Defunct airline of the United States (1934?1980)
National Airlines
was a
trunk carrier
, a scheduled airline in the
United States
that operated from 1934 until it merged with
Pan Am
in 1980.
[2]
For most of its existence the company was headquartered at
Miami International Airport
, Florida.
[3]
At its height, National Airlines had a network of "Coast-to-Coast-to-Coast" flights, linking Florida and
Gulf Coast
destinations such as New Orleans and Houston with cities along the
East Coast
as far north as Boston as well as with large cities on the West Coast including Los Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle.
[4]
From 1970 to 1978, National,
Braniff International Airways
,
Pan American World Airways
(Pan Am) and
Trans World Airlines
(TWA) were the only U.S. airlines permitted to operate scheduled passenger flights to Europe.
[5]
History
[
edit
]
1930s
[
edit
]
National Airlines was founded by George T. Baker (1899?1963) in 1934. Its headquarters were in
St. Petersburg, Florida
and it was based at the city's
Albert Whitted Airport
.
[6]
On October 15 of that year, revenue flights were launched, transporting passengers and mail from St. Petersburg to a few destinations within Florida using a fleet of two
Ryan ST
monoplanes.
[6]
[7]
In 1935, the
Stinson Trimotor
was introduced with National Airlines,
[8]
which were soon replaced by the
Lockheed Model 10 Electra
.
[9]
In 1939, the company headquarters were moved to
Jacksonville
.
[6]
By the end of the decade, the National Airlines network spanned from
Miami
to
New Orleans
,
[10]
on what it called the
Buccaneer Route
.
[5]
1940s
[
edit
]
Revenue passenger miles for years ending June 30:
[11]
- 1936: 249,799
- 1938: 653,688
- 1939: 1,340,050
- 1940: 3,465,316
- 1941: 7,264,322
- 1946: 108,760,267
In 1940 the
Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar
became the backbone of National's fleet.
[12]
National was awarded rights from Florida to New York City and other cities along the East Coast in 1944, with flights starting in 1945.
[13]
In 1946 National got approval to fly to
Havana
, Cuba, which coincided with the introduction of the
Douglas DC-4
.
[6]
The DC-4 allowed non-stop flights between Miami and New York
[14]
that started on February 14, 1946. Later that year National relocated its headquarters to
Miami International Airport
; a maintenance base opened at Miami in 1950.
[6]
[15]
The
Douglas DC-6
, National's first
pressurized
airliner, began flights on July 1, 1947
[6]
and reduced New York to Miami flight time from five to four hours.
[6]
Flights on the DC-6 were marketed as
Star Service
.
[5]
National ran the
Piggy Bank Vacations
campaign, promoting low-fare flights to Florida during the off-peak summer season.
[16]
1950s
[
edit
]
This decade saw the introduction of the
Convair 340/440
, the
Douglas DC-7
,
[16]
and the
Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation
.
[17]
On December 10, 1958, National became the first airline to operate domestic jet flights, using a
Boeing 707
leased from
Pan American World Airways
between Miami and New York.
[6]
In 1959 the
Lockheed L-188 Electra
was introduced into the fleet. It was the only turboprop aircraft type ever operated by the airline.
[18]
At the end of the decade Houston and Boston were the ends of the network with heavy emphasis on service between Florida and the U.S. East Coast and Gulf Coast.
[17]
1960s
[
edit
]
With the award of traffic rights on the southern transcontinental route on March 11, 1961, National Airlines gained access to California and began operating new
Douglas DC-8s
between Florida and Los Angeles and San Francisco with a number of flights stopping in Houston and/or New Orleans
[6]
[19]
(previously,
American Airlines
,
Delta Air Lines
and National had together operated
Douglas DC-6s
and
DC-7s
through between Miami and California).
[16]
In March 1962, National scheduled one round trip transcontinental nonstop: National flights 34 and 35 between Miami and Los Angeles on DC-8s.
[19]
Concerning international destinations in Central and South America, a cooperation involving interchange flights with
Pan Am
was set up.
[20]
In the early 1960s National started new service with the Lockheed Electra propjet to Las Vegas and San Diego.
[19]
Eastbound coast to coast routes flown with the Electra included San Diego-Los Angeles-Houston-New Orleans-Miami and San Francisco-Las Vegas-Houston-New Orleans-Tampa-Orlando-Jacksonville.
