Fictional character from The Simpsons franchise
Fictional character
Mr. Burns
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First appearance
| |
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Created by
| Matt Groening
David Silverman
George Meyer
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Based on
| |
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Designed by
| Matt Groening
|
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Voiced by
| |
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Full name
| Charles Montgomery Plantagenet Schicklgruber Burns
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Gender
| Male
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Occupation
| Owner of the
Springfield Nuclear Power Plant
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Family
|
- Clifford Burns (father)
- Daphne Charles (mother)
- George Burns (brother)
- Colonel Wainwright Montgomery Burns (paternal grandfather; adoptive father)
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Spouse
| Persephone Odair (ex-wife)
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Children
| Larry Burns (son)
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Relatives
| Evelyn Burns (paternal grandmother)
Doreena Burns (paternal aunt)
Jean-Claude Charles (maternal grandfather)
Ophelia Charles (maternal grandmother)
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Nationality
| American
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Age
| 81?120
[1]
[2]
|
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Charles Montgomery Plantagenet Schicklgruber
"
Monty
"
Burns
,
[3]
[4]
usually referred to as
Mr. Burns
or
C. Montgomery Burns
, is a recurring character in the
animated television series
The Simpsons
, voiced initially by
Christopher Collins
and since by
Harry Shearer
. He is the mostly evil, devious, greedy, and wealthy owner of the
Springfield Nuclear Power Plant
and, by extension,
Homer Simpson
's
boss
. He is assisted at almost all times by
Smithers
, his loyal and
sycophantic
aide, adviser, confidant, and secret admirer. He is between 81 and 120 years old, though sometimes it's implied he's much older.
[1]
[2]
Although originally conceived as a one-dimensional, recurring dastardly
villain
who might occasionally enter the Simpsons' lives and wreak some sort of havoc, Mr. Burns's popularity has led to his repeated inclusion in episodes. He is a stereotype of corporate America in his unquenchable desire to increase his own wealth and power, inability to remember his employees' names (including Homer's, despite frequent interactions?which has become a recurrent joke) and lack of concern for their safety and well-being. Reflecting on his advanced age, Mr. Burns is given to expressing dated humor, making references to
Jazz Age
popular culture, and aspiring to apply obsolete technology to everyday life.
Conan O'Brien
has called Mr. Burns his favorite character to write for, due to his arbitrarily old age and extreme wealth.
Mr. Burns's
trademark
expression is the word "Excellent...", muttered slowly in a low, sinister voice while steepling his fingertips. He occasionally orders Smithers to "release the
hounds
", so as to let his vicious guard dogs attack any intruders, enemies, or even invited guests. Mr. Burns is
Springfield
's richest and most-powerful citizen (and also the richest person in Springfield's state; his current
net worth
has been given as $1.3 billion
[5]
by
Forbes
, though it fluctuates wildly depending on the episode). He uses his power and wealth to do whatever he wants, usually without regard for consequences and without interference from the
authorities
. These qualities led
Wizard
magazine to rate him the 45th-greatest villain of all time.
TV Guide
named him #2 in their 2013 list of the 60 nastiest villains of all time.
[6]
In 2016,
Rolling Stone
ranked him #8 of their "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time".
[7]
Role in
The Simpsons
[
edit
]
Mr. Burns spends his time in his office at the nuclear plant, monitoring his workers via
closed-circuit
cameras
installed throughout the plant. In "
Double, Double, Boy in Trouble
", Mr. Burns revealed that he was the youngest of a wealthy family, with eleven children, and all his siblings died of suspicious causes (mostly related to eating poisoned
baked potatoes
), leading to him receiving the entire family fortune, although another episode reveals that his surviving younger brother is
George Burns
. At an early age, Mr. Burns left his family to live with a twisted and heartless billionaire who owned an "atom mill" in Shelbyville (implied to be his grandfather).
[8]
[9]
He lived a life of privilege and would amuse himself by injuring
immigrant
laborers.
[10]
Mr. Burns later attended
Yale University
, where he studied science and business, joined
Skull and Bones
, competed in the "etherweight" wrestling class, and graduated in the class of 1914. At his 25-year
college reunion
, he became romantically involved with the daughter of an old flame. She would later bear his child,
Larry Burns
, who was placed for
adoption
and would later enter Mr. Burns's life briefly.
