Chinese government agency for macroeconomic management
The
National Development and Reform Commission
(
NDRC
) is the third-ranked
executive department
of the
State Council of the People's Republic of China
, which functions as a
macroeconomic
management agency. Established as the State Planning Commission, the NDRC has broad administrative and planning control over the
economy
of
mainland China
, and has a reputation of being the "mini-state council".
[1]
History
[
edit
]
The body was first established in November 1952 as the State Planning Commission of the
Central People's Government
. In 1954, it was transformed to the State Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China. The NDRC's functions are to study and formulate policies for economic and social development, maintain the balance of economic development, and to guide restructuring of the economic system of mainland China.
[2]
In March 1998, the commission was renamed into the State Development Planning Commission. It was renamed again in March 2003 to its current name, the National Development and Reform Commission.
[
citation needed
]
In 2008, the NDRC issued a set of policies designed to further development the economies of central regions of China, consistent with the
Hu-Wen administration
's efforts to balance regional development.
[3]
: 217
In 2017, the NDRC announced the creation of
China's national carbon emissions trading system
.
[4]
: 76
Prior to 2018, it was also responsible for enforcing China's
antitrust law
, but this function has been transferred to the
State Administration for Market Regulation
. In February 2015, the NDRC completed an investigation into
Qualcomm
, finding that violated the Anti-Monopoly Law by imposing unreasonable requirements for patent licensing.
[5]
Qualcomm was fined the equivalent of US$975 million.
[5]
Also in 2018, the NDRC's climate policymaking functions were transferred to the newly created
Ministry of Ecology and Environment
.
[6]
: 95
On 19 December 2020, the NDRC published rules for reviewing foreign investment on national security grounds.
[7]
[8]
The rules allow government agencies "to preview, deny and punish foreign investment activities in areas that are deemed as important to national security."
[8]
In October 2021, the NDRC published rules restricting private capital in "news-gathering, editing, broadcasting, and distribution."
[9]
On 4 September 2023, the NDRC announced it established the Private Economy Development Bureau in order monitor the country's private economy, as well as establish regular communication with private businesses.
[10]
Functions
[
edit
]
The NDRC is China's main macroeconomic control institution,
[11]
: 102
as well as the top organization in the State Council in matters related to economic policymaking. It oversees the planning system in China, including producing the
five-year plans of China
.
[12]
The NDRC has responsibilities over economic targets, price policies, market policies, supply-side structural reform, overseas investment, domestic investment policy, regional development strategies, industrial development strategies, major infrastructure projects, consumption policy, innovation-driven development, scientific and technological infrastructure, high-tech industries, social development, basic public services and social development.
[12]
NDRC's responsibility for large infrastructure is intended to prevent the economy from becoming too hot or cold, as well as to address China's overcapacity in production for sectors like aluminum, iron, steel, and energy.
[11]
: 106
The NDRC is also one of the main government agencies responsible for data collection for the
Chinese Social Credit System
.
[13]
The NDRC works with other departments to formulate policies, including drafting laws and regulations.
[14]
: 39
It works with the
Ministry of Commerce
to draft negative lists for foreign investments at the national level and for
special economic zones
. It works with the
National Health Commission
to research demographic trends and formulate policies on population.
[12]
It promotes
sustainable development strategies
.
[14]
: 39
The NDRC is involved in the
foreign aid
process through coordinating aid to other countries for climate cooperation.
[15]
: 73
The NDRC manages the General Offices several leading groups, including the
National Defense Mobilization Commission
, the State Council Leading Group for Western Development, and the State Council Leading Group for the Revitalization of Old Industrial Bases in Northeast China; all of these are led by the premier.
[12]
It also hosts the General Offices of the State Council Leading Group for Promoting the Belt and Road Initiative, the Leading Group for Coordinated Development of the
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei
Region, the Leading Group for Promoting the Development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the Leading Group for Promoting the Development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and the Leading Group for Promoting Comprehensive Deepening of Reform and Opening in Hainan; these are led by the
first-ranking vice premier
, with the NDRC chairman usually being the Office director.