[19]
National had other long, multistop routings with the Electra such as Boston-New York City-Jacksonville-Orlando-Tampa-New Orleans-Houston-Las Vegas-San Francisco. National flight 223 departed Boston at 7:30am and arrived in San Francisco at 8:42pm.
[19]
In 1962 Louis Bergman "Bud" Maytag, Jr. (grandson of
Maytag
Corporation founder
Frederick Louis Maytag I
), who had previously led
Frontier Airlines
[21]
bought a majority share in National Airlines and replaced George T. Baker as CEO.
[6]
In 1960 the airline modernized its fleet with new
Douglas DC-8s
, followed by ten new
Boeing 727-100
trijets,
[13]
the first of which was delivered in 1964.
After the retirement of the Electras in 1968, National became an all-jet airline with the DC-8 and 727.
[6]
The airline introduced the first jet service into Key West, FL in 1968 with the Boeing 727-100. The Douglas DC-8 fleet included the stretched Super DC-8-61 which was the largest aircraft type operated by the airline until the introduction of new wide body jetliners such as the
Boeing 747
and
McDonnell Douglas DC-10
. In 1969 National flew the Super DC-8 nonstop between Miami and New York JFK airport and nonstop between Miami and Los Angeles, flights having names such as "The Royal Biscayne", "The Royal Dolphin", "The Gotham" and "The Manhattan" between Miami and New York, and "The Californian" and "The Caribbean" between Miami and Los Angeles.
[22]
On July 26, 1969, the Atlanta-San Francisco nonstop route was awarded to National and service began on October 1, 1969. It was National's only route out of Atlanta.
1970s
[
edit
]
Revenue passenger traffic, in millions of passenger-miles (scheduled flights only, domestic and international)
[23]
[
full citation needed
]
Year
|
Pax-Miles
|
1951
|
432
|
1955
|
905
|
1960
|
1041
|
1965
|
2663
|
1970
|
2643
|
1975
|
3865
|
A $17 million IBM electronic computer reservation system, called Res-A-Vision, was completed and put into operation in 1970.
On June 16, 1970, National Airlines reintroduced international flights, when their Miami-
London
route opened (flights to Cuba were suspended in 1961 due to the
Cuban Revolution
).
[13]
With the London route, they became the third U.S. transatlantic passenger carrier, after Pan Am and TWA.
In the fall of 1970, the
Boeing 747-100
jumbo jet, at that time the largest commercial airliner, entered service with National on the Miami-New York nonstop route on October 1, 1970, and the Miami-
Los Angeles
transcontinental nonstop route on October 25, 1970.
[6]
National sold its 747s in May 1976. Also in 1970, National Airlines opened their own terminal at
John F. Kennedy International Airport
, which was dubbed the
Sundrome
.
[24]
Having placed an order for ten aircraft back in 1969,
[13]
the wide body
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10
was put in service on the Miami-New York route on December 15, 1971.
[6]
A 1971 publicity campaign designed by
F. William Free
promoting National's flight attendants was criticized by the
National Organization for Women
as being sexist due to the slogan "I'm (flight attendant's name). Fly me.", or similar.
[25]
[26]
Seeing one of these posters in
Manchester
inspired
Eric Stewart
of
10cc
to write the band's 1976 hit song "
I'm Mandy Fly Me
".
In May 1973, the front cover of the airline's system timetable proudly proclaimed, "National has daily nonstop 747s from Miami to London".
[27]
By early 1976, the airline was operating scheduled wide body DC-10 service to Houston (IAH), Las Vegas (LAS), Los Angeles (LAX), Miami (MIA), New Orleans (MSY), Orlando (MCO), San Diego (SAN), San Francisco (SFO), Tampa (TPA), West Palm Beach (PBI) and all three airports in the New York City area: John F. Kennedy (JFK), LaGuardia (LGA) and Newark (EWR).
[28]
With the advent of the intercontinental
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30
, National Airlines then expanded their European network by adding
Paris
(inaugurated on June 22, 1977), as well as
Frankfurt
,
Amsterdam
(both in 1978)
[6]
and
Zurich
(in 1979).
[7]
National began the very first nonstop flights from New Orleans to Europe (to Amsterdam) on July 2, 1978. National then began nonstop New York Kennedy (JFK)-Amsterdam flights on December 13, 1978, taking the route over from Pan Am.
In 1975, National was forced to shut down for several months due to a strike by flight attendants.
