Various names used for India
The geographic region containing the
Indian subcontinent
The
Republic of India
has two principal official short names, each of which is historically significant,
India
and
Bharat
. A third name,
Hind?st?n
, is also used commonly when Indians speak among themselves. The usage of "Bh?rat", "
Hind?st?n
", or "India" depends on the context and language of conversation.
The name "India" is originally derived from the name of the river Sindhu (
Indus River
) and has been in use in Greek since
Herodotus
(5th century BCE). The term appeared in
Old English
by the 9th century and reemerged in
Modern English
in the 17th century.
"Bh?rat" gained popularity in India during the nineteenth century. It is the shortened form of the term "Bh?ratavarsha" which was first used in the first century AD in the Puranas. "Bh?ratavarsha" is derived from the name of the
Vedic
community of
Bharatas
who are mentioned in the
Rigveda
as one of the principal kingdoms of the
Aryavarta
. It is also variously said to be derived from the name of either
Dushyanta
's son
Bharata
or
Mahabharata
.
[1]
At first the name Bh?ratavarsha referred only to the western part of the
Gangetic Valley
,
[2]
[3]
but was later more broadly applied to the
Indian subcontinent
and the region of
Greater India
. In 1949, it was adopted as an official name for the
Republic of India
by the
Constituent Assembly
along with "India".
"Hind?st?n" is another common name for the
Republic of India
and is also derived from the name of the river Sindhu. It gained popularity in India in the 11th century and became the common name for the
northern Indian subcontinent
in Indian languages, though it has been in Persian usage since at least the 3rd century CE while its earlier form "Hindush" was used as early as 6th century BCE. The term 'Hindu' was the
Old Persian
adaption of "Sindhu" (
Indus River
). "Hindustan" is still commonly used in the subcontinent to refer to the modern day
Republic of India
by
Hindustani
speakers.
India
[
edit
]
India was the lower
Indus
basin in
Herodotus
's view of the world.
The English term is from
Greek
?νδικ? / Indik? (cf. Megasthenes' work
Indica
) or
India
(
?νδ?α
), via Latin transliteration
India
.
[4]
[5]
[6]
The name derives ultimately from
Sanskrit
Sindhu
(
??????
), which was the name of the
Indus River
as well as the lower Indus basin (modern
Sindh
, in Pakistan).
[7]
[8]
The
Old Persian
equivalent of
Sindhu
was
Hindu
.
[9]
Darius I
conquered Sindh in about 516 BCE, upon which the Persian equivalent
Hindu?
was used for the province at the lower Indus basin.
[10]
[11]
Scylax of Caryanda
who explored the Indus river for the Persian emperor probably took over the Persian name and passed it into Greek.
[12]
The terms
Indos
(
?νδ??
) for the Indus river as well as "an Indian" are found in
Herodotus
's Geography.
[13]
The loss of the
aspirate
/h/ was probably due to the dialects of Greek spoken in
Asia Minor
.
[14]
[15]
Herodotus also generalised the term "Indian" from the people of lower Indus basin, to all the people living to the east of Persia, even though he had no knowledge of the geography of the land.
[16]
By the time of
Alexander
,
India
in
Koine Greek
denoted the region beyond the Indus. Alexander's companions were aware of at least India up to the Ganges delta (
Gangaridai
).
[17]
[18]
Later,
Megasthenes
included in India the southern peninsula as well.
[18]
Latin
India
is used by
Lucian
(2nd century CE).
[
citation needed
]
India
was known in
Old English language
and was used in
King Alfred
's translation of
Paulus Orosius
. In
Middle English
, the name was, under French influence, replaced by
Ynde
or
Inde
, which entered
Early Modern English
as "
Indie
". The name "India" then came back to English usage from the 17th century onward, and may be due to the influence of Latin, or Spanish or Portuguese.
[
citation needed
]
Sanskrit
indu
"drop (of
Soma
)", also a term for the
Moon
, is unrelated, but has sometimes been erroneously connected.
[
citation needed
]
Bharat
[
edit
]
Bharat is another name of India, as set down in
Article 1
of the Constitution, adopted in 1950, which states in English: "India, that is Bharat,..."
[19]
Bh?rat, which was predominantly used in Hindi, was adopted as a self-ascribed alternative name by some people of the Indian subcontinent and the Republic of India.
[20]
Bh?rata is derived from the name of the
Vedic
community
Bharatas
, who are mentioned in the
Rigveda
as one of the original community of the
?ry?varta
and notably participating in the
Battle of the Ten Kings
.
The designation
Bh?rata
appears in the official Sanskrit name of the country,
Bh?rata Ga?ar?jya
. The name is derived from the ancient Hindu
Puranas
, which refer to the land that comprises India as
Bh?ratavar?a
and uses this term to distinguish it from other
var?a
s or continents.
