Overview of music traditions in Chicago, Illinois, United States
Chicago
,
Illinois
is a major center for music
[1]
in the
midwestern United States
where distinctive forms of blues (greatly responsible for the future creation of
rock and roll
), and
house music
, a genre of electronic dance music, were developed.
The "
Great Migration
" of poor black workers from the South into the industrial cities brought traditional
jazz
and
blues music
to the city, resulting in
Chicago blues
and "Chicago-style"
Dixieland
jazz
. Notable blues artists included
Muddy Waters
,
Junior Wells
,
Howlin' Wolf
and both
Sonny Boy Williamsons
; jazz greats included
Nat King Cole
,
Gene Ammons
,
Benny Goodman
and
Bud Freeman
. Chicago is also well known for its
soul music
.
In the early 1930s,
Gospel music
began to gain popularity in Chicago due to
Thomas A. Dorsey
's contributions at
Pilgrim Baptist Church
.
In the 1980s and 1990s,
heavy rock
,
punk
and
hip hop
also became popular in Chicago.
Orchestras
in Chicago include the
Chicago Symphony Orchestra
, the
Lyric Opera of Chicago
and the
Chicago Sinfonietta
.
[2]
Blues
[
edit
]
Chicago's music scene has been well known for its blues music for many years. "Chicago Blues" uses a variety of instruments in a way which heavily influenced early
rock and roll
music, including instruments like
electrically amplified guitar
,
drums
,
piano
,
bass guitar
and sometimes the
saxophone
or
harmonica
, which are generally used in
Delta blues
, which originated in
Mississippi
. Chicago Blues has a more extended palette of notes than the standard
six-note blues scale
; often, notes from the
major scale
and dominant
9th chords
are added, which gives the music more of a "jazz feel" while still being in the blues genre. Chicago blues is also known for its heavy rolling bass. The music developed mainly as a result of the "
Great Migration
" of poor black workers from the South into the industrial cities of the North, such as Chicago in particular, in the first half of the 20th century.
[3]
Chicago is one of the places where the faster, juicier
boogie-woogie
emerged from the blues. The most renowned early recordings of boogies were made in Chicago with
Clarence Pinetop Smith
, who might have been influenced by the brothers
Hersal Thomas
and
George W. Thomas
from
Houston
, who were together in Chicago in the 1920s.
[4]
Chicago blues and boogie music continues to be popular today with the annual
Chicago Blues Festival
, and with appreciation of many musicians such as
Muddy Waters
,
Howlin' Wolf
, and
Willie Dixon
; guitar players such as
Tampa Red
,
Buddy Guy
,
Bo Diddley
,
Elmore James
and Lefty Dizz; and "harp" (blues slang for
harmonica
) players such as
Big Walter Horton
,
Little Walter
,
Sonny Boy Williamson I
,
Syl Johnson
,
Charlie Musselwhite
,
Paul Butterfield
,
Junior Wells
, and, most notably,
James Cotton
.
[5]
House
[
edit
]
House music
originated in a Chicago nightclub called
The Warehouse
. Chicago house is the earliest style of house music. While the origins of the name "house music" are unclear, the most popular belief is that it can be traced to the name of that club. DJ
Frankie Knuckles
originally popularized house music while working at The Warehouse.
[6]
House music was developed in the houses, garages and clubs of Chicago, and was initially for local club-goers in the "underground" club scenes, rather than for widespread commercial release. As a result, the recordings were much more conceptual, and longer than the music usually played on commercial radio. House musicians used analog synthesizers and sequencers to create and arrange the electronic elements and samples on their tracks, combining live traditional instruments and percussion and soulful vocals with preprogrammed electronic synthesizers and "beat-boxes".
House, perhaps more than any other form of black music, has birthed many offshoots and spread its sound far and wide. The prevalence of four on the floor beats in dance music is largely derived from house. It has influenced, in some capacity,
Garage house
,
Jungle music
,
Eurodance
,
Electropop
,
Dubstep
, and even certain elements of
Alternative rock
and
Hip hop
.
[7]
Important musicians in the
Chicago house
scene include
Adonis
,
Mark Farina
,
Keith Farley
,
Felix da Housecat
,
Fingers Inc.
,
Ron Hardy
,
Larry Heard
,
Steve 'Silk' Hurley
,
Marshall Jefferson
,
Curtis Jones
,
Paul Johnson
,
Frankie Knuckles
,
Lil' Louis
,
Jesse Saunders
,
Joe Smooth
,
Julius the Mad Thinker
and
Ten City
The city is host to the Chicago House Music Festaval, the event is held at Millennium park in the late summer.