[29]
In the late 1970s, several airlines attempted to take over National Airlines, which had become a major player in the southern transcontinental and Florida-East Coast airline markets.
[30]
In 1978,
Texas International Airlines
(which was led by
Frank Lorenzo
at that time) acquired 24.6 percent of the shares,
[2]
but did not succeed in the subsequent
tender offer
takeover bid. A similar attempt was made by
Eastern Air Lines
in 1979.
[2]
At the same time, the shares held by Texas International were sold to
Pan American World Airways
, who emerged as a
white knight
and succeeded in accumulating a controlling majority.
Acquisition by Pan Am
[
edit
]
On January 7, 1980, the acquisition of National was completed,
[2]
with
Pan Am
taking over the National Airlines fleet and route network. Pan Am continued to utilize the former National Miami maintenance base and headquarters building until Pan Am itself ceased operations in December 1991.
[30]
Much later, National's "Sun King" logo was sold and "repackaged" much like Pan Am's to appear upon the branding of start up "
low cost carrier
"
Southeast Airlines
aircraft.
Most industry analysts believe that Pan Am paid too high a price for National, and was ill-prepared to integrate National's domestic route network with Pan Am's own globe-girdling international network. The cultures of National and Pan Am also proved to be incompatible, making workforce integration difficult.
[31]
Texas International walked away from their foiled attempt with a multi-million dollar stock profit and was poised for Lorenzo's next ventures?a startup airline in the high-density East Coast corridor (
New York Air
), and subsequent acquisition of
Continental Airlines
.
[30]
Route network
[
edit
]
National
Douglas DC-8
at
Los Angeles International Airport
(1971)
National
Boeing 747-100
at
London Heathrow Airport
(1973)
National
McDonnell Douglas DC-10
at Heathrow in 1974. This aircraft would later be
written off in 1993
National Airlines operated scheduled flights to the following U.S. cities:
National also operated scheduled flights to the following destinations in Europe and the Caribbean:
Fleet
[
edit
]
A
Boeing 727
in the livery of National Airlines landing at
Miami International Airport
(1980). The airline had already been taken over by Pan Am.
When National Airlines was acquired by Pan Am in 1980, the fleet consisted of 43
Boeing 727
aircraft (19 of the original series 100 model and 24 of the stretched series 200 variant), as well as 16
McDonnell Douglas DC-10
airliners (11 of the series 10 model used in domestic service and five of the intercontinental series 30 model used for service to Europe).
[38]
Over the years, National owned the following aircraft types:
[2]
National Airlines historical fleet
Aircraft
|
Total
|
Introduced
|
Retired
|
Remark
|
Boeing 707-120
|
1
|
1958
|
1958
|
N710PA leased from
Pan Am
[39]
|
Boeing 727-100
|
21
|
1964
[40]
|
1980
|
[41]
|
Boeing 727-200
|
27
|
1967
|
1980
|
[41]
|
Boeing 747-100
|
2
|
1970
|
1976
|
N77772, N77773
[42]
|
Convair CV-340
|
1
|
1954
|
1960
|
N11136
[43]
|
Convair CV-440
|
1
|
1953
|
1960
|
N8415H
[44]
|
Curtiss C-46F Commando
|
2
|
1948
|
1954
|
N1661M, N1662M
[45]
|
Douglas C-54
|
3
|
1949
|
1950
|
N88444, N88852, N95490
[46]
|
Douglas DC-4-1009
|
7
|
1946
|
1952
|
[47]
|
Douglas DC-6
|
8
|
1947
|
1963
|
[48]
|
Douglas DC-6B
|
13
|
1952
|
1963
|
[49]
|
Douglas DC-7
|
9
|
1953
|
1964
|
[50]
|
Douglas DC-8-20
|
3
|
1960
|
1974
|
N6571B, N6572C, N6573C
[51]
|
Douglas DC-8-30
|
5
|
1963
|
1978
|
[51]
|
Douglas DC-8-50
|
9
|
1961
|
1973
|
[51]
|
Douglas DC-8-61
|
2
|
1967
|
1975
|
N45090, N45191
[51]
|
Lockheed C-60
|
4
|
1940
|
1956
|
[52]
|
Lockheed L-188 Electra
|
17
|
1959
|
1968
|
[53]
|
Lockheed L-1049H Super Constellation
|
4
|
1957
|
1964
|
N7131C, N7132C, N7133C, N7134C
[54]
[55]
|
Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar
|
4
|
1940
|
1956
|
[52]
|
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10
|
11
|
1971
|
1980
|
[56]
|
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30
|