[21]
For example, the
Vayu Purana
says "
he who conquers the whole of Bh?ratavar?a is celebrated as a samr?ta
(Vayu Purana 45, 86)."
[22]
The Sanskrit word
Bh?rata
is a
v?ddhi
derivation of
Bharata
, which was originally an epithet of
Agni
. The term is a verbal noun of the Sanskrit root bhr-, "to bear/to carry", with a literal meaning of to be maintained (of
fire
). The
root
bhr
is cognate with the English verb
to bear
and Latin
fer?
. This term also means "one who is engaged in search for knowledge".
Barato
, the
Esperanto
name for India, is also a derivation of
Bh?rata
.
According to the Puranas, this country is known as Bh?ratavar?a after
Bharata
, the son of
Rishabha
. He is described to be a
Kshatriya
born in the
Solar dynasty
. (Reference -Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 92). This has been mentioned in Vishnu Purana (2,1,31), Vayu Purana (33,52), Linga Purana (1,47,23), Brahmanda Purana (14,5,62), Agni Purana (107,11?12), Skanda Purana, Khanda (37,57) and Markandaya Purana (50,41), all using the designation
Bh?ratavar?a
.
The Vishnu Purana mentions:
- ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????????
- ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????????
- The country that lies north of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bh?ratam there dwell the descendants of
Bharata
.
- ?Vishnu Purana (2,3,1)
The Bhagavata Purana mentions (Canto 5, Chapter 4)
[23]
- "He (
Rishabha
) begot a hundred sons that were exactly like him... He (
Bharata
) had the best qualities and it was because of him that this land by the people is called Bh?ratavar?a"
Bharata Khanda
(or Bh?rata K?etra
[24]
) is a term used in some of the
Hindu texts
.
In the Sanskrit epic, the
Mahabharata
(200 BCE to 300 CE), a larger region of North India is encompassed by the term Bharata, but much of the
Deccan
and
South India
are still excluded.
[25]
Some other Puranic passages refer to the same Bh?rata people, who are described as the descendants of Dushyanta's son Bharata in the
Mahabharata
.
[26]
The realm of Bharata is known as
Bh?ratavar?a
in the
Mahabharata
(the core portion of which is itself known as
Bh?rata
) and later texts. According to the text, the term
Bharat
is from the king
Bharata
, who was the son of
Dushyanta
and
Shakuntala
and the term
varsa
means a division of the earth or a continent.
[
citation needed
]
The use of Bharat often has political overtones, appealing to a certain cultural conception of India.
[27]
CNN reported in 2023 of president
Droupadi Murmu
and prime minister
Narendra Modi
using the Bharat name in connection with a
G20
gathering, speculating on a possible name change for the country.
[28]
Epigraphical References of the term Bharata
[
edit
]
The earliest recorded use of Bh?rata-var?a (
lit.
'
Bh?rata mainland
'
) in a geographical sense is in the
Hathigumpha inscription
of King
Kharavela
(first century BCE), where it applies only to a restrained area of northern India, namely the part of the
Ganges
west of
Magadha
.
[2]
[3]
Hind / Hind?st?n
[
edit
]
The words
Hind?
(
Persian
:
????
) and
Hind
(
Persian
:
???
) came from
Indo-Aryan
/
Sanskrit
Sindhu
(the
Indus River
or its
region
). The
Achaemenid
emperor
Darius I
conquered
the Indus valley
in about 516 BCE, upon which the Achaemenid equivalent of
Sindhu
, viz., "
Hindush
" (
??????????
,
H-i-du-u-?
) was used for the lower Indus basin.
[10]
[11]
The name was also known as far as the Achaemenid province of
Egypt
where it was written
??????????
(
H-n-d-w?-y
) on the
Statue of Darius I
, circa 500 BCE.
[29]
[30]
[31]
In
middle Persian
, probably from the first century CE, the suffix
-st?n
(
Persian
:
????
) was added, indicative of a country or region, forming the name
Hind?st?n
.
[32]
Thus, Sindh was referred to as
Hind?st?n
in the Naqsh-e-Rustam inscription of
Sassanid
emperor
Shapur I
in
c.
262 CE.
[33]
[34]
Emperor Babur of the Mughal Empire said, "On the East, the South, and the West it is bounded by the Great Ocean."
[35]
Hind
was notably adapted in the
Arabic language
as the definitive form
Al-Hind
(
?????
) for India, for example, in the 11th-century
Tarikh Al-Hind
('History of India'). It occurs intermittently in usage within India, such as in the phrase
Jai Hind
(
Hindi
:
?? ?????
) or in
Hind Mah?s?gar
(
????? ???????
), the Standard Hindi name for the
Indian Ocean
.