[11]
Mr. Burns has been engaged at least three times: to a woman named Gertrude who died of loneliness and
rabies
,
[12]
to
Marge Simpson
's mother
Jacqueline Bouvier
,
[13]
and to a
meter maid
named Gloria.
[14]
He later enlisted in the
U.S. Army
and served as a member of Springfield's
Flying Hellfish squad
under
Master Sergeant
Abraham Simpson
and saw action in the
Ardennes
during the
Battle of the Bulge
.
[15]
During the war, Mr. Burns, Abraham Simpson (father of Homer Simpson and grandparent to Lisa, Bart, and Maggie Simpson) and some of the soldiers found an expensive portrait in a manor in Germany. They locked it in a case and stated the last surviving member would get the painting (he and Abraham tied when the owner's descendant came back for the painting). Later on, he was shipped to the
Pacific Theater
and was a co-pilot along with Abe Simpson and his brother, Cyrus. Mr. Burns and Abe were shot down by a
kamikaze
and stuck on an island. At the end of World War II, he was personally hired by President
Harry S. Truman
to transport a specially printed trillion-dollar bill to
Europe
as the
United States
' contribution to the
reconstruction of Europe
. As the United States' richest citizen, Mr. Burns was thought to be the most trustworthy. Mr. Burns absconded with the bill and kept it in his possession for many years until it was lost to
Fidel Castro
in "
The Trouble with Trillions
". In "
Homer the Smithers
", it is revealed that Mr. Burns's mother is still alive aged 122 years, although Mr. Burns dislikes speaking to her because she had an affair with President
William Howard Taft
and she refers to him as an "improvident lackwit". Furthermore, because she is so old, the only things she can do (according to Smithers) are pick up the phone, dial, and yell.
Mr. Burns resides in a vast, ornate
mansion
on an immense estate called
Burns Manor
, on the corner of
Mammon
and
Croesus
Streets. It is protected by a high wall, an
electrified fence
, and a pack of vicious
attack dogs
known as "The
Hounds
". Mr. Burns routinely subjects Springfield and its residents to his abuse and there is a general dislike of him throughout the town. Mr. Burns has
blackmailed
and
bribed
various officials in Springfield, including
Mayor Quimby
and the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
. He employed his wealth to make an ultimately unsuccessful run for
governor
to prevent his plant from being closed for safety violations, only to be denied his chance to be Governor by
Marge Simpson
. He once blocked out the sun to force Springfield residents to increase their use of
electricity
produced by his nuclear plant and was subsequently shot by
Maggie
when he tried to steal candy from her.
[16]
In "
Rosebud
" from Season 5, episode 4, his birthday is given as September 15. Mr. Burns's extreme old age is a frequent source of humor on the show. He is occasionally referred to as "Springfield's oldest resident"; in Season 2's "
Simpson and Delilah
", he told Homer that he is 81, although, in several later episodes, he is shown to be 104.
[1]
[17]
When Smithers informs him that Mr. Burns's credit card
PIN
is his age, he types four digits in his answer. It is also mentioned that half of his age is 78, making him 156 years old. When
Lisa Simpson
is researching her ancestors from the
American Civil War
, she comes across a Colonel Burns in the journal, presumably one of Mr. Burns's earlier ancestors. However, when Lisa mentions him, Mr. Burns replies by saying that he has not heard his father's name in years. The episode reveals that Mr. Burns's father was a
slaveowning
Southern plantation
owner who inspired the character
Simon Legree
from
Harriet Beecher Stowe
's novel
Uncle Tom's Cabin
, and that Homer and Grampa are descended from Colonel Burns's
runaway slave
Virgil who fled to
British Canada
with Mabel Simpson on the
Underground Railroad
. In other episodes, Mr. Burns's birthplace is apparently
Pangea
, his national anthem implies he was both from
Austria-Hungary
and unaware of its collapse in
World War I
, and he mentions the possibility of an update on the
Siege of Khartoum
, implying that he was aware of current events as early as 1884. In other episodes, he has instructed a postal clerk to send a telegram to the
Prussian
consulate in
Siam
via
autogyro
, and believes a
nickel
will buy "a
steak and kidney pie
, a cup of
coffee
, a slice of
cheesecake
and a
newsreel
, with enough change left over to ride the trolley from
Battery Park
to the
Polo Grounds
.”