4
|
1971
|
1980
|
N80NA, N81NA, N82NA, N83NA
[56]
|
Ryan B-5 Brougham
|
2
|
1934
|
n/a
|
NC9234, NC545N
[57]
|
Ryan B-7 Brougham
|
1
|
1934
|
n/a
|
NC723M
[58]
|
Sikorsky S-55
|
1
|
1953
|
1954
|
N423A
[59]
|
Stinson U Tri-Motor
|
n/a
|
1935
|
n/a
|
NC432M
[60]
|
Sun King Club
[
edit
]
Domestic
[
edit
]
- Fort Lauderdale
- Houston
- Miami
- Jacksonville
- Los Angeles
- New Orleans
- New York (Kennedy)
- New York (LaGuardia)
- Newark
- Orlando
- San Francisco
- Tampa
- Washington (National)
- West Palm Beach
International
[
edit
]
- Amsterdam
- Frankfurt
- London (Heathrow)
- Paris (Orly)
Accidents and incidents
[
edit
]
Fatal
[
edit
]
- On
October 5, 1945
,
National Airlines Flight 16
, a
Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar
(
registered
NC18199) crashed into a lake near
Lakeland, Florida
at 01:05 local time. The scheduled passenger flight had originated in
Tampa
, when the pilots encountered technical problems during approach of
Lakeland Airport
, which led to a failed
go-around
attempt. Of the 15 people on board, two passengers died.
[61]
- On
January 14, 1951
, 6 of the 28 passengers on board
Flight 83
died when the aircraft, a
Douglas DC-4
(registered N74685), overshot the runway and crashed into a ditch at
Philadelphia International Airport
. The pilots of the flight from
New York City
had tried to land the aircraft too far down the runway, instead of aborting the approach.
[62]
Frankie Housley
, the only stewardess, also died. She has been regarded as a hero, as she had returned to the burning wreckage to lead passengers to safety.
[63]
- On
February 11, 1952
,
Flight 101
, a
Douglas DC-6
, crashed shortly after take-off from
Newark Airport
due to a failure of a propeller and subsequent loss of control. Of the 59 passengers on board, 26 died, as well as three of the four crew members. Four people on the ground were killed.
- With 46 fatalities (5 crew and 41 passengers, among them
Billy DeBeck's
widow), the disaster of
Flight 470
on
February 14, 1953
, marks the worst accident in the history of National Airlines. The aircraft, a DC-6 registered N90893, crashed into the
Gulf of Mexico
20 mi (32 km) off
Mobile Point
en route from Tampa to
New Orleans
, after having encountered severe turbulence.
- On
November 16, 1959
, at 00:55 local time, a
Douglas DC-7
(registered N4891C) crashed into the Gulf of Mexico, the cause of which could not be determined. The 36 passengers and six crew aboard
Flight 967
from Tampa to New Orleans died in the accident 35.6 mi (57.3 km) off the coast of
Pilottown, Louisiana
.
[64]
- On
January 6, 1960
, a bomb exploded aboard the DC-6 registered N8225H
Flight 2511
en route from New York to Miami. In the subsequent crash near
Bolivia, North Carolina
, all 29 passengers and five crew died. One of the passengers, who was under criminal investigation, is suspected of committing a suicide bombing.
[65]
- On
November 3, 1973
, a
McDonnell Douglas DC-10
(registered N60NA) suffered an
uncontained engine failure
over Datil, New Mexico while operating as
Flight 27
from
Houston
to
Las Vegas
. Pieces of the turbine penetrated the fuselage, breaking a window in the passenger cabin and causing subsequent decompression. One passenger was sucked out of the aircraft and died. The flight made a successful emergency landing at Albuquerque.
[66]
The wreckage of
Flight 193
(1978).
Non-fatal
[
edit
]
- On September 13, 1945, a National Airlines Lockheed Lodestar (registered NC33349) overshot the runway at
Peter O. Knight Airport
near Tampa in rainy weather and came to a rest in the water of
Hillsborough Bay
. There were eleven passengers and three crew members on board the scheduled flight from Miami.
[68]
- On October 11, 1945, another Lodestar (NC15555) was involved in a hull-loss accident. The pilots of
Flight 23
from
Jacksonville
to Miami with 14 passengers aboard experienced an engine fire and attempted an emergency landing at
Melbourne Airport
. The approach was missed, but the pilots did not manage to pull the aircraft up, so it impacted the ground.