Both the names were current in
Persian
and
Arabic
, and from that into northern Indian languages, from the 11th century
Islamic conquests
: the rulers in the
Delhi Sultanate
and
Mughal
periods called their Indian dominion, centered around
Delhi
, "Hindustan" (
????????
;
???????????
). In contemporary Persian and
Hindi
-
Urdu
, the term Hindustan has recently come to mean the Republic of India. The same is the case with Arabic, where
al-Hind
is the name for the
Republic of India
.
"Hindustan", as the term
Hindu
itself, entered the English language in the 17th century. In the 19th century, the term as used in English referred to the Subcontinent. "Hindustan" was in use simultaneously with "India" during the
British era
.
Jambudv?pa
[
edit
]
The name
Jambud?pasi
for "India" (
Brahmi script
) in the Sahasram
Minor Rock Edict
of
Ashoka
, circa 250 BCE.
[36]
Jambudv?pa
(
Sanskrit
:
??????????
,
romanized
:
Jambu-dv?pa
,
lit.
'berry island') was used in ancient scriptures as a name of India before the term
Bh?rata
became widespread. It might be an indirect reference to the
Insular India
. The derivative
Jambu Dwipa
was the historical term for India in many
Southeast Asian
countries before the introduction of the English word "India". This alternate name is still used occasionally in Thailand, Malaysia, Java and Bali to describe the Indian Subcontinent. However, it also can refer to the whole continent of Asia.
Gyagar and Phagyul
[
edit
]
Both Gyagar ("White expanse", analogous to the names Gyanak for China and Gyaser for Russia) and Phagyul are
Tibetan
names for India. Ancient
Tibetan Buddhist
authors and pilgrims used the ethnogeographic referents
Gyagar
or
Gyagar to the south
and
Madhyadesa
(
central land
or holy centre) for India. Since at least 13th century, several influential indigenous
Tibetan
lamas
& authors also started to refer to India as the
Phagyul
, short for
Phags yul
, meaning
the land of
aryas
i.e. land of noble, holy, enlightened & superior people who are the source of spiritual enlightenment.
[37]
Tibetan scholar
Gendun Chopel
explains that Tibetan word
gyagar
comes from the Indian
sanskrit language
word
vih?ra
(buddhist monastery), and the ancient Tibetans applied the term
Geysar
mainly to the northern and central India region from
Kuru
(modern
Haryana
) to
Magadha
(modern
Bihar
).
[38]
The
Epic of King Gesar
, which originally developed around 200 BCE or 300 BCE and about 600 CE, describes India as the "
Gyagar: The Kingdom of Buddhist Doctrine
", "
Gyagar: The Kingdom of Aru Medicine
" (
ayurveda
), "
Gyagar:
The Kingdom of Pearls
" and "
Gyagar:
The Kingdom of Golden Vases
".
[39]
The
Central Tibetan Administration
, often referred to as the Tibetan Government-in-Exile, asserts
"Tibet is inextricably linked to India through geography, history, culture, and spiritually, Tibetans refer to India as ‘Gyagar Phagpay Yul’ or ‘India the land of Aryas.’"
Dalai Lama
reveres India as the
guru
with Tibet as its
chela
(shishya or disciple) and
"refers to himself the ‘Son of India’ and a true follower of
Mahatma Gandhi
. He continues to advocate the revival of India's ancient wisdom based on the
Nalanda
tradition."
[40]
Tianzhu
[
edit
]
Ti?nzhu
(
Chinese
:
天竺
originally pronounced
*
q?l'iːn tu?
) is one of several Chinese transliterations of the Sanskrit
Sindhu
via Persian
Hindu
[41]
and is used since ancient times in China and its peripheries. Its
Sino-Xenic
reading in Japanese is
Tenjiku
, and
Cheonchuk
(
Hangul
:
天竺
) in
Korean
. Devout Buddhists in the
Sinosphere
traditionally used this term and its related forms to designate India as their "heavenly centre", referring to the sacred origins of
Buddhism
in the
Indian subcontinent
.
[42]
[43]
Other forms include
Ju?ndu
(
身毒
), which appears in
Sima Qian's
Shiji
. Another is
Ti?nd?
(
天篤
), which is used in the
Hou Hanshu
(Book of the Later Han).
[44]
Yinteji? or Ind?kka
(
印特伽
) comes from the
Kuchean
Indaka
, another transliteration of
Hindu
.