[8]
[9]
Jazz
[
edit
]
The Chicago style
[
edit
]
The "Chicago style" of
jazz
originated in southern musicians
moving North
after 1917, bringing with them the
New Orleans
"
Dixieland
" or sometimes called "
hot jazz
" styles.
[10]
Dixieland largely evolved into Chicago style in the late 1910s and the new style was popularly called that name by the early 1920s.
[11]
King Oliver
and
Jelly Roll Morton
became stars of the Chicago jazz scene. King Oliver in particular brought
Louis Armstrong
to Chicago in 1922 while he was performing at the Dreamland Cafe with his "Creole Jazz Band".
[12]
More importantly, white musicians, or "alligators", attended Oliver's performances in order to learn how to play jazz.
[13]
Louis Armstrong
's recordings with his Chicago-based
Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five
and
Hot Seven
band came out in the years 1925 to 1928 and were popular with both black and white audiences.
[14]
These recordings marked the transition of original New Orleans jazz to a more sophisticated type of American improvised music with more emphasis on solo choruses instead of just little solo breaks. This style of playing was adopted by white musicians who favored
meters
of 2 instead of 4.
[15]
Emphasis on solos, faster tempos,
string bass
and
guitar
(replacing the traditional
tuba
and
banjo
) and saxophones also distinguish Chicago-style playing from New Orleans style. When Chicago musicians started playing four-beat measures, they laid the foundation for the
swing era
. The
Lindy Hop
was originally danced to four-beat Chicago style jazz and went on to become one of the iconic features of the swing era.
Important musicians in the Chicago style include
Lovie Austin
,
Muggsy Spanier
,
Jimmy McPartland
,
Bix Beiderbecke
,
Eddie Condon
,
Bud Freeman
,
Benny Goodman
,
Gene Krupa
,
Frank Teschemacher
, and
Frank Trumbauer
.
[15]
The
gangsters
of Chicago engaged profiled musicians like
Earl Hines
, whose benefit was to lead an orchestra in one of the city's top locations. Armstrong was also friendly with gangsters, such as Al Capone who frequently paid for private use of jazz clubs.
[16]
Hines and Benny Goodman emancipated from Chicago style when they became two of the most famous
band leaders
of the
swing era
.
Two decades later, original Chicago-style pianist
Art Hodes
presented the classic jazz style in a
TV
show series.
Modern Chicago jazz
[
edit
]
From the mid 1960s to the present day the
Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians
has nurtured "Great Black Music: Ancient to the Future".
Chicago's jazz scene includes the annual
Chicago Jazz Festival
[17]
which has its origins in the 1970s. Festival performers have included
Miles Davis
,
Sonny Rollins
,
Ornette Coleman
,
Benny Carter
,
Ella Fitzgerald
,
Anthony Braxton
,
Betty Carter
,
Lionel Hampton
,
Chico O'Farrill
's big band,
Jimmy Dawkins
,
Von Freeman
,
Johnny Frigo
,
Slide Hampton
, and
Roy Haynes
.
Musicians from all surviving eras of jazz perform regularly in the city, release recordings, and tour nationally and internationally.
Sinyan Shen, internationally known for his Shanghai classical repertoire and Shanghai jazz performances based on tonal interests and just intervals, is based in Chicago.
Musicians still performing today who originally came to prominence in the
bebop
and
hard bop
eras include
Von Freeman
and
Jimmy Ellis
, both contemporaries of former Chicagoan
Johnny Griffin
.
Members of Chicago's
Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians
working regularly in the city include
Fred Anderson
,
Ernest Dawkins
,
Aaron Getsug
, and
Isaiah Spencer
. Since the 1960s, members of the organization have performed their version of "Great Black Music" throughout the world.
Innovative jazz musicians who have come to public attention since the early 1990s include
Marbin
,
David Boykin
,
Karl E. H. Seigfried
,
Jeff Parker
,
Joshua Abrams
and
Jim Baker
. Common to many of this new generation is an embrace of a wide variety of styles and techniques.
[18]
Soul
[
edit
]
During the mid-1960s to the late 1970s a new style of soul music emerged from Chicago. Its sound, like
southern soul
with its rich influence of
black gospel music
, also exhibited an unmistakable gospel sound, but was somewhat lighter and more delicate in its approach, and was sometimes called "soft soul".