[69]
- On October 2, 1950, a cargo-configured
Curtiss C-46 Commando
(registered N1661M) was substantially damaged in a belly landing at
Washington National Airport
.
[70]
- On January 10, 1955, at 09:38,
Flight 1
with ten passengers and three crew veered off the runway during a takeoff attempt at
St. Petersburg-Clearwater Airport
. The copilot had lost control of the Lockheed Lodestar (registered N33369) that had been bound for
Sarasota
.
[71]
- On November 15, 1961, at 17:10,
National Airlines Flight 429
(a DC-6 registered N8228H) collided with
Northeast Airlines
Flight 120
(a
Vickers Viscount
) on the ground at
Logan International Airport
in
Boston
. The pilots of the National aircraft with 25 passengers aboard had commenced with the takeoff run without having been cleared to do so, hitting the landing Northeast plane.
[72]
Hijackings
[
edit
]
Between 1961 and 1980, 22 (attempted) hijackings on board National Airlines occurred, which involved the aircraft being demanded to be flown to Cuba. In 1969 alone, there were nine such occurrences.
[73]
These events can be partly attributed to the tense
Cuba?United States relations
at that time, and the many flights of National Airlines in and to the southeastern United States, near Cuba. See
List of Cuba ? United States aircraft hijackings
for more information.
There were several other criminal acts involving National Airlines aircraft:
- On March 8, 1971, a hijacker on board
Flight 745
, a Boeing 727 with 46 occupants en route from Mobile to New Orleans, demanded the aircraft be flown to Canada instead.
[74]
- On July 12, 1972, Michael Stanley Green and Ethiopian national Lulseged Tesfa hijacked
National Airlines Flight 496
(a Boeing 727) while en route to New York from Philadelphia.
[75]
- On March 30, 1974, following a hostage taking in Sarasota, the perpetrator tried to hijack a parked National Airlines 727 at
Sarasota-Brandenton Airport
, but was prevented from doing so by a flight engineer.
[76]
A similar hijacking attempt happened on January 3, 1975, at Pensacola Airport.
[77]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Klee, Ulrich; Bucher (1979).
JP Airline-Fleets International
(79 ed.). Switzerland: Editions JP.
ISBN
3857581131
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Information about National Airlines at the Aero Transport Data Bank
- ^
"Walkout by 3,500 Cancels All Flights of National Airlines"
.
The New York Times
. February 1, 1970. p. 58
. Retrieved
September 24,
2009
.
Pickets marched at National's headquarters at Miami International Airport.
- ^
a
b
c
d
National Airlines 1964 timetable, at timetableimages.com
- ^
a
b
c
d
Image collection of National Airlines timetables, at timetableimages.com
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
"National Airlines history, at Nationalsundowners.com, the
Organization of Former Stewardesses and Flight Attendants with the Original National Airlines.
"
. Archived from
the original
on October 22, 2018
. Retrieved
January 31,
2013
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Photos of National Airlines timetables and route maps, at airtimes.com
- ^
"NAL: The 1930s, at Nationalsundowners.com, the
Organization of Former Stewardesses and Flight Attendants with the Original National Airlines.
"
. Archived from
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on December 30, 2014
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
1937 National Airlines timetable, at timetableimages.com
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
National Airlines 1938 timetable, at timetableimages.com
- ^
American Aviation
September 1, 1946 p19
- ^
"NAL: The 1940s, at Nationalsundowners.com, the
Organization of Former Stewardesses and Flight Attendants with the Original National Airlines.
"
. Archived from
the original
on December 30, 2014
. Retrieved
January 31,
2013
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Airline to the playgrounds of the world
. The Boeing Magazine, January 1964
page 3
Archived
March 4, 2016, at the
Wayback Machine
,
page 4
Archived
March 4, 2016, at the
Wayback Machine
,
page 5
Archived
March 28, 2007, at the
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- ^
a
b
c
d
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- ^
a
b
c
d
e
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- ^
a
b
c
National Airlines 1954 timetable, at timetableimages.com
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
National Airlines 1958 timetable, at timetableimages.com
- ^
Image of National Airlines 1959 advert, at airtimes.com
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
March 2, 1962 National timetable
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
1962 National Airlines timetable, at timetableimages.com
- ^
"Lewis Maytag Jr., Heir And National Airlines Chief"
. Retrieved
August 22,
2014
.
