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Russian cities with many R&D facilities
Naukograd
(Russian:
наукогра?д
,
IPA:
[n??k??grat]
, also
technopole
), meaning "
science
city
", is a formal term for towns with high concentrations of research and development facilities in Russia and the
Soviet Union
, some specifically built by the Soviet Union for these purposes. Some of the towns were secret and were part of a larger system of
closed cities
in the USSR, many built by
forced labour
from the Soviet
Gulag
. In the Russian Federation in
post-Soviet times
, the term is used generally for about seventy towns that have concentrations of scientific research and production, and specifically, refers to a small number of towns that have been recognised for their scientific capabilities and hence get special privileges.
Of the more general naukograds, about thirty are located in
Moscow Oblast
and the rest mainly in the
Volga
,
Urals
, and
Siberian
regions. Few are now "closed" — there are only ten closed nuclear towns where Russia's nuclear military work is still carried out. Some still have military connections, such as
Fryazino
, where advanced radio and electronics devices are developed, but most are now focusing on civilian work with the help of Western aid funds.
[
example needed
]
Some naukograds are operated by the
Russian Academy of Sciences
, including
Pushchino
, a biological sciences center, and
Chernogolovka
, a center for physics and chemistry.
Zelenograd
(a city and an administrative district of Moscow located forty kilometres from the city centre) is the Russian center for research, education and production in the electronics area.
The first town to be officially designated "naukograd" in 2000 was
Obninsk
,
[1]
a town with many nuclear and other special materials, meteorological and medical research facilities. Two others followed in 2001:
Dubna
, an international nuclear research centre and
Korolyov
, where many space research facilities are located.
[2]
In 2003
Koltsovo
, near
Akademgorodok
, originally the home of the biowarfare centre
Vector
but now a centre for pharmaceutical and medical research,
Reutov
,
Fryazino
,
Michurinsk
were also granted the status of naukograd. At least 14 towns have been granted the designation of naukograd.
See also
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References
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External links
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