Nadahup
Naduhup, Maku
Geographic distribution	Amazon
Linguistic classification	One of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions	Nadeb?Kuyawi Daw Hupda?Yuhup ? Kakua?Nukak
Glottolog	nada1235

The Nadahup languages , also known as Maku (Macu) or Vaupes?Japura , form a small language family in Brazil , Colombia , and Venezuela . The name Maku is pejorative, being derived from an Arawakan word meaning "without speech". Nadahup is an acronym of the constituent languages. ^[1]

The Nadahup family should not be confused with several other languages which go by the name Maku . There are proposals linking this unclassified language with Nadahup, but also with other languages.

External relationships [ edit ]

Martins (2005: 342?370) groups the Arawakan and Nadahup languages together as part of a proposed Makuan-Arawakan ( Nadahup-Arawakan ) family, ^[2] but this proposal has been rejected by Aikhenvald (2006: 237). ^[3]

Epps and Bolanos (2017) accept the unity of the four Nadahup languages, but do not consider Puinave to be related. ^[4]

Language contact [ edit ]

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa , Guahibo , and Tupi language families due to contact. ^[5] A discussion of lexical and phonological correspondences between the Nadahup (Vaupes-Japura) and Tupi languages can be found in Jolkesky and Cabral (2011). ^[6] Nadahup languages also have various loanwords from Tucanoan languages ^[7] and Nheengatu . ^[8]

Languages [ edit ]

Nadahup consists of about four languages, based on mutual intelligibility. Nadeb and Kuyawi, Hup and Yahup, and Nukak and Kakwa, however, share 90% of their vocabulary and are mutually intelligible, and so are separate languages only in a sociolinguistic sense. These four branches are not close: Although the family was first suggested in 1906, only 300 cognates have been found, which include pronouns but no other grammatical forms.

gloss	Nadeb	Hup	Daw	Nikak
father	??b	?ip	?iːp	?iːp (Kakwa ?ip )
egg	t?b	tip	t?p	tip (Kakwa)
water	mi	m?h	m??	mah (Kakwa)
tooth	t??? (Kuyawi)	t???	t??	?
house	?	moj	m??j	m??

Nadeb may be the most divergent; of the other languages, there is disagreement on the placement of Nikak . Martins (1999) propose two classifications, pending further research:

Martins, proposal A

Martins, proposal B

However, Epps considers Hup and Yahup to be distinct languages, and maintains that the inclusion of the poorly attested Nukak and Kakwa has not been demonstrated and is in fact highly dubious: ^[9]

Epps

Jolkesky (2016) [ edit ]

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016): ^[5]

( † = extinct)

This classification is also repeated in Nikulin (2019). ^[10]

Typology [ edit ]

Daw and Hup?especially Hup?have undergone grammatical restructuring under Tucano influence. They have lost prefixes but acquired suffixes from grammaticalized verb roots. They also have heavily monosyllabic roots, as can be seen by the reduction of Portuguese loan words to their stressed syllable, as in Daw y?l’ "money", from Portuguese dinheiro. Nadeb and Nikak, on the other hand, have polysyllabic roots. Nikak allows a single prefix per word, whereas Nadeb, which lies outside the Vaupes language area , is heavily prefixing and polysynthetic : Up to nine prefixes per word (which is highly unusual for the Amazon), with incorporation of nouns, prepositions, and adverbs.

Genetic relations [ edit ]

Rivet (from 1920), Kaufman (1994) and Pozzobon (1997) include Puinave within the family. However, many of the claimed cognate sets are spurious. ^[11]

Henley, Mattei-Muller and Reid (1996) present evidence that the Hodi language (also known as Yuwana) is related.

Puinavean forms part of a hypothetical Macro-Puinavean family along with the Arutani?Sape families and the Maku language .

Macro-Puinavean is included in Joseph Greenberg 's larger Macro-Tucanoan stock, but this is universally rejected. Another spurious larger grouping is Morris Swadesh 's Macro-Maku .