Popular R&B/soul artists from Chicago include
The Impressions
,
Sam Cooke
,
Curtis Mayfield
,
Lou Rawls
,
The Five Stairsteps
,
The Staple Singers
,
Earth Wind & Fire
,
Rufus
,
Chaka Khan
,
Dave Hollister
,
The Emotions
,
The Chi-lites
,
R. Kelly
,
Carl Thomas
, and
Jennifer Hudson
. Chicago soul labels, including
Vee-Jay
,
Chess Records
,
OKeh
,
ABC-Paramount
,
Brunswick
, and
Curtom
, established a major presence in R&B/soul music.
Vee-Jay Records
[
edit
]
Vee-Jay Records is an American
record label
founded in the 1950s, located in
Chicago
and specializing in
blues
,
jazz
,
rhythm and blues
and
rock and roll
. The label was founded in
Gary, Indiana
in 1953 by
Vivian Carter
and
James C. Bracken
(shortly after moving to Chicago), a husband-and-wife team who used their initials for the label's name.
[19]
Vee-Jay hold historical significance being one of the first African American and female owned record companies.
[20]
Chess Records
[
edit
]
Chess Records was an American record company established in 1950 in
Chicago
, specializing in
blues
and
rhythm and blues
. It was the successor to
Aristocrat Records
, founded in 1947. It expanded into
soul music
,
gospel music
, early
rock and roll
, and
jazz
and comedy recordings, released on the Chess and its
subsidiary
labels
Checker
and
Argo
/
Cadet
. Chess was based at several locations on the south side of Chicago, initially at South Cottage Grove Ave.
[21]
The most famous was 2120 S.
Michigan Avenue
, from May 1957 to 1965, immortalized by
the Rolling Stones
in "
2120 South Michigan Avenue
", an instrumental recorded there during the group's first U.S. tour in 1964.
[22]
The building is now the home of
Willie Dixon
's Blues Heaven Foundation.
[23]
Rock
[
edit
]
In 1965 Chicago's burgeoning pop rock horn sound moved into national exposure with the brass arrangements in early recordings by
The Buckinghams
, who recorded their first hits at the historic
Chess Studios
. Their horn sound was followed quickly and expanded upon substantially by the rock band
Chicago
, originally named the
Chicago Transit Authority
. Other popular Chicago-based bands from the 1960s and 1970s include
Shadows of Knight
,
Cryan' Shames
,
The Buckinghams
,
The Flock
,
Ides of March
,
New Colony Six
,
Mason Proffit
,
Styx
,
Survivor
,
REO Speedwagon
(Champaign) and
Cheap Trick
(Rockford).
As documented in
Michael Azerrad
's
Our Band Could Be Your Life
, the 1980s independent music scene was alive and well in Chicago. Some of the more famous punk and "post-punk" products originating from the city were
Naked Raygun
,
The Effigies
,
88 Fingers Louie
,
Big Black
,
The Queers
and
Screeching Weasel
, with punk legend
Patti Smith
also born in the city. Many of these bands would become major precursors to
pop punk
(Screeching Weasel and The Queers) and
post-hardcore
(Big Black and Naked Raygun).
[24]
At this time
Steve Albini
(of
Big Black
) also began his prolific recording engineer work with acts both local and national.
[25]
The Victims
represented Chicago on the New Wave scene.
The 1980s punk scene eventually gave way to the 1990s
alternative rock
boom with artists like
Local H
,
Eleventh Dream Day
,
Ministry
,
Veruca Salt
(the band
Seether
is named after their song "
Seether
"),
My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult
,
Material Issue
,
Liz Phair
,
Urge Overkill
,
LaTour
,
The Tossers
,
The Jesus Lizard
, and
The Smashing Pumpkins
gaining fame. Many of these bands got their career started at noted alternative music venues
Metro
(originally Cabaret Metro) and
Lounge Ax
, and later on influential alternative music station
Q101
. Alternative icons
Eddie Vedder
(
Pearl Jam
),
Kim Thayil
(
Soundgarden
),
Adam Jones
(
Tool
), and
Tom Morello
(
Rage Against the Machine
) also attended school in the area. In the late 1990s, along with
Milwaukee, WI
and
Champaign-Urbana, IL
, Chicago also supported a healthy midwestern
emo
/
post-hardcore
scene that included
Cap'n Jazz
,
Braid
and
American Football
.