[41]
A detailed account of Tianzhu is given in the "Xiyu Zhuan" (Record of the Western Regions) in the
Hou Hanshu
compiled by
Fan Ye
(398?445):
"The state of Tianzhu: Also named Shendu, it lies several thousand
li
southeast of
Yuezhi
. Its customs are the same as those of Yuezhi, and it is low, damp, and very hot. It borders a large river. The inhabitants ride on elephants in warfare; they are weaker than the Yuezhi. They practise the way of Futu (the
Buddha
), [and therefore] it has become a custom among them not to kill or attack [others]. From west of the states Yuezhi and Gaofu, and south until the Western Sea, and east until the state of Panqi, all is the territory of Shendu. Shendu has several hundred separate towns, with a governor, and separate states which can be numbered in the tens, each with its own king. Although there are small differences among them, they all come under the general name of Shendu, and at this time all are subject to Yuezhi. Yuezhi have killed their kings and established a general in order to rule over their people. The land produces elephants, rhinoceros, tortoise shell, gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and tin. It communicates to the west with
Da Qin
and (so) has the exotica of Da Qin."
[44]
Tianzhu was also referred to as
W?ti?nzhu
(
五天竺
, literally "Five Indias"), because there were five geographical regions in India known to the Chinese: Central, Eastern, Western, Northern, and Southern India. The monk
Xuanzang
also referred to India as
W? Yin
or "Five Inds".
[41]
The name Tianzhu and its Sino-Xenic cognates were eventually replaced by terms derived from the
Middle Chinese
borrowing of *
yentu
from Kuchean, though a very long time elapsed between that term's first use and its becoming the standard modern name for India in East Asian languages. Pronounced
Yindu
(
Chinese
:
印度
) in Chinese, it was first used by the seventh-century monk and traveler
Xuanzang
.
[45]
In Japanese for example, the name
Indo
(
インド
,
印度
, or occasionally
印土
) had been found occasionally in 18th and early 19th-century works, such as
Arai Hakuseki
's
Sairan Igen
(1713) and
Yamamura Saisuke
[
ja
]
's
Indoshi
(
印度志
, a translation of a work by
Johann Hubner
). However, the use of the name
Tenjiku
, which was heavily associated with the image of
India as a land of Buddhism
, was not completely displaced until the early 20th century: scholars such as
Soyen Shaku
and
Seki Seisetsu
[
ja
]
who travelled to India for pilgrimages to Buddhist historical sites, continued to use the name
Tenjiku
to emphasise the religious aspect of their travels, though most of their contemporaries (even fellow Buddhist pilgrims) adopted the name
Indo
by then.
[46]
[47]
India is nowadays also called
Indo
in Korean (
印度
), and
?n đ?
in
Vietnamese
. Similar to Hindu and Sindhu, the term
Yin
印 was used in classical Chinese much like the English
Ind
.
Hodu
[
edit
]
Hodu (
Hebrew
:
??????
Hodu
) is the
Biblical Hebrew
name for India mentioned in the
Book of Esther
part of the Jewish
Tanakh
and Christian
Old Testament
. In Esther, 1:1 and 8:9,
[48]
Ahasuerus
had been described as King ruling 127 provinces from
Hodu
(India) to
Ethiopia
.
[49]
The term seemingly derives from
Sanskrit
Sindhu
, "great river", i.e., the
Indus River
, via
Old Persian
Hind°u
.
[50]
It is thus cognate with the term India.
Historical Names of India
[
edit
]
Some historical definitions prior to 1500 are presented below.
[51]
Year
|
Name
|
Source
|
Definition
|
c. 440 BCE
|
India
|
Herodotus
|
"Eastward of India lies a tract which is entirely sand. Indeed, of all the inhabitants of Asia, concerning whom anything is known, the Indians dwell nearest to the east and the rising of the Sun."
|
c.400-300 BCE
|
Hodu
|
Book of Esther
(Bible)
|
"Now it took place in the days of
Ahasuerus
, the
Ahasuerus
who reigned from Hodu (India) to Cush (Ethiopia) over 127 provinces"
[52]
[53]
[54]
|
c. 300 BCE
|
India/Indik?
|
Megasthenes
|
"India then being four-sided in plan, the side which looks to the Orient and that to the South, the Great Sea compasseth; that towards the Arctic is divided by the mountain chain of H?m?dus from
Scythia
, inhabited by that tribe of Scythians who are called Sakai; and on the fourth side, turned towards the West, the Indus marks the boundary, the biggest or nearly so of all rivers after the
Nile
."
|
200 BCE
|
Jambudvipa
|
Chanakya
Arthashastra
|
"This (Brahmaputra) is the eastern boundary of Jambudvipa, its western boundary being the mouths of the Indus and its southern boundary being the Indian Ocean or Rama Sethu."
[55]
|
Between first century BCE
[56]
and Ninth century CE
[58]
|
Bh?ratavar?a (realm of Bh?rata)
[59]
[60]
[61]
|
Vishnu Purana
|
"?????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?