[18]
Mr. Burns frequently answers the telephone with the archaic salutation "Ahoy-hoy", which was proposed by
Alexander Graham Bell
, but has long since been superseded by "Hello".
[19]
In "
The Old Man and the Lisa
", Mr. Burns's
investment portfolio
is revealed to consist of long-defunct and obsolete companies such as "Confederated
Slave
Holdings", and he learns about the
Wall Street Crash of 1929
and the
Great Depression
for the first time after checking a very old
stock-ticker
.
Mr. Burns's state of mind is the subject of frequent jokes on the show. At times, he appears to be completely removed from reality and modern conventions. He continually fails to recognize
Homer Simpson
or remember his name, even though many of the recent major events in Mr. Burns's life have involved Homer in some way. Mr. Burns is, for the most part, unaware of the townspeople's general dislike of him. He also displays mannerisms that are considered outdated, such as practicing
phrenology
, writing with a
quill pen
, and using an antique
view camera
to take photographs. He is also angered when Springfield Elementary children mock his dated car, saying it was "the first car to outrun a man!" Mr. Burns refers to many celebrities of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the present tense, assuming they are still alive. In "
Homer at the Bat
", Mr. Burns instructs Smithers to recruit
dead-ball-era
players, such as
Honus Wagner
and
Cap Anson
for the plant's softball team, and has to be told that all of them died long ago. He also once rewarded Homer for being the first to arrive at work with a ticket to the
1939 World's Fair
. However, despite his obvious senility and social ineptitude, Mr. Burns is an extraordinarily clever businessman, as he has lost his fortune several times, only to regain it a very brief time later. In the episode "
The Old Man and the Lisa
", Mr. Burns loses his fortune and regains it by opening a
recycling
plant, which allows him to regain his nuclear power plant. Additionally, in the episode "
The Seemingly Never-Ending Story
", Mr. Burns loses both his fortune and nuclear power plant to the
Rich Texan
after losing a scavenger hunt, but eventually gains both backs after a series of events that includes him briefly working at
Moe's Tavern
.
Mr. Burns is physically weak and is often shown to have little more strength than an infant. In "
The Mansion Family
", doctors at the
Mayo Clinic
discover that Mr. Burns has contracted every known human disease, as well as several that were discovered during his checkup, but that they have canceled each other out in a condition they call "
Three Stooges
syndrome;" although a doctor warns him that his physical health is extremely fragile and that "even a slight breeze" could upset the balance between his diseases, Mr. Burns misinterprets his condition to believe that he is invincible. In the intro of
The Simpsons Movie
, Mr. Burns is seen in his bathroom trying to brush his teeth. After Smithers applies the toothpaste onto his brush, he falls over. In "
Rosebud
" and "
Who Shot Mr. Burns?
", he needed a great deal of effort to wrench items from Maggie. He has difficulty performing such simple actions as giving a
thumbs-up
, and crushing an
insect
by stepping on it, or using a door-knocker. In one instance, when he is told to jump out of his burning mansion onto a
life net
, he drops at the speed of a feather, floats onto some
power lines
, and is electrified. He pitched the opening
baseball
at a game in "
Dancin' Homer
", but was only able to throw it a small distance, which drew mocking laughter from the crowd. When Mr. Burns joined Homer's
bowling
team in "
Team Homer
", he was barely able to roll the ball down the lane. In season five's "
Burns' Heir
", Smithers puts a sponge on Mr. Burns's head before leaving the bathroom, causing him to nearly drown in the tub from its weight. In "
Lady Bouvier's Lover
", however, he shows himself as a lively, excellent dancer.
Mr. Burns also had a
teddy bear
named "Bobo" that he loved as a child, revealed in the episode "Rosebud". The stuffed animal was lost and eventually, the stuffed bear became a toy for Maggie. In "
American History X-cellent
", Mr. Burns gets sent to jail because he is in possession of stolen paintings. In the same episode, it is implied that he was once in the
SS
. Another episode has him exclaim that though he and
Oskar Schindler
had much in common: "
We both made shells for the
Nazis
, but mine worked, damn it!