[12]
The NDRC's Social Development Division has a planning role in cultural industries including sports, tourism, and mass media.
[16]
: 100
List of ministers
[
edit
]
Officially, the candidate for the chairperson of the NDRC is nominated by the
premier of the State Council
, who is then approved by the
National People's Congress
or its
Standing Committee
and appointed by the
president
.
[17]
The commission has been headed by
Zheng Shanjie
since March 2023.
Current leadership
[
edit
]
- Minister in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission
- Zheng Shanjie
- Vice-ministers
- Mu Hong
- Minister level, Deputy General Office chief of the
Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms
- Zhang Yong
- Minister level
- Ning Jizhe
- Minister level
- Lian Weiliang
(
??良
)
- Lin Nianxiu
(
林念修
)
- Hu Zucai
(
胡祖才
)
- Luo Wen (
?文
)
[2]
Subordinates
[
edit
]
- Sub-ministry-level national administrations administered by the NDRC
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Woodall, Brian (May 29, 2014).
"The Development of China's Developmental State: Environmental Challenges and Stages of Growth"
.
China Research Center
. Retrieved
June 2,
2019
.
- ^
a
b
"中?人民共和??家?展和改革委??"
.
- ^
Ang, Yuen Yuen
(2016).
How China Escaped the Poverty Trap
.
Cornell University Press
.
ISBN
978-1-5017-0020-0
.
JSTOR
10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j
.
- ^
Ding, Iza (2020). "Pollution Emissions Trading in China". In Esarey, Ashley; Haddad, Mary Alice; Lewis, Joanna I.; Harrell, Stevan (eds.).
Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State
. Seattle:
University of Washington Press
.
ISBN
978-0-295-74791-0
.
JSTOR
j.ctv19rs1b2
.
- ^
a
b
Cheng, Wenting (2023).
China in Global Governance of Intellectual Property: Implications for Global Distributive Justice
. Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies series.
Palgrave Macmillan
. p. 124.
ISBN
978-3-031-24369-1
.
- ^
Lewis, Joanna I. (2023).
Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector
. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The
MIT Press
.
ISBN
978-0-262-54482-5
.
- ^
"China issues national security rules on foreign investment"
.
Reuters
. December 19, 2020.
- ^
a
b
"China Defends National Security Rules for Foreign Investment"
.
Bloomberg News
. December 19, 2020.
- ^
Hui, Mary (October 11, 2021).
"China wants an even more dominant state monopoly on the media"
.
Quartz
. Retrieved
October 11,
2021
.
- ^
Huang, Raffaele (September 4, 2023).
"China Creates Government Body to Support Private Sector"
.
The Wall Street Journal
. Retrieved
September 5,
2023
.
- ^
a
b
Li, David Daokui
(2024).
China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict
. New York, NY:
W. W. Norton & Company
.
ISBN
978-0393292398
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Decoding Chinese Politics"
.
Asia Society
. Retrieved
October 2,
2023
.
- ^
Liang & al. (2018).
"Constructing a Data-Driven Society: China's Social Credit System as a State Surveillance Infrastructure"
.
Policy & Internet
.
10
(4): 415?453.
doi
:
10.1002/poi3.183
.
S2CID
149771597
.
- ^
a
b
Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024).
High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy
.
Oxford University Press
.
ISBN
9780197682258
.
- ^
Chen, Muyang (2024).
The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance
. Ithaca and London:
Cornell University Press
.
ISBN
9781501775857
.
- ^
Lin, Chunfeng (2023).
Red Tourism in China: Commodification of Propaganda
.
Routledge
.
ISBN
9781032139609
.
- ^
"Constitution of the People's Republic of China"
.
National People's Congress
. Retrieved
August 8,
2022
.
External links
[
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]