????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??"
i.e. "The country (var?am) that lies north of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bh?ratam; there dwell the descendants of Bharata."
|
100 CE or later
|
Bh?ratam
|
Vishnu Purana
|
"?????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?
????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??"
i.e. "The country (var?am) that lies north of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bh?ratam; there dwell the descendants of Bharata."
|
c. 140.
|
Indoi, Indou
|
Arrian
|
"The boundary of the land of India towards the north is Mount Taurus. It is not still called Taurus in this land; but Taurus begins from the sea over against Pamphylia and Lycia and Cilicia; and reaches as far as the Eastern Ocean, running right across Asia. But the mountain has different names in different places; in one, Parapamisus, in another Hemodus; elsewhere it is called Imaon and perhaps has all sorts of other names; but the Macedonians who fought with Alexander called it Caucasus; another Caucasus, that is, not the Scythian; so that the story ran that Alexander came even to the far side of the Caucasus. The western part of India is bounded by the river Indus right down to the ocean, where the river runs out by two mouths, not joined as are the five mouths of the Ister; but like those of the Nile, by which the Egyptian delta is formed; thus also the Indian delta is formed by the river Indus, not less than the Egyptian; and this in the Indian tongue is called Pattala. Towards the south this ocean bounds the land of India, and eastward the sea itself is the boundary. The southern part near Pattala and the mouths of the Indus were surveyed by Alexander and Macedonians and many Greeks; as for the eastern part, Alexander did not traverse this beyond the river Hyphasis. A few historians have described the parts which are this side of the Ganges and where are the mouths of the Ganges and the city of Palimbothra, the greatest Indian city on the Ganges.(...) The Indian rivers are greater than any others in Asia; greatest are the Ganges and the Indus, whence the land gets its name; each of these is greater than the Nile of Egypt and the Scythian Ister, even were these put together; my own idea is that even the Acesines is greater than the Ister and the Nile, where the Acesines having taken in the Hydaspes, Hydraotes, and Hyphasis, runs into the Indus, so that its breadth there becomes thirty stades. Possibly also other greater rivers run through the land of India."
|
c. 650
|
Five Indies
|
Xuanzang
|
"The circumference of 五印 (
Modern Chinese
:
W? Yin
, the Five Indies) is about 90,000
li
; on three sides it is bounded by a great sea; on the north it is backed by snowy mountains. It is wide at the north and narrow at the south; its figure is that of a half-moon."
|
c. 950.
|
Hind
|
Istakhri
|
"As for the land of the Hind it is bounded on the East by the Persian Sea (i.e. the
Indian Ocean
), on the W. and S. by the countries of Isl?m and on the N. by the Chinese Empire... The length of the land of the Hind from the government of
Mokr?n
, the country of
Mans?ra
and Bodha and the rest of Sind, till thou comest to
Kannauj
and thence passest on to
Tibet
, is about 4 months and its breadth from the Indian Ocean to the country of Kann?j about three months."
|
c. 1020
|
Hind
|
Al-Biruni
|
"Hind is surrounded on the East by Chin and Machin, on the West by Sind (Baluchistan) and Kabul and on the South by the Sea."
|
|
Hindustan
|
John Richardson,
A Smaller Manual of Modern Geography. Physical and Political
|
"The boundaries of Hindustan are marked on every side by natural features; e.g., the Himalayas, on the N.; the Patkoi Mountains, Tippera Hills, &c., on the N.E.; the Sea, on the E., S., and W.; and the Hala, and Sulaiman Mountains, on the N.W."
[62]
|
Historical definitions of a Greater India
[
edit
]
Writers throughout history, both Indian and of other nationalities have written about a 'Greater India', which Indians have called either Akhand Bharat or Mahabharata.
[63]
Year
|
Name
|
Source
|
Definition
|
944
|
Al-Hind
|
Al-Masudi
Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawhar
|
"The Hindu nation (Al-Hind) extends from the mountains of
Khorasan
and of es-Sind (
Baluchistan
) as far as et-Tubbet (Tibetan Plateau.)"
[64]
|
1205
|
Hind
|
Hasan Niz?m?
|
"The whole country of Hind, from
Peshawar
in the north, to the Indian Ocean in the south; from Sehwan (on the west bank of the Indus) to the mountains on the east dividing from China."
|
1298
|
India the Greater
India the Minor
Middle India
|
Marco Polo
|
"India the Greater is that which extends from Maabar to Kesmacoran (i.e. from
Coromandel
to
Mekran
) and it contains 13 great kingdoms... India the Lesser extends from the Province of Champa to Mutfili (i.e. from
Cochinchina
to the
Krishna Delta
) and contains 8 great Kingdoms... Abash is a very great province and you must know that it constitutes the Middle India."
|
c. 1328.