Since the late 1990s/early 2000s, Chicago has also become a major force in the American heavy metal scene including a handful of
deathcore
,
death metal
and
industrial metal
groups supported and promoted by indie labels like
Wax Trax! Records
among others. Bands such as,
Disturbed
,
SOiL
,
From Zero
,
No One
,
Ministry (band)
,
Dance Club Massacre
,
Born of Osiris
,
Veil of Maya
,
Macabre
,
Oceano
and
Lovehammers
hail from the Chicago area.
Since the 2000s Chicago has remained a hotbed for independent music. Being home to a number of
independent record labels
such as
Touch and Go Records
,
Thrill Jockey Records
,
Bloodshot Records
,
Drag City Records
,
Victory Records
and
Hozac Records
, Chicago continues to have one of the most active indie scenes in the United States. The area is home to the foundations of American
hardcore punk
,
alt-country
,
noise rock
,
industrial music
, and many other
independent music
scenes.
Contemporary bands with ties to Chicago include
Wilco
,
Tortoise
,
The Sea and Cake
,
Califone
,
The Greenskeepers
,
The Loneliest Monk
,
The Mekons
,
Smith Westerns
,
Andrew Bird
,
Umphrey's McGee
,
Neko Case
, and
Matthew
&
Eleanor Friedberger
of the
Fiery Furnaces
. The 2000s have also seen many punk/pop/rock bands from the Chicago area attain national success, including
Disturbed
, SOiL,
Alkaline Trio
,
Kill Hannah
,
The Academy Is
,
Rise Against
,
The Audition
,
Spitalfield
,
Chevelle
, the
Plain White T's
, and
OK Go
.
Fall Out Boy
, from
Wilmette
, Illinois, has been the most commercially successful band to come from the Chicago area in recent years, scoring 4 #1 albums on the Billboard Hot 200.
Despite the scene's frequent distaste for local politics, city funding has allowed Chicago to become America's premier music festival city,
[26]
hosting popular indie headliners such as
Superchunk
,
Black Francis
,
Pavement
,
The Flaming Lips
,
Spoon
,
De La Soul
,
Mos Def
,
Isis
,
Olivia Tremor Control
and
Junior Boys
. It has also hosted music festivals such as
Pitchfork Music Festival
,
Lollapalooza
(since 2005),
Chicago Blues Festival
,
Alehorn of Power
,
Riot Fest
, and a free weekly Monday music series called "Downtown Sound", at
Millennium Park
's
Jay Pritzker Pavilion
.
Chicago's music scene varies from neighborhood to neighborhood, but overall has a large focus on independent music due to its influences from local record stores and local radio stations
WXRT-FM
and
Loyola University Chicago
's
WLUW
.
Chicago is home to media tastemakers
Pitchfork Media
,
The Onion
'
s
The A.V. Club
,
Consequence of Sound
, the nationally syndicated
Sound Opinions
radio talk show, and
CHIRP
,
[27]
a community radio station providing the internet with independent music. The station also bids for support to convince the
United States Congress
and the
FCC
to remove existing barriers to low power FM radio licenses in urban areas.
Hip-hop/rap
[
edit
]
The
hip hop
of Chicago is sometimes called "
Chi-town
"
[28]
in the music industry. It became commonplace for serious rappers to cite the Nation of Islam, a Black Muslim organization headquartered in Chicago, as a lyrical and ideological influence in the 1980s and 1990s, a rap theme often resulting in controversy.
[29]
Kanye West's
first album
was nominated for
Grammy Award for Album of the Year
and won
Best Rap Album
. Lupe Fiasco's 2006 album
Lupe Fiasco's Food & Liquor
was a #1 selling rap album.
Today, Chicago is well established within the hip hop industry. Drill music was also born in Chicago.
Gospel
[
edit
]
Chicago artists and impresarios have been important in the development of the
Gospel music
genre.
[30]
Its origin and rise in popularity is mainly due to the "godfather of Gospel music",
Thomas A. Dorsey
. Dorsey began his career as a blues pianist, but later began composing religious music to the rhythms of jazz and blues, later calling it "Gospel".
[31]
His most popular song, "Precious Lord, Take My Hand", was a favorite of
Martin Luther King Jr.
, and was sung by
Mahalia Jackson
by his request at his funeral. Many other artists have recorded their own renditions of "Precious Lord", including another Chicago Gospel artist,
Albertina Walker
. Dorsey influenced other Chicago Gospel artists such as
The Caravans
and Little Joey McClork.
