Function of the Canadian monarchy in Ontario
By the arrangements of the
Canadian federation
,
Canada's monarchy
operates in
Ontario
as the core of the province's
Westminster-style
parliamentary
democracy
.
[1]
As such,
the Crown
within Ontario's jurisdiction may be referred to as
the Crown in Right of Ontario
,
[2]
His Majesty in Right of Ontario
,
[3]
the King in Right of Ontario
,
[4]
or
His Majesty the King in Right of Ontario
.
[5]
The
Constitution Act, 1867
, leaves many functions in Ontario specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the
lieutenant governor of Ontario
,
[1]
whose direct participation in governance is limited by the
constitutional conventions
of
constitutional monarchy
.
[6]
Constitutional role
[
edit
]
The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in
Ontario
in the same way
it does in all of Canada's other provinces
, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole.
[7]
It is thus the foundation of the
executive
,
legislative
, and
judicial
branches of the
province's government
.
[8]
The
Canadian monarch
?since 8 September 2022, King
Charles III
?is represented and his duties carried out by the
lieutenant governor of Ontario
, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the
conventional
stipulations of
constitutional monarchy
, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the
ministers of the Crown
generally drawn from among them, and the
judges
and
justices of the peace
.
[6]
The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a
nonpartisan
safeguard against the abuse of power.
[6]
[9]
[10]
This arrangement began with the 1867
British North America Act
[1]
and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the early 17th century. Though it has its own government headed by the King, as a province, Ontario is not itself a kingdom.
[11]
There is currently no
government house
in Ontario. A
viceregal suite
in the
Ontario Legislative Building
in
Toronto
is used both as an office and official event location by the lieutenant governor, the sovereign, and other members of the
royal family
. The lieutenant governor resides in their own private residence, though may be provided accommodations by the provincial government if they are not from Toronto. The King and his relations reside at a hotel, usually the
Fairmont Royal York
, when in Toronto.
[12]
[13]
Royal associations
[
edit
]
Those in the royal family
perform ceremonial duties
when on a tour of the province; the royal persons do not receive any personal income for their service, only the costs associated with the exercise of these obligations are funded by both the Canadian and Ontario Crowns
in their respective councils
.
[14]
Monuments around Ontario
mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event. Further, Ontario's monarchical status is illustrated by
royal names applied to regions, communities, schools, and buildings
, many of which may also have a specific history with a member or members of the royal family; for example, Ontario has at least 47 distinct features named for
Queen Victoria
: one county, one township, 14 populated places, and 31 physical features.
[15]
Associations also exist between the Crown and many private organizations within the province; these may have been founded by a
royal charter
,
received a
royal
prefix
, and/or be honoured with
the patronage of a member of the royal family
. Examples include the
Royal Hamilton Yacht Club
, which is under the patronage of
Charles III
and received its
royal
designation from Queen Victoria in 1891,
[16]
and the
Royal Conservatory of Music
in
Toronto
, which, though founded in 1886, was constituted through royal charter by King
George VI
in 1947.
The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign himself, his image (in portrait or effigy) thus being used to signify government authority.
[17]
A
royal cypher
or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. Further, though the monarch does not form a part of the constitutions of
Ontario's honours
, they do stem from the Crown as the
fount of honour
and, so, bear on the insignia symbols of the sovereign.
History
[
edit
]
Origins
[
edit
]
The modern Crown's place in Ontario results, in part, from
the French monarchy's history
in
New France
(mostly in the
Pays d'en Haut
region; today
southern Ontario
), from the 16th century to the
transfer of the territory
to the British Crown in 1763, and, in part, from the establishment of
Ruperts Land
by
royal proclamation
of King
Charles II of England
in 1670, which included what is now
northern Ontario
.
American refugees and American invaders
[
edit
]
During and following the
American Revolutionary War
, which took place between 1775 and 1783, some 46,000 American settlers loyal to the Crown, known as the
United Empire Loyalists
, fled north to the
Province of Quebec
(formerly a part of New France, until the British were given control in 1763) and other colonies in the Canadas. The King-in-Council granted each family 0.81 square kilometres (200 acres) of land. From then, Ontario residents descended from these original refugees may use the
post-nominals
UE
, standing for
United Empire
,
[18]
and the
Canadian Heraldic Authority
can grant them distinctive
coronets
in their
coats of arms
.
[19]
Additionally, thousands of
Iroquois
and other
Aboriginals
were expelled from New York and other states, resettling under the protection of the Crown in what is now Ontario.
[20]
In particular,
Governor of the Province of Quebec
Frederick Haldimand
issued a royal proclamation (known as the
Haldimand Proclamation
) granting land to the
Mohawk people
who had served the British Crown through the revolution. The proclamation stated:
Whereas His Majesty, having been pleased to direct that, in consideration of the early attachment to his cause manifested by the Mohawk Indians, and of the loss of their settlement which they thereby sustained, that a convenient tract of land under his protection should be chosen as a safe and comfortable retreat for them and others of the Five Nations, who have either lost their settlements within the Territory of the American States, or wish to retire from them to the British, I have at the earnest desire of many of these, His Majesty's faithful allies, purchased a tract of land from the Indians situated between the Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron, and I do hereby, in His Majesty's name, authorize and permit the said Mohawk Nation and such others of the Five Nation Indians as wish to settle in that quarter to take possession of and settle upon the banks of the river commonly called Ours [Ouse], or Grand River.