|
India
|
Friar Jordanus Catalani
|
"What shall I say? The greatness of this India is beyond description. But let this much suffice concerning India the Greater and the Less. Of India Tertia I will say this, that I have not indeed seen its many marvels, not having been there..."
|
1404
|
India Minor
|
Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo
|
"And this same Thursday that the said Ambassadors arrived at this great River (the Oxus) they crossed to the other side. And the same day... came in the evening to a great city which is called Tenmit (
Termez
) and this used to belong to India Minor, but now belongs to the empire of Samarkand, having been conquered by Tamurbec."
|
16th century
|
Indost?n
|
Ignazio Danti
|
"The part of India beyond the Ganges extends in length as far as Cathay (China) and contains many provinces in which are found many notable things. As in the Kingdom of Kamul near Campichu (Cambodia)...And in Erguiul...In the Ava Mountains (Burma)..., and in the Salgatgu mountains...In Caindu...In the territory of Carajan..."
[65]
|
982-983
|
Hindist?n
|
Author Unknown
Hudud al-'Alam
|
"East of it (Hindist?n) are the countries of China and Tibet; South of it, the Great Sea; west of it, the river Mihran (Indus); north of it, the country of Shaknan belonging to Vakhan and some parts of Tibet."
[66]
|
1590
|
Hindust?n
|
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
Ain-i-Akbari
|
"Hindustan is described as enclosed on the east, west and south by the ocean, but Sarandip (Sri Lanka), Achin (Indonesia), Maluk (Indonesia) and Malagha (Malaysia) and a considerable number of islands are accounted for within its extent."
[67]
|
Republic of India
[
edit
]
The name and logo of state-owned Petroleum Companies of Government of India.
The official names as set down in article 1 of the
Indian constitution
are:
- Hindi
:
????
(
Bh?rat
)
- English
:
India
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
??????
Bil'Hind
appears upside-down at 6h (bottom) on the circular legend of the obverse side of the coin. The complete circular legend is "In the name of Allah, struck this dirham in
al-Hind
in the year seven and ninety."
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Roshen Dalal (2010).
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
. Penguin Books India. p. 57.
ISBN
978-0-14-341517-6
.
- ^
a
b
Dwijendra Narayan Jha
,
Rethinking Hindu Identity
(Routledge: 2014), p.11
- ^
a
b
Upinder Singh
,
Political Violence in Ancient India
, p.253
- ^
Harris, J. (2012),
Indography: Writing the "Indian" in Early Modern England
, Palgrave Macmillan US, p. 8,
ISBN
978-1-137-09076-8
- ^
Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath
(2001),
Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey
, Regency Publications, p. 3,
ISBN
978-81-87498-26-1
: "Apparently the same territory was referred to as Hi(n)du(sh) in the Naqsh?i?Rustam inscription of Darius I as one of the countries in his empire. The terms Hindu and India ('Indoi) indicate an original indigenous expression like Sindhu. The name Sindhu could have been pronounced by the Persians as Hindu (replacing
s
by
h
and
dh
by
d
) and the Greeks would have transformed the latter as Indo? (Indoi, Latin Indica, India) with
h
dropped..."
- ^
"Etymology of the Name India"
.
World History Encyclopedia
. 13 January 2011.
- ^
Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath
(2001),
Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey
, Regency Publications, p. 3,
ISBN
978-81-87498-26-1
: "In early Indian sources Sindhu denoted the mighty Indus river and also a territory on the lower Indus."
- ^
Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan (1975)
, p. 145: "
Sindhu
means a stream, a river, and in particular the Indus river, but likewise it denotes the territory of the lower Indus valley, or modern Sind. Therefore, the appellation
Saindhavah
, means "inhabitants of the lower Indus valley".... In this respect Sindhu is no tribal name at all. It denotes a geographical unit to which different tribes may belong."
- ^
Thieme, P. (1970), "Sanskrit
sindu-/Sindhu-
and Old Iranian
hindu-/Hindu-
", in Mary Boyce; Ilya Gershevitch (eds.),
W. B. Henning memorial volume
, Lund Humphries, pp. 447?450,
ISBN
9780853312550
- ^
a
b
Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan (1975)
: 'The Persians coined the name of Hindush after the current Sanskrit geographical name of Sindhu. Neither the Old Persian inscriptions, nor the Avesta make use of the word hindu in the sense of "river".'
- ^
a
b
Dandamaev, M. A. (1989),
A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
, BRILL, p. 147,
ISBN
90-04-09172-6
: "The new satrapy, which received the name of Hindush, extended from the centre to the lower part of the Indus Valley, in present-day Pakistan."