"
Character
[
edit
]
Creation
[
edit
]
Mr. Burns's character, appearance, and mannerisms are based on several different people. The show's creator
Matt Groening
principally based Mr. Burns on his high school teacher Mr. Bailey.
[21]
Drawing further inspiration from oil tycoon
John D. Rockefeller
and his grandson
David Rockefeller
, Groening made Mr. Burns the "embodiment of corporate greed".
[20]
Animator
David Silverman
modeled Mr. Burns's appearance on
Fox
founder
Barry Diller
, and modeled his body on a praying
mantis
.
[20]
The idea of Mr. Burns reading employee names off cards in "
There's No Disgrace Like Home
" came from an article about
Ronald Reagan
that writer
Al Jean
had read.
[22]
In some episodes, parallels have been drawn between Mr. Burns and moguls such as
Howard Hughes
and, more frequently, fictional character
Charles Foster Kane
from
Citizen Kane
.
Writer
George Meyer
lifted Mr. Burns's "Excellent!" hand gesture from his former
Saturday Night Live
colleague
Jim Downey
.
[24]
While perhaps not intentional, Mr. Burns's physical characteristics and mannerisms are cited as a modern example of the
commedia dell'arte
character
Pantalone
.
[25]
[26]
Matt Groening got Mr. Burns's middle name from a
Montgomery Ward
department store in
Portland
,
Oregon
's
Northwest Industrial
district
[27]
and his surname from Burnside Street, a main thoroughfare in Portland.
[20]
Mr. Burns's first name being Charles is a reference to Charles Foster Kane.
[20]
The names Plantagenet and Schickelgruber appear to refer to the
House of Plantagenet
and
Alois Schickelgruber
, the father of
Adolf Hitler
. In the script for "
There's No Disgrace Like Home
", Al Jean and
Mike Reiss
referred to him as "Mr. Meanie".
[22]
In the second season, the writers started to enjoy writing about
Smithers
and Mr. Burns's relationship, and they often pitched episodes with them as the focus, but many never came to fruition.
[28]
Voice
[
edit
]
Mr. Burns was originally voiced by
Christopher Collins
in the episodes "
Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire
", "
Homer's Odyssey
", "
There's No Disgrace Like Home
" and "
The Telltale Head
".
[30]
He was soon replaced by
Harry Shearer
because
Sam Simon
found Collins "difficult to work with". Shearer has voiced the character since.
[29]
Shearer modeled the voice on
Lionel Barrymore
and
Ronald Reagan
.
[29]
Shearer is also the voice of
Smithers
and is able to perform dialogue between the two characters in one take.
[31]
Shearer said he found Mr. Burns the most difficult character to voice because it is rough on his vocal cords and he often needs to drink tea and honey to soothe his voice.
[32]
He said Mr. Burns was his favorite character: "I like Mr. Burns because he is pure evil. A lot of evil people make the mistake of diluting it. Never adulterate your evil."
[33]
In 2014, Shearer won a
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
for his performance on "
Four Regrettings and a Funeral
" for voicing Mr. Burns.
[34]
Reception
[
edit
]
In 2006,
Wizard
rated Mr. Burns the 45th-greatest villain of all time.
[35]
They also described Smithers and Mr. Burns as being "TV's most functional dysfunctional couple".
[36]
In a 2003 article,
EW
also named "
Last Exit to Springfield
" the greatest episode of
The Simpsons
. Other episodes which feature Mr. Burns placed on the list, including "
Rosebud
", at number two, and the two-part episode "
Who Shot Mr. Burns?
", at number 25.
[36]
Vanity Fair
placed "Rosebud" first on their list of the top 25
Simpsons
episodes.
[37]
Forbes
estimates Mr. Burns's net worth at $1.3 billion, placing 12th on the 2008
Forbes Fictional 15
list.
[38]
Mr. Burns has been on the list since 1989 and has previously placed fifth in 2005,
[39]
second in 2006
[40]
and sixth in 2007 when he was estimated to be worth $16.8 billion.
[41]
Mr. Burns's evil has made him a popular example of terrible television bosses. In 2006, outplacement firm
Challenger, Gray & Christmas
released a report saying that Mr. Burns was one of the eight worst bosses on television.
