduced in facsimile,
Genesis West 7
(Volume 3, Issue 1 and 2), Winter 1965, p. 50 (
open access
at
JSTOR
).
- "First Night of the Tapes" with Jack Kerouac.
Transatlantic Review
, December 1969
- The First Third
(1971, autobiographical novel), published three years after Cassady's death
- As Ever: The Collected Correspondence of Allen Ginsberg & Neal Cassady
. Berkeley, CA: Creative Arts Book Company, 1977.
ISBN
978-0916870089
- Grace Beats Karma: Letters from Prison
(collection of poetry and letters). New York, NY:
Blast Books
, 1993.
ISBN
0-922233-08-X
- Neal Cassady: Collected Letters, 1944?1967
(2004, letters)
Biographies
[
edit
]
- The Holy Goof: A Biography of Neal Cassady
, by William Plummer (1981)
- Neal Cassady, Volume One, 1926?1940
, by Tom Christopher (1995)
- Neal Cassady, Volume Two, 1941?1946
, by Tom Christopher (1998)
- Neal Cassady: The Fast Life of a Beat Hero
, by David Sandison & Graham Vickers (2006)
- Off the Road
: Twenty Years with Cassady, Kerouac, and Ginsberg
, by
Carolyn Cassady
.
Black Spring Press
(1990).
Literary studies
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Cochrane, Lauren (January 18, 2011).
"Neal Cassady: Drug-taker. Bigamist. Family man"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
July 19,
2017
.
- ^
Daurer, Gregory (February 7, 2017).
"Neal Cassady's Denver Legacy Includes a Secret Son, Robert Hyatt"
.
Westword.com
. Retrieved
April 14,
2018
.
- ^
Sandison, David; Vickers, Graham (November 19, 2006).
"Neal Cassady"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
May 20,
2010
.
- ^
Cassady & Moore 2004
, p. 1.
- ^
Cassady & Moore 2004
, p. 1;
Sandison & Vickers 2006
, pp. 42?46.
- ^
Turner 1996
, p. 79:
[
verify
]
"Brierly had been sexually attracted to Neal, and managed to entice him into his first homosexual experience."
Sandison & Vickers 2006
, pp. 41?42:
[
verify
]
"Brierly was most likely also a closet homosexual, and it was probably through him that Neal Cassady would first discover and explore gay sex and serve as a hustler in Denver's gay community." According to some reports, however, Brierly's sexual orientation was an open secret; see
Weir, John (June 22, 2005),
"Everybody knows, nobody cares, or: Neal Cassady's Penis"
,
TriQuarterly
, archived from
the original
on June 20, 2009
.
- ^
"RootsWeb: OBITUARIES-L [OBITS] Neal Cassady"
.
- ^
Asher, Levi.
"Neal Cassady"
.
beatmuseum.org
. Literary Kicks
. Retrieved
November 5,
2014
.
- ^
"Neal Cassady Carolyn Cassady Frequently Asked Questions"
.
- ^
Campbell, James (September 23, 2013).
"Carolyn Cassady obituary"
.
The Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
July 20,
2017
.
- ^
Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (1990).
Off the Road: My Years with Cassady, Kerouac and Ginsberg
. Nation. pp. 652?653.
- ^
Young, Allen
(1973).
Allen Ginsberg: the
Gay Sunshine
Interview
. Bolinas, California: Grey Fox Press. p. 1.
- ^
Cassady, Carolyn (1990).
Off the Road
: My Years with Cassady, Kerouac, and Ginsberg
. London:
Black Spring Press
.
ISBN
0-948238-05-4
.
- ^
"Metroactive Features ? Neal Cassady's House"
.
- ^
Cochrane, Lauren (January 18, 2011).
"Neal Cassady: Drug-taker. Bigamist. Family man"
.
The Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
July 20,
2017
.
- ^
"Carolyn Cassady"
.
Neal Cassady Estate
.
- ^
Neal Cassidy website
(retrieved January 26, 2009)
- ^
Daurer, Gregory (February 7, 2017).
"Neal Cassady's Denver Legacy Includes a Secret Son, Robert Hyatt"
. Retrieved
November 8,
2018
.