- ^
July 15, 1969 National timetable
- ^
Handbook of Airline Statistics (biannual
CAB
publication)
- ^
Information about the Sundrome
by its architects,
Pei Cobb Freed & Partners
Archived
October 22, 2006, at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"NOW criticism of the National Airlines "Fly Me" campaign"
. Archived from
the original
on March 4, 2016
. Retrieved
January 31,
2013
.
- ^
Lavietes, Stuart (January 8, 2003).
"F. William Free, 74, Ad Man Behind 'Fly Me'
"
.
The New York Times
.
- ^
http://www.timetableimages.com
, May 1, 1973 National Airlines system timetable front cover
- ^
February 1, 1976 Official Airline Guide (OAG), National Airlines flight schedules for EWR, IAH, JFK, LAS, LAX, LGA, MIA, MSY, MCO, PBI, SAN, SFO and TPA.
- ^
Rattner, Steven (December 29, 1975).
"National Airlines Shutdown is Nearing Four Months"
.
The New York Times
.
- ^
a
b
c
Scott, Christian, J. (1998).
Bring Songs to the Sky: Recollections of Continental Airlines, 1970?1986
. Quadran Press.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
Petzinger, Thomas (1996).
Hard Landing: The Epic Contest for Power and Profits That Plunged the Airlines into Chaos
. New York: Crown Publishing Group. p. 134.
ISBN
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.
- ^
a
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- ^
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- ^
a
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National Airlines 1945 timetable, at timetableimages.com
- ^
a
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d
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National Airlines 1978 routemap, at airtimes.com
- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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. Flight International. July 26, 1980
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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. airlinesfiles.com
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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. West Drayton, England: The Aviation Hobby Shop.
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.
- ^
a
b
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. rzjets
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"Boeing 747-100"
. rzjets
. Retrieved
August 14,
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.
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"Convair 340"
. rzjets
. Retrieved
August 14,
2019
.
- ^
"Convair CV-440"
. rzjets
. Retrieved
August 14,
2019
.
- ^
"Curtiss C-46F"
. rzjets
. Retrieved
August 14,
2019
.
- ^
"Douglas C-54"
. rzjets
. Retrieved
August 14,
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.
- ^
"Douglas DC-4-1009"
. rzjets
. Retrieved
August 14,
2019
.
- ^
"National Airlines Douglas DC-6"
. Ed Coates Collection
. Retrieved
August 14,
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.
- ^
"Douglas DC-6"
. rzjets
. Retrieved
August 14,
2019
.
- ^
"Douglas DC-7"
. rzjets
. Retrieved
August 14,
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Douglas DC-8"
. rzjets
. Retrieved
August 14,
2019
.
- ^
a
b
"Lockheed Lodestar"
. rzjets
. Retrieved
August 14,
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.
- ^
"Lockheed L-188 Electra"
. rzjets
. Retrieved
August 14,
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.
- ^
"Lockheed L-1049H Super Constellation"
. Retrieved
August 14,
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"National Airlines Lockheed L1049H Super Constellation N7131C"
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- ^
Accident report of National Airlines Flight 16 at the Aviation Safety Network
>
- ^
Accident report of National Airlines Flight 83 at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
"Take Your Time"
.
Time
. January 22, 1951. Archived from
the original
on January 27, 2008
. Retrieved
January 24,
2008
.
- ^
Accident report of National Airlines Flight 967 at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
Accident report of National Airlines Flight 2511 at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
Accident report of National Airlines Flight 27 at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
Accident report of National Airlines Flight 193 at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
September 1945 National Airlines accident at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
Accident report of National Airlines Flight 23 at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
1950 landing accident at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
Accident report of National Airlines Flight 1 at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
Accident report of National Airlines Flight 429 at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
List of accidents and incidents involving National Airlines, at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
Report of the hijacking of National Airlines Flight 745 at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
40 years later: The day a 727 landed at Lake Jackson
, at chron.com
- ^
Report of the 1974 National Airlines hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^
Report of the 1975 National Airlines hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Banning, Eugene (2001). Davies, R.E.G. (ed.).
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. Paladwr Press.
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Pan Am: An Aviation Legend
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- Davies, R.E.G (1982) [1972].
Airlines of the United States Since 1914
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- Gandt, Robert L. (1995).
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- Pan American Historical Foundation (2005).
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- Pan American World Airways Records
. Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami Archives. June 26, 1996.
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