[42]
The News & Observer
named Mr. Burns the third worst boss, calling him "heartless, greedy and exceptionally ugly, Mr. Burns makes
Ebenezer Scrooge
seem downright lovely."
[43]
In the run-up to the New York City's
2009 mayoral election
, several posters appeared throughout the city, showing Mr. Burns and accompanied by the words "No Third Terms, Vote for Burns"?a reference to Mayor
Michael Bloomberg
's run for a third term that year?in the style of
Shepard Fairey
's
Obama poster
. The city's Board of Elections announced that December that Mr. Burns had received 27 write-in votes out of 299 write-in votes cast.
[44]
As the chief of "Springfield Republican Party" Mr. Burns endorsed
Mitt Romney
in the 2012 US presidential election.
[45]
The
IG Group
, a financial corporation in the
City of London
, use a recording of Mr. Burns's catchphrase "Excellent" as an alert that an order has been completed.
[46]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
Tyler, Adrieene (March 27, 2020).
"The Simpsons: How Old Is Mr. Burns? Every Change To His Age Explained"
. Screen Rant
. Retrieved
December 30,
2023
.
- ^
a
b
Adams, Chesley (August 27, 2022).
"The Simpsons: Every Main Character & How Old They'd Be If They Aged In Real Time"
.
CBR.com
. Retrieved
July 10,
2023
.
- ^
"
Flaming Moe
".
The Simpsons
. Season 22. Episode 11. January 16, 2011. Event occurs at 1:09. Fox.
Charles Montgomery Plantagenet Schicklgruber Burns.
- ^
"
Burns, Baby Burns
".
The Simpsons
. Season 8. Episode 4. November 17, 1996. Event occurs at 10:21. Fox.
Oh, Monty, this must be the son I've heard so much about.
- ^
"In Pictures: The Forbes Fictional 15"
.
Forbes
. Archived from
the original
on April 17, 2010.
- ^
Bretts, Bruce; Roush, Matt; (March 25, 2013). "Baddies to the Bone: The 60 nastiest villains of all time".
TV Guide
. pp. 14 ? 15.
- ^
Collins, Sean T. (February 9, 2016).
"40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time"
.
Rolling Stone
. Archived from
the original
on July 22, 2017
. Retrieved
April 29,
2016
.
- ^
Swartzwelder, John
;
Archer, Wes
(October 21, 1993). "
Rosebud
".
The Simpsons
. Season 05. Episode 04. Fox.
- ^
Last Exit to Springfield
- ^
Oakley, Bill; Weinstein, Josh; Archer, Wes (December 16, 1993). "
$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)
".
The Simpsons
. Season 05. Episode 10. Fox.
- ^
Maxtone-Graham, Ian
;
Reardon, Jim
(November 17, 1996). "
Burns, Baby Burns
".
The Simpsons
. Season 08. Episode 04. Fox.
- ^
Gould, Dana
;
Anderson, Mike B.
(March 16, 2003). "
C.E. D'oh
".
The Simpsons
. Season 14. Episode 15. Fox.
- ^
Oakley, Bill; Weinstein, Josh; Archer, Wes (May 12, 1994). "
Lady Bouvier's Lover
".
The Simpsons
. Season 05. Episode 21. Fox.
- ^
Swartzwelder, John;
Kramer, Lance
(December 2, 2001). "
A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love
".
The Simpsons
. Season 09. Episode 08. Fox.
- ^
Collier, Jonathan
; Lynch, Jeffrey (April 28, 1996). "
Raging Abe Simpson and His Grumbling Grandson in 'The Curse of the Flying Hellfish'
".
The Simpsons
. Season 07. Episode 22. Fox.
- ^
Oakley, Bill; Weinstein, Josh (May 21, 1995). "
Who Shot Mr. Burns?
".
The Simpsons
. Season 06. Episode 25. Fox.
- ^
Swartzwelder, John
; Polcino, Michael (January 23, 2000). "
The Mansion Family
".
The Simpsons
. Season 11. Episode 12. Fox.
- ^
Swartzwelder, John;
Kirkland, Mark
(April 20, 1997). "
The Old Man and the Lisa
".
The Simpsons
. Season 08. Episode 21. Fox.
- ^
Beasley, Tom (February 27, 2020).