Tired of the treatment he received in other music publishing houses, Dorsey founded his own called Dorsey House of Music.
Music historians often cite
Pilgrim Baptist Church
in Chicago's Bronzeville neighborhood as the birthplace of Gospel music. Originators of the genre, including
James Cleveland
,
The Staples Singers
, and the
Edwin Hawkins
singers, have performed there.
Other instrumental members in the Gospel music movement were
Roberta Martin
,
Sallie Martin
,
Kenneth Morris
, and
"Little Lucy" Smith
.
The influences of jazz and blues have been replaced with more contemporary influences such as
hip hop music
, rap, and
rhythm and blues
.
[32]
Chicago is home to the annual GospelFest where traditional and contemporary Gospel choirs perform.
Rev. Milton Brunson
and The Thompson Community Singers originated in Chicago. Dr. Charles G. Hayes and
Rev. Dr. Clay Evans
both had chart-topping choirs in Chicago.
Urban contemporary gospel
artists such as Ray and Percy Bady, Darius Brooks,
Ricky Dillard
& New Generation Chorale, Joshua's Troop, New Direction,
Shekinah Glory Ministry
, and
VaShawn Mitchell
all have had Gospel hits and hail from Chicago and its surrounding suburbs.
[33]
Music venues and institutions in Chicago
[
edit
]
Venues
[
edit
]
The Chicago area has many
music venues
, which include:
- Arcada Theater Building
, in
St. Charles
- Aragon Ballroom
- Arie Crown Theatre
- Auditorium Theatre
- Bottom Lounge
- Huntington Bank Pavilion
- Chicago Shakespeare Theater
- Chicago Theatre
- City Winery (Chicago)
- Civic Opera House
- Congress Theater
- Constellation
- Copernicus Center (Chicago, Illinois)
- The Cubby Bear
- Drury Lane Theatres
, in several locations
- The Empty Bottle
- FitzGerald's Night Club
, in
Berwyn
- Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre
- Goodman Theatre
- Green Mill Cocktail Lounge
- Harris Theater
- The Hideout Inn
- Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre (Tinley Park, Illinois)
- Horseshoe Casino Hammond
, in
Hammond, Indiana
- House of Blues (Chicago)
- Hungry Brain
- Irish American Heritage Center
- Jay Pritzker Pavilion
- The Jazz Showcase
- Kingston Mines (blues club)
- LaSalle Bank Theatre
- Lincoln Hall
- Logan Center of the Arts
- Marriott Theatre
, in
Lincolnshire
- Metro
- North Shore Center for the Performing Arts, in
Skokie
- Old Town School of Folk Music
- Park West
- Petrillo Music Shell
- Portage Theater
- Ravinia Park
- Riviera Theatre
- Rosemont Theater
, in
Rosemont
- Sears Centre
, in
Hoffman Estates
- Soldier Field
- Evanston S.P.A.C.E.
, in
Evanston
- Symphony Center
(home to the
Chicago Symphony Orchestra
and
Chicago Sinfonietta
)
- Thalia Hall
- UIC Pavilion
- United Center
- The Vic Theater
- Woodstock Opera House
, in
Woodstock
Former venues
included:
Institutions
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Centerstage Chicago
Archived
2008-07-08 at the
Wayback Machine
Retrieved on 2008-09-18
- ^
Chicago Sinfonietta Website
. Retrieved on 2008-11-7
- ^
William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965?2000", The Brookings Institution, May 2004, pp. 1?3
, accessed 19 March 2008.
- ^
Oakley, Giles (1976).
The Devil's Music: A History of the Blues
. New York: Taplinger. p. 177.
ISBN
0800821890
.
- ^
Rowe, Mike (1973).
Chicago Blues: The City and the Music
. London: Da Capo Press. pp. 40?49.
ISBN
0-306-80145-0
.
- ^
Cosgrove, Stuart, "The History of House Sound of Chicago The Story Continues..." Web reproduction
[1]
Archived
2008-08-21 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Brewster, Bill; Broughton, Frank (2000).
Last Night a DJ Saved my Life
.
- ^
This weekend's Chicago House Music Festival features Grammy-nominated band Ten City
, retrieved
2023-01-28
- ^
"City of Chicago, Birthplace of House Music, Announces Full Lineup for Chicago House Music Festival and Conference: September 15 ? 18"
.
www.chicago.gov
. Retrieved
2023-01-28
.