- ^
"The legacy of iconic literary figure Neal Cassady lives on in Santa Cruz with his son and daughter"
. Retrieved
June 27,
2014
.
- ^
"Cassady Family's Website"
.
Neal Cassady Estate
. Retrieved
June 27,
2014
.
- ^
"Curtis Hansen Obituary"
.
Milford Mirror
. Retrieved
June 27,
2014
.
- ^
Asher, Levi (July 24, 1994).
"Neal Cassady"
.
LitKicks.come
. Literary Kicks
. Retrieved
November 5,
2014
.
- ^
a
b
"Neal Cassady: American Muse, Holy Fool"
.
New Yorker
.
- ^
Knight, Arthur and Kit (1988).
Kerouac and the Beats
. New York, NY: Paragon House.
ISBN
1-55778-067-6
.
- ^
"Love Always, Carolyn"
.
Documentary film
. IMDB
. Retrieved
September 9,
2011
.
- ^
"Luz del mundo"
. January 1, 2000 – via IMDb.
- ^
Inc, Slacker.
"AOL Radio Stations"
. Archived from
the original
on March 25, 2016
. Retrieved
January 19,
2017
.
- ^
"Neal Cassady"
. October 11, 2007 – via IMDb.
- ^
"Carolyn"
.
www.nealcassadyestate.com
. Retrieved
August 28,
2007
.
- ^
Brooks, Barnes (December 2, 2009).
"Sundance Tries to Hone Its Artsy Edge"
. newyorktimes.com.
- ^
"Alessandro Nivola is hotter than Audrey Tautou"
. BlackBookMag.com. September 22, 2009
. Retrieved
September 22,
2009
.
- ^
"On the Road"
. May 23, 2012 – via IMDb.
- ^
Paul Maher Jr.
Kerouac: The Definitive Biography
(Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2004) p. 233
ISBN
0-87833-305-3
- ^
Kerouac, Jack (1976).
On The Road
. USA: Penguin Group.
ISBN
1-101-12757-0
.
- ^
Bignell, Paul; Johnson, Andrew (July 29, 2007).
"On the Road (uncensored). Discovered: Kerouac 'cuts'
"
.
The Independent
. London. Archived from
the original
on September 27, 2007
. Retrieved
May 20,
2010
.
- ^
"Other One"
.
Dead.net
. March 20, 2007
. Retrieved
August 4,
2007
.
- ^
http://arts.ucsc.edu/GDead/AGDL/other1.html
Archived
May 14, 2008, at the
Wayback Machine
, retrieved August 23, 2007
- ^
"Cassidy's Tale"
. November 3, 1994
. Retrieved
November 8,
2018
.
- ^
Sandison & Vickers 2006
, pp. 282
- ^
"Kerouac letter discovery shows poet didn't toss it"
.
Boston Herald
. November 24, 2014.
- ^
Neary, Lynne (November 24, 2014).
"Long lost letter that inspired
On the Road Style
has been found"
.
National Public Radio
.
- ^
"2017 March 8 Heritage Rare Book Auction #6174"
. Heritage Auctions. February 2017.
- ^
"Update/News of the Joan Anderson Letter"
. March 9, 2017.
- ^
Schuessler, Jennifer (September 27, 2017).
"Long-Lost Letter to Jack Kerouac Reaches Its Final Destination"
.
The New York Times
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Cassady, Neal
; Moore, Dave (2004),
Neal Cassady: Collected Letters, 1944?1967
,
Penguin Books
,
ISBN
978-0-14-200217-9
- Collins, Ronald; Skover, David (March 2013).
Mania: The Story of the Outraged & Outrageous Lives that Launched a Cultural Revolution
. Top-Five Books.
- Sandison, David; Vickers, Graham (2006),
Neal Cassady: The Fast Life of a Beat Hero
, Chicago Review Press,
ISBN
1-55652-615-6
.
- Turner, Steve (1996),
Angelheaded Hipster: A Life of Jack Kerouac
, London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc,
ISBN
0-7475-2480-7
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[
edit
]
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[
edit
]
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edit
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