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Muhaqqaq

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Muhaqqaq is one of the main six types of calligraphic script in Arabic . [1] The Arabic word mu?aqqaq ( ?????? ) means "consummate" or "clear", and originally was used to denote any accomplished piece of calligraphy. [2]

Often used to copy ma???if (singular mu??af , i.e. loose sheets of Quran texts), this intricate type of script was considered one of the most beautiful, as well as one of the most difficult to execute well. [3] The script saw its greatest use in the Mameluk era (1250?1516/1517). [4] In the Ottoman Empire , it was gradually displaced by Thuluth and Naskh ; from the 18th century onward, its use was largely restricted to the Basmala in Hilyas . [5]

History [ edit ]

The earliest reference to mu?aqqaq writing is found in the Kitab al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim , and the term was probably in use since the beginning of the Abbasid era to denote a specific writing style. [6] Master calligraphers like Ibn Muqla and Ibn al-Bawwab contributed to the development of this and other scripts, and defined its rules and standards within Islamic calligraphy. [7]

Gallery [ edit ]

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ John F. A. Sawyer, J. M. Y. Simpson, R. E. Asher (eds.), Concise Encyclopedia of Language and Religion , Elsevier, New York 2001, ISBN   0-08-043167-4 , p. 253.
  2. ^ Mansour, 139?140.
  3. ^ Mansour, 30.
  4. ^ Mansour, 278
  5. ^ Mansour, 187.
  6. ^ Mansour, 91.
  7. ^ Mansour, 20.

References [ edit ]

  • Nassar Mansour (author), Mark Allen (ed.): Sacred Script: Muhaqqaq in Islamic Calligraphy , I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, New York 2011, ISBN   978-1-84885-439-0
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