- ^
"Research Resources on Chicago and the Great Migration"
.
The University of Chicago Library This site may move. Uncomment this archive if it is suddenly lost
. Chicago Jazz Archive.
Archived
from the original on 2007-02-21
. Retrieved
2008-03-22
.
- ^
Calkins, Caroll C.; Balaban, Priscilla B.; Kelleher, Mary; Latham, Frank B.; Conefrey, Rosemarie; Huber, Robert V.; Pace, Georgea A.; Woodward, Robert J., eds. (1975).
The Story of America
. United States:
Reader's Digest
. p. 398.
- ^
Brothers, Thomas (2014).
Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism
. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 70.
ISBN
978-0-393-06582-4
.
- ^
Brothers, Thomas (2014).
Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism
. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 34.
ISBN
978-0-393-06582-4
.
- ^
Brothers, Thomas (2014).
Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism
. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 204?16.
ISBN
978-0-393-06582-4
.
- ^
a
b
*
Owsley, Dennis C.; Owsley, Rosa B.
"Jazz History: A Study Guide"
.
Jazz Unlimited
. Dennis C. and Rosa B. Owsley. Archived from
the original
on 2008-05-13
. Retrieved
2008-03-22
.
Many southern blacks migrated to Chicago during and after
World War I
and the musicians migrated with them. White Chicagoans developed a style based on what they heard the blacks play. ... Most of the important early jazz recordings were made in the area.
- ^
Brothers, Thomas (2014).
Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism
. W.W. Norton & Company: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 227.
ISBN
978-0-393-06582-4
.
- ^
"Chicago Jazz Festival"
City of Chicago - Chicago Jazz Festival
. Retrieved on 2008-09-07
- ^
Reverend
Al Sharpton
, Michigan Avenue Magazine, Fall 2008, p298.
- ^
Thompson, Dave (2002).
A Music Lover's Guide to Record Collecting
. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. pp. 286?89.
ISBN
0-87930-713-7
.
- ^
Wickman, Forrest (January 10, 2013).
"How a Black Label Brought the Beatles to America"
.
Slate
.
- ^
Cohodas, Nadine (2000).
"Spinning Blues into Gold: The Chess Brothers and the Legendary Chess Records"
.
Bluestogold.com
. New York: St. Martins. Archived from
the original
on 2017-02-04.
- ^
"Ter Mar Studios"
.
Discogs.com
.
- ^
Adams, Ginger (2015-12-22).
"Architecture, Food and Music Keep Tourists Coming to Chicago"
.
New York Daily News
.
- ^
Huey, Steve.
"Effigies - Biography"
.
Allmusic
. Retrieved
March 28,
2011
.
- ^
"The Top 20 Steve Albini-Recorded Albums"
.
Stereogum
.
- ^
"Publications"
(PDF)
.
uchicago.edu
.
- ^
The Chicago Independent Radio Project.
"CHIRP Radio - From the Chicago Independent Radio Project"
.
chicagoindieradio.org
.
- ^
Chi-town - Rap Dictionary
. Retrieved on 2008-11-12
- ^
Swartz, Mike (2005).
"Entries: Rap"
.
Encyclopedia of Chicago
. Retrieved
August 5,
2022
.
- ^
Marovich, Robert M. (2015).
A City Called Heaven: Chicago and the Birth of Gospel Music
. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 7.
ISBN
978-0-252-08069-2
.
- ^
Guarino, Mark.
"Because gospel music is still being played in the very churches where it originated"
.
Chicago Magazine
. Rich Gamble
. Retrieved
28 February
2014
.
- ^
Russick, John.
"Gospel"
.
Encyclopedia of Chicago
. Chicago Historical Society
. Retrieved
4 March
2014
.
- ^
"Artist Database"
.
ChicagoGospel
. Archived from
the original
on 7 March 2014
. Retrieved
7 March
2014
.
External links
[
edit
]
- City of Chicago
- "Chicago Jazz Archive"
.
The University of Chicago Library This site may move. Uncomment this archive if it is suddenly lost
.
Archived
from the original on 2007-08-20
. Retrieved
2008-03-22
.
- Independent Music
The Black Musician and the White City: Race and Music in Chicago, 1900-1967 by Amy Absher
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Musical form
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Origins
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Regional
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Subgenres
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Fusion genres
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Lists
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