Vocabulary [ edit ]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Macu languages. ^[12]

gloss	Querari	Puinave	Curicuriai	Dou	Tiquie	Hubde	Yehubde	Papury	Marahan	Nadeb	Par. Boa-Boa
one	bigno?	hatamad	meid	me?	ta?yaba	aihub		koop		set h?	yavuratib
two	txeno?	kan	temid	tubm	mbe?e	kognab		powoːbe		pawop h?	magchig
three	bexkamano?	hepeyad	mta?neuap	motuab	moneguap	moraab		manap		tamawoob h?	hayo
head	uaitibn	a-huyad	nu	deu-n?	nu	nu	n?	nux		nuuh
tooth	mau	mo-log	taki	deu-togn	tagn	tagn	tagn	tang	yo-tog	teg	yi-tog
woman	yadn	de	ai	aː?a	aei	amaidn	aiyab	taei		?nh	maria
water	ma	ed	nex	noː	nde	nde	nde	dex	nahoru	naeng	ugna
fire	teked	nde	behau	behoː	ndegnho	tegn	tegn	tenghon		teeg hoo	taho
tobacco	heb	xob	hot	h?ud	hot	hod	hud	hot	exuta	h??t
jaguar	txamni	yotdam	yam	yampi	yam	naam	nyaam	yaam	awat	awad	duvad
tapir	hiuibe	yap	tax	tax	da		ta	ta	togo	t'eeng	taign
house	me	mo	taup	tob	moi	moi	mo?	mooi	tob	tob	toba

Proto-language [ edit ]

For a list of selected Proto-Eastern Maku reconstructions by Martins (2005), ^[8] see the corresponding Portuguese article .

Bibliography [ edit ]

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-509427-1 .
• Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Henley, Paul; Marie-Claude Mattei-Muller and Howard Reid (1996): "Cultural and linguistic affinities of the foraging people of North Amazonia: a new perspective"; Antropologica 83: 3?37. Caracas.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13?67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN   0-292-70414-3 .
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1992) Guta
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46?76). London: Routledge.
• Pozzobon, Jorge (1997). Langue, societe et numeration chez les Indiens Maku (Haut Rio Negro, Bresil). Journal de la Societe de Americanistes de Paris 83: 159?172. Paris.
• Rivet, Paul and Constant Tastevin 1920: "Affinites du Maku et du Puinave"; Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris , n.s. t XII: 69?82. Paris.
• Rivet, Paul; P. P. Kok and C. Tastevin 1925: "Nouvele contribution a l'etude de la langue Maku; International Journal of American Linguistics , vol. 3, n. 24, p.p. 129?132. New York.

Lexicons

• Bolanos, K. (2010). Kakua phonology: first approach . University of Texas at Austin.
• Conduff, K. W. (2006). Diccionario situacional del idioma Nukak . Bogota: Iglesia Cristiana Nuevos Horizontes.
• Erickson, T.; Erickson, C. G. (1993). Vocabulario Jupda-Espanol-Portugues . Santafe de Bogota: Asociacion Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Maciel, I. (1991). Alguns aspectos fonologicos e morfologicos da lingua Maku . Masters dissertation . Brasilia: Universidade de Brasilia.
• Martins, V. (1999). Dicionario Nadeb Portugues / Portugues Nadeb . (Manuscript).
• Martins, V. (2005). Reconstrucao Fonologica do Protomaku Oriental . Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. (Doctoral dissertation).
• Ramirez, H. (2006). A Lingua dos Hupd'ah do Alto Rio Negro: dicionario e guia de conversacao . Sao Paulo: Associacao Saude Sem Limites.
• Migliazza, E. C. (1965). Fonologia Maku. Boletim do MPEG . Antropologia, 25:1-17.
• Mattei-Muller, M. (n.d.). Vocabulario Comparativo Castellano-Kakwa Vaupes-Guaviare-Hodi . (Manuscript).

References [ edit ]

External links [ edit ]

• Hup Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)