"
'The Simpsons' writer reveals Mr Burns gag is his proudest moment"
.
Yahoo Movies
. Yahoo
. Retrieved
September 1,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Rhodes, Joe (October 21, 2000). "Flash! 24 Simpsons Stars Reveal Themselves".
TV Guide
.
- ^
Paterson, Billy (August 20, 2006).
"Exclusive: I Was Monty's Double"
.
The Sunday Mail
. Archived from
the original
on October 11, 2007
. Retrieved
August 18,
2007
.
- ^
a
b
Reiss, Mike (2001). Commentary for "
There's No Disgrace Like Home
", in
The Simpsons: The Complete First Season
[DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^
Meyer, George (2001). Commentary for "
The Crepes of Wrath
", in
The Simpsons: The Complete First Season
[DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^
"transienttheatre.com - Creating a Touring Commedia dell arte production for high schools"
. Archived from
the original
on October 9, 2010
. Retrieved
October 20,
2010
.
- ^
"Teacher's Commedia Dell'Arte Workshop Guide"
. Archived from
the original
on April 10, 2010
. Retrieved
October 20,
2010
.
- ^
"Places of character"
.
The Portland Tribune
. July 19, 2002. Archived from
the original
on March 4, 2009
. Retrieved
August 18,
2007
.
- ^
Vitti, Jon (2002). Commentary for "
Simpson and Delilah
", in
The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season
[DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^
a
b
c
Marder, Keith (April 28, 1994). "Real People are Models for 'Simpsons' Voices".
Times Union
. p. C4.
- ^
"Chris Latta"
.
IMDb
. Retrieved
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2007
.
- ^
Jean, Al (2002). Commentary for "
Blood Feud
", in
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[DVD]. 20th century Fox.
- ^
Dittman, Earl (July 2007).
"Burns, Baby, Burns"
.
Cineplex
. Archived from
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on May 7, 2008
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
Round, Simon (October 10, 2008).
"Interview: Harry Shearer"
.
The Jewish Chronicle
. Retrieved
November 4,
2008
.
- ^
Day, Patrick Kevin,
"Harry Shearer becomes final 'Simpsons' main cast member to win Emmy"
,
Los Angeles Times
, August 18, 2014.
- ^
McCallum, Pat (July 2006). "100 Greatest Villains Ever".
Wizard
(177).
- ^
a
b
"The Family Dynamic"
.
Entertainment Weekly
. January 29, 2003. Archived from
the original
on October 18, 2014
. Retrieved
October 25,
2007
.
- ^
Orvted, John (July 5, 2007).
"Springfield's Best"
.
Vanity Fair
. Retrieved
November 3,
2008
.
- ^
Noer, Michael; Ewalt, David M. (December 18, 2008).
"No. 13 Burns, C. Montgomery"
.
Forbes Fictional 15
. Archived from
the original
on December 24, 2008
. Retrieved
December 21,
2008
.
- ^
Ewalt, David M. (2005).
"The Forbes Fictional 15"
.
Forbes
. Retrieved
April 28,
2008
.
- ^
Ewalt, David M. (November 20, 2006).
"The Forbes Fictional 15"
.
Forbes
. Retrieved
April 28,
2008
.
- ^
Ewalt, David M.; Noer, Michael (November 12, 2007).
"The Forbes Fictional 15"
.
Forbes
. Retrieved
April 28,
2008
.
- ^
"Worst bosses ever ... on TV"
.
CNN
. August 21, 2006
. Retrieved
November 4,
2008
.
- ^
"Worst bosses ever ... on TV"
.
The News & Observer
. McClatchy Newspapers. October 12, 2008. Archived from
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on October 17, 2008
. Retrieved
November 4,
2008
.
- ^
de Sola, David (December 5, 2009).
"Simpsons billionaire gets most write-in votes in NYC mayor race"
. CNN. Archived from
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on December 6, 2009
. Retrieved
December 6,
2009
.
- ^
Day, Patrick Kevin (November 1, 2012).
"
"The Simpsons" Mr. Burns endorses Mitt Romney"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
June 30,
2015
.
- ^
"City firm follows Budget with a little help from The Simpsons"
. BBC. March 19, 2015
. Retrieved
March 19,
2015
.
Bibliography
External links
[
edit
]
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