From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Muqaddam
(
Arabic
:
????
) is an Arabic title, adopted in other Islamic or Islamicate cultures, for various civil or religious officials.
As per the Persian records of medieval India, muqaddams, along with khots and
chowdhurys
, acted as hereditary rural intermediaries between the state and the peasantry.
[1]
Originating during the
Delhi Sultanate
, the earliest known reference to the muqaddami system dates from the first decades of the 13th century, when
Hasan Nizami
wrote of a delegation of muqaddams offering gifts to Sultan
Qutb ud-Din Aibak
.
[2]
Muqaddams were tasked with revenue collection in the areas under their jurisdiction, for which they received either 2.5% as remuneration or rent-free land equalling that amount.
[3]
The socio-economic status of muqaddams varied over time; during the
revenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji
, many were impoverished due to the abolition of their traditional privileges. However, in other periods the muqaddams "were prosperous enough to ride on costly Arabi and Iraqi horses, wear fine clothes, and behave like members of the upper classes".
[4]
Over time, muqaddams and chowdhurys took on the characteristics of landed gentry in their respective localities, with some even attaining the status of Zamindars during the Mughal period.
[5]
Muqaddams could be dispossessed of their status by the state.
[6]
In the
Tijaniyyah
,
Shadhiliyyah
,
Rahmaniyyah
, and other
Sufi orders
, a
muqaddam
is a student of the Sufi path (a
murid
or
dervish
) who has been authorized by his/her Guide (
aka
shaikh
,
pir
, or
murshid
) to assist in teaching the path to other students.
In
Lebanon
, the
muqaddam
s were the political leaders of their religious community. The last muqaddams disappeared in the beginning of the 17th Century.
[7]
Military use
[
edit
]
In the militaries of several
Arab nations
,
muqaddam
is equivalent to the Anglophone ranks of
lieutenant colonel
,
commander
and
wing commander
, depending on the service branch.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Reza Huseini, Said (2021),
The Muqaddam Represented in the pre-Mongol Persian Documents from Ghur
, Edinburgh University Press, p. 92
- ^
Reza Huseini, Said (2021),
The Muqaddam Represented in the pre-Mongol Persian Documents from Ghur
, Edinburgh University Press, p. 92
- ^
Nageshrao Chitnis, Krishnaji (2003),
Medieval Indian History
, Atlantic, p. 163,
ISBN
9788171560622
- ^
Chandra, Satish (2007),
History of Medieval India
(PDF)
, Orient Blackswan, p. 141
- ^
Grover, B.R. (1965),
"Nature of Dehat-I-Taaluqa (Zamindari Villages) and the Evolution of the Taaluqdari System During the Mughal Age"
,
The Indian Economic & Social History Review
,
2
(2): 166,
doi
:
10.1177/001946466400200204
,
S2CID
220781506
- ^
Habib, Irfan
: The Agrarian System of Mughal India, Oxford University Press, 2004,
ISBN
0-19-565595-8
, pp. 160?161.
- ^
Salibi, Kamal (1968),
"The muqaddams of B?arr?: Maronite chieftains of the Northern Lebanon 1382-1621"
,
Arabica
,
15
(1), Brill: 86,
doi
:
10.1163/157005868X00280
,
JSTOR
4056124
- ^
"Ranks"
.
mdn.dz
. Ministry of National Defence (Algeria)
. Retrieved
30 May
2021
.
- ^
"Ranks of Military Officers"
.
mod.gov.eg
. Ministry of Defense (Egypt)
. Retrieved
30 May
2021
.
- ^
"??? ??????"
[Officer ranks].
jaf.mil.jo/
(in Arabic). Jordanian Armed Forces
. Retrieved
12 June
2021
.
- ^
"????? ????????"
.
lebarmy.gov.lb
(in Arabic). Lebanese Armed Forces
. Retrieved
3 June
2021
.
- ^
"??? ??????"
[Officer ranks].
armee.mr/
(in Arabic). Armed Forces of Mauritania. 22 November 2012
. Retrieved
10 June
2021
.
- ^
"????? ????????"
.
nsf.ps
(in Arabic). Palestinian National Security Forces. Archived from
the original
on 4 April 2020
. Retrieved
1 June
2021
.
- ^
"Saudi Arabian ranks"
(PDF)
.
country-data.com
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 24 April 2012
. Retrieved
16 July
2021
.
- ^
"????? ????????"
[Military ranks].
mod.gov.sd/
(in Arabic). Republic of Sudan Ministry of Defence. Archived from
the original
on 19 November 2019
. Retrieved
1 July
2021
.
- ^
"???? ?????"
[Main logo].
mod.gov.sy
(in Arabic). Ministry of Defence (Syria)
. Retrieved
12 October
2021
.
- ^
"Les grades des officers de la marine"
.
emam.defense.tn
(in French). Ministry of Defence (Tunisia)
. Retrieved
10 June
2021
.
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