- ^
Mouton, Alice; Rutherford, Ian; Yakubovich, Ilya (2013),
Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean
, BRILL,
ISBN
978-90-04-25341-4
- ^
Herodotus, with an English Translation by A. D. Godley, Volume II
, London: William Heinemann, 1921, III.97?99
- ^
Horrocks, Geoffrey (2009),
Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
(Second ed.), John Wiley & Sons, pp. 27?28,
ISBN
978-1-4443-1892-0
: "Note finally that the letter H/η was originally used to mark word-initial aspiration... Since such aspiration was lost very early in the eastern Ionic-speaking area, the letter was recycled, being used first to denote the new, very open, long e-vowel [æ:] ... and then to represent the inherited long e-vowel [ε:] too, once these two sounds had merged. The use of H to represent open long e-vowels spread quite early to the central Ionic-speaking area and also to the Doric-speaking islands of the southern Aegean, where it doubled up both as the marker of aspiration and as a symbol for open long e-vowels."
- ^
Panayotou, A. (2007), "Ionic and Attic", in A.-F. Christidis (ed.),
A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity
, Cambridge University Press, p. 410,
ISBN
978-0-521-83307-3
: "The early loss of aspiration is mainly a characteristic of Asia Minor (and also of the Aeolic and Doric of Asia Minor)...In Attica, however (and in some cases in Euboea, its colonies, and in the Ionic-speaking islands of the Aegean), the aspiration survived until later... During the second half of the fifth century BC, however, orthographic variation perhaps indicates that 'a change in the phonetic quality of [h] was taking place' too."
- ^
Arora, Udai Prakash (2005), "Ideas of India in Ancient Greek Literature", in Irfan Habib (ed.),
India ? Studies in the History of an Idea
, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, p. 47,
ISBN
978-81-215-1152-0
: "The term 'Indians' was used by
Herodotus
as a collective name for all the peoples living east of Persia. This was also a significant development over
Hekataios
, who had used this term in a strict sense for the groups dwelling in Sindh only."
- ^
Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan (1975)
, pp. 13?14
- ^
a
b
Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath
(2001),
Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey
, Regency Publications, pp. 3?4,
ISBN
978-81-87498-26-1
- ^
Clementin-Ojha, Catherine (2014).
"
'India, that is Bharat…': One Country, Two Names"
.
South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal
.
10
.
- ^
Article 1 of the English version of the
Constitution of India
: "India that is Bharat shall be a Union of States."
- ^
Pargiter, F. F. (1922),
Ancient Indian Historical Tradition
, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 131
- ^
Pargiter, F. F. (1922),
Ancient Indian Historical Tradition
, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp. ff. 8 p. 40
- ^
"S'RIMAD BHAGAVATAM : "The Story of the Fortunate One" : Third revised version 2012"
.
Ia801005.us.archive.org
. Retrieved
10 August
2017
.
- ^
Dikshitar, Ramachandra (1 January 1993).
The Gupta Polity
. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
ISBN
9788120810242
.
- ^
D.N. Jha (2014), p.11
- ^
Dineschandra Sircar (1971).
Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India
. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 3.
ISBN
978-81-208-0690-0
.
- ^
"How Hindu is India's foreign policy?"
.
The Economist
. 18 January 2024
. Retrieved
24 January
2024
.
- ^
Singh, Akanksha (20 September 2023).
"Opinion: It's not just about its colonial past. Here's what India's possible name change is all about"
.
CNN
. Retrieved
21 September
2023
.
- ^
a
b
National Museum of Iran
notice
- ^
Yar-Shater, Ehsan (1982).
Encyclopaedia Iranica
. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 10.
ISBN
9780933273955
.
- ^
"Susa, Statue of Darius ? Livius"
.
www.livius.org
.
- ^
Habib, Irfan
(2011),
"Hindi/Hindw? in Medieval Times"
, in Aniruddha Ray (ed.),
The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray
, Primus Books, p. 105,
ISBN
978-93-80607-16-0
- ^
Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath
(1989),
The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent
, Place Names Society of India, p. 46
: "The term Hindustan, which in the Naqsh-i-Rustam inscription of Shapur I denoted India on the lower Indus, and which later gradually began to denote more or less the whole of the subcontinent..."
- ^
Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization (2000)
, p. 553: "Among the countries that fell before Shapur I the area in question appears as
Hndstn
,
India
and
Hindy
respectively in the three languages mentioned above [Middle Persian, Greek and Parthian]."
- ^
P. 310
Memoirs of Zahir-ad-Din Muhammad Babur: Emperor of Hindustan
By
Babur
(Emperor of Hindustan)
- ^
Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch
(in Sanskrit). 1925. pp. 169?171.
- ^
Toni Huber, 2008,
The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage and the Tibetan Reinvention
,
University of Chicago
Press, p.74-80.
- ^
Gendun Chopel
(translated by Thupten Jinpa and Donald S. Lopez Jr.), 2014,
Grains of Gold: Tales of a Cosmopolitan Traveler
,
University of Chicago
Press, p.73-74.
