German art movement
The
Munich school
(
Greek
:
Σχολ? του Μον?χου
) is a group of
painters
who worked in
Munich
or were trained at the
Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Munich
(
German
:
Munchner Akademie der Bildenden Kunste
) between 1850 and 1918. In the second half of the 19th century the Academy became one of the most important institutions in Europe for training artists and attracted students from across Europe and the
United States
.
[1]
History and representative artists
[
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]
Munich was an important center of painting and visual art in the period between 1850 and 1914. The mid-century movement away from the
Romanticism
and emphasis on
fresco
painting of the earlier Munich school was led by
Karl von Piloty
, who was a professor at the Munich Academy from 1856 and became its director in 1874.
[2]
Piloty's approach to
history painting
was influenced by the French academician
Paul Delaroche
, and by the painterly colorism of
Rubens
and the
Venetians
.
[2]
Besides Piloty, other influential teachers at the Academy were
Wilhelm von Diez
(1839?1907),
Wilhelm von Kaulbach
,
Arthur von Ramberg
[3]
and
Nikolaos Gyzis
.
Artists of the Munich school include
Anton Braith
,
Alfred Kowalski
,
Hans Makart
,
Gabriel Max
,
Victor Muller
,
Fritz Osswald
,
Franz von Lenbach
,
Friedrich Kaulbach
,
Wilhelm Leibl
,
Wilhelm Trubner
, and the genre painters
Franz Defregger
,
Eduard von Grutzner
,
Hermann von Kaulbach
and
Miroslav Kraljevi?
.
The last generation of students of the Munich school included nearly all the major figures of the German avantgarde, such as
Lovis Corinth
,
Ernst Oppler
,
Vassily Kandinsky
,
Paul Klee
and
Franz Marc
.
Beyond Bavaria
[
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]
There were notable schools of Munich-trained painters active outside of Germany. The formative influence of teachers and examples of the Munich school shaped the academic naturalism in many European countries, e.g. the
Greek academic art of the 19th century
. Due to the historical affinity between Bavaria and Greece—Prince
Otto I
was from 1832 to 1862 the first King of Greece—many Greek artists were trained in Munich. The
Munich school in Greek art
is the most important artistic movement of
Greek Art
in the 19th century with strong influences from the Academy of Munich.
[4]
Among the leading artists of this school were
Konstantinos Volanakis
,
Georgios Roilos
,
Nikolaos Gyzis
,
Polychronis Lembesis
,
Nikolaos Vokos
,
Nikiphoros Lytras
and
Georgios Jakobides
.
Most of the artists of the Hungarian Nagybanya school of art, such as
Gyula Agghazy
, were educated in Munich.
[5]
Poland was represented by, among others,
Jozef Chełmo?ski
,
Jozef Brandt
,
Władysław Czachorski
,
Julian Fałat
,
Aleksander Gierymski
,
Maksymilian Gierymski
and
Alfred Wierusz-Kowalski
.
The Swedish painters
Johan Christoffer Boklund
and
Johan Fredrik Hockert
studied in Munich.
The founder of historical painting in Armenia,
Vardges Sureniants
, was a representative of the Munich school.
Americans in Munich:
Joseph Frank Currier
"figured prominently in the Munich school",
[6]
; with, "exceptional power and originality",
[7]
.
Frank Duveneck
and
William Merritt Chase
were the most prominent exemplars of the Munich school in American art.
[8]
Other American artists who studied in Munich include
Harry Chase
,
Robert Koehler
,
John Henry Twachtman
, and
Walter Shirlaw
.
Style
[
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]
The Munich school is characterized by a
naturalistic
style and dark
chiaroscuro
. Typical subjects are
landscape
,
portraits
,
genre
,
still-life
, and
history painting
.
Notes
[
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]
- ^
Fuhrmeister, Christian. 2010.
American Artists in Munich: Artistic Migration and Cultural Exchange Processes
.
- ^
a
b
Norman 1978, p. 167.
- ^
Brooklyn 1967, p. 26.
- ^
Bank of Greece ? Events
Archived
2007-06-24 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Simon, Andrew L. 1998.
Made in Hungary: Hungarian Contributions to Universal Culture
S. 58.
- ^
Neuhaus 1987, Unsuspected Genius, The Art and Life of Frank Duveneck, Bedford Press, p.57.
- ^
Quick 1978, Munich & American Realism in the 19th Century, Crocker Art Gallery Press, p.21.
- ^
Severens 1995, p. 98.
References
[
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]
- Brooklyn Museum,
Triumph of Realism: an exhibition of European and American realist paintings,1850?1910
. University of California, 1967.
- Greenville County Museum of Art, and Martha R. Severens.
Greenville County Museum of Art: The Southern Collection
. New York: Hudson Hills Press, in association with the Greenville County Museum of Art, 1995.
ISBN
1-55595-102-3
- Norman, Geraldine,
Nineteenth-Century Painters and Painting: A Dictionary
. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
ISBN
0-520-03328-0
External links
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]
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