- ^
Jianbian Joacuo (translated by Liang Yanjun, Wu Chunxiao and Song Xin), 2019,
降?嘉措著, ?梁?君, ??春? A study of Tibetan epic Gesar
,
Liaoning Normal University
,
Dalian
, China.
- ^
Thank you India
,
Central Tibetan Administration
, published: Jan 2018, accessed: 19 Dec 2022.
- ^
a
b
c
Cheung, Martha Pui Yiu (2014) [2006]. "Zan Ning (919?1001 CE), To Translate Means to Exchange".
An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation: From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project
. Routledge. pp. 179, 181.
ISBN
978-1-317-63928-2
.
- ^
An Invitation to Indian Architecture
- ^
How the Japan-India alliance could redraw the political map
- ^
a
b
Yu, Taishan (November 2013).
"China and the Ancient Mediterranean World: A Survey of Ancient Chinese Sources"
(PDF)
.
Sino-Platonic Papers
(242): 73, 77.
- ^
Khair, Tabish (2006).
Other Routes: 1500 Years of African and Asian Travel Writing
. Signal Books. p. 36.
ISBN
9781904955115
.
- ^
Rambelli, Fabio (2014). "The Idea of India
(Tenjiku)
in Pre-Modern Japan". In Sen, -Tansen (ed.).
Buddhism Across Asia
. ISEAS?Yusof Ishak Institute. p. 262.
ISBN
9789814519328
.
- ^
Jaffee, Richard M. (2019).
Seeking Sakyamuni: South Asia in the Formation of Modern Japanese Buddhism
. University of Chicago Press. pp. 12?13, 114?115.
ISBN
9780226391151
.
- ^
Esther 1:1
and
8:9
- ^
"THE BOOK OF ESTHER"
.
Uskojaelama.net
. Archived from
the original
on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
10 August
2017
.
- ^
Brown?Driver?Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon
at
BibleHub
- ^
"Hobson-Jobson"
. Archived from
the original
on 28 June 2012
. Retrieved
28 June
2012
.
- ^
"Esther 1:1 This is what happened during the time of Xerxes, the Xerxes who ruled over 127 provinces stretching from India to Cush"
.
Biblehub.com
. Retrieved
10 August
2017
.
- ^
"The Book of Esther - Kids Version"
. Hanefesh Community. Archived from
the original
on 12 March 2014
. Retrieved
25 June
2020
.
- ^
"TARNEGOL HODU, A BIRD CALLED TURKEY"
. 26 October 2015.
Hodu is the biblical name for India (Esther 1:1), which is derived from the Persian word Hindu, a name for the region around the Indus River
- ^
P. 247
Chanakya and Chandragupta
By
A. S. Panchapakesa Ayyar
- ^
Wilson, H. H.
(2006).
The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition
. Cambridge: Read Country Books. p. xii.
ISBN
1-84664-664-2
.
- ^
Flood, Gavin (1996).
An Introduction to Hinduism
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
111
.
ISBN
0-521-43878-0
.
- ^
A History of Civilization in Ancient India, Based on Sanskrit Literature. In Three Volumes. Volume 3. Buddhist and Pauranik Ages
, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Publisher Elibron.com,
ISBN
0-543-92939-6
,
ISBN
978-0-543-92939-6
- ^
A Text Book of Social Sciences
, Dr. N.N. Kher & Jaideep Aggarwal, Pitambar Publishing,
ISBN
81-209-1466-X
,
ISBN
978-81-209-1466-7
- ^
VISH?U PURA?A, BOOK II, CHAP. I
, The Vishnu Purana, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson, [1840], at sacred-texts.com
- ^
P. 146
A smaller manual of modern geography. Physical and political
By John Richardson (Vicar of St. Mary's Hospital, Ilford.)
- ^
P. 45
Calcutta Review
By University of Calcutta, 1950
- ^
P. 177
Kitab Muruj Al-dahab Al-Masudi. El-Masudis Historical Encyclopaedia
By 'Abu-l-Hasan 'Ali ibn al-Husain al-Masudi
- ^
P. 3
The Mapping of Power in Renaissance Italy
By Mark Rosen
- ^
P. 187
Journal of Ancient Indian History, Volume 9
By D.C. Sircar
- ^
The Ain i Akbari, Volume 3
By Ab? al-Faz?l ibn Mub?rak
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975),
Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia
, Peeters Publishers,
ISBN
978-90-6186-037-2
- Ray, Niharranjan; Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal, eds. (2000),
A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization
, Orient Blackswan,
ISBN
978-81-250-1871-1
- Rocher, Ludo
(1986).
The Pur??as
. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
ISBN
3-447-02522-0
.
Further reading
[
edit
]