On this land, the Crown in 1785 erected the
Mohawk Chapel
, in
Brantford
, as a gift to the Mohawk people and their then-leader,
Joseph Brant
. At the same time, the King provided lands near
Belleville
to the displaced
Tyendinaga Mohawks
. There, too, a chapel was built, today known as the
Christ Church Royal Chapel
. The Mohawks brought there the silver
communion
set given to them by
Queen Anne
in 1711, as a symbol of the alliance between the Crown and the Mohawks. Further gifts from monarchs included a triptych in the Mohawk language and a bell from King George III, a royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom from King
George V
, a bible from
Queen Victoria
, and a communion chalice from Queen
Elizabeth II
(given in 1984 to mark the bicentennial of the Mohawks arrival in Ontario), in addition to a set of eight silver handbells. The churches are now two of the three
chapels royal
in Canada.
A few dozen
Black Loyalists
also settled in the western region of the Province of Quebec; although, not nearly as many as those who located themselves in
Nova Scotia
. The majority of black inhabitants of
Pays d'en Haut
were slaves brought into the colony by the Loyalists,
[20]
[21]
including Brant.
It was the attempted forced return to the United States of one of those slaves?
Chloe Cooley
?in 1793 that prompted the abolitionist
John Graves Simcoe
, then serving as
King George III's representative in Upper Canada
(
a territory
formed out of the western portion of the Province of Quebec in 1791, because of the influx of Loyalists), to push for legislation abolishing slavery in the colony. Though he faced resistance from the
Legislative Assembly
, Simcoe, later that year, gave
royal assent
to the
Act Against Slavery
, making Upper Canada "the first jurisdiction in the
British Empire
to pass a law freeing slaves."
[22]
[23]
Prince Edward
, a son of King George III, visited Upper Canada eight months after its establishment, becoming the first member of the royal family to tour the area, seeing
Cornwall
,
Kingston
,
Prince Edward County
,
Niagara-on-the-Lake
, going so far as
Fort Erie
. Along the way, he met with Loyalists and various First Nations delegations, helping to foster a British identity for Upper Canada. Along with Simcoe, Prince Edward made a point of visiting
Forts Niagara
and
Scholsser
, getting himself involved in a boundary dispute with the United States in the process.
[24]
The United States endeavoured to conquer the Canadas in the
War of 1812
;
[30]
all the American parties involved assumed their troops would be greeted as liberators.
[31]
When the
US Army
first invaded, crossing the
Detroit River
and landing at Sandwich (today
Windsor
) on 12 July,
[32]
the commander,
William Hull
ordered all subjects of the King to surrender, telling them he desired to free them from the "tyranny" of Britain and give them liberty, security, and wealth, unless they preferred "war, slavery, and destruction."
[33]
[34]
The loyal among the Upper Canadians chose the King and war to defend him, whereas American immigrants who'd settled in Upper Canada merely for the free land chose neutrality, stating they would neither obey British orders to march against Hull, nor "a man would join Hull to fight against the King."
[35]
Hull retreated across the river on 7 August,
[36]
but, the US made repeated incursions into Upper Canada through to 1814 and the British regulars, warriors of the
Six Nations
and
Seven Nations
,
[37]
and free-African-
[38]
and European-Canadians (the volunteers who were colloquially said to be "taking the King's
shilling
"
[39]
) reisited them at every try. By the time the
Treaty of Ghent
was signed on 24 December 1814, ending the war, the United States made no gains into the Canadas.
Rebellion
[
edit
]
The republican agitations of
Louis-Joseph Papineau
in Lower Canada in the late 1830s spread quickly to Upper Canada. These met with agreeable circumstances in western colony, including a politically active lieutenant governor,
Francis Bond Head
, who had, since 1834,
[40]
thwarted the efforts of the
Reform
party-dominated Legislative Assembly,
[41]
to the point the Executive Council resigned and Head actively campaigned for the Tories in the subsequent election,
[42]
equatng voting for that party with showing loyalty to the Crown.
[43]
The Reformers' leader,
William Lyon Mackenzie
, attempted to petition the King to have the election declared invalid, but, was dismissed by the
Colonial Office
in
London
. Meanwhile, the now Tory majority in the Upper Canada parliament passed laws that were self-serving to Tory parliamentarians and burdensome on farmers, increased the colony's debt,
[44]
and continued the legislative session even after the death of William IV in 1837.
[45]
On 9 October of that year, Mackenzie received a message from Papineau's
Patriotes
in Lower Canada, informing him that the
rebellion there
was about to begin.
[46]
A month later, Mackenzie published a satirical piece in his magazine, the
Constitution
, that included a draft republican constitution for the "State of Upper Canada"
[47]
and he printed handbills declaring independence, which were distributed to citizens north of Toronto.
[48]
Actual armed rebellion
broke out in Upper Canada on 5 December.
[49]
Of it, the new Queen,
Victoria
, wrote in her diary, "the news are, I grieve to say, very bad from Canada; that is to say, rumours and reports by the papers; though, we have no official reports. But [Prime Minister] Lord Melbourne hopes it may not be so bad as it is rumoured. There certainly is open rebellion."
[50]
The Queen need not have worried about Upper Canada, however, as the uprising was put down within a matter of days. Mackenzie and 200 supporters fled to
Navy Island
in the
Niagara River
and declared it the
Republic of Canada
on 13 December. That sustained until 13 January 1838, when, under attack by British armaments, the rebels fled, with Mackenzie running to the United States mainland, where he was arrested for violating the
Neutrality Act
.
[51]
In the wake of the disturbances, the Queen called on her people in Upper Canada to eschew vengeance on the perpetrators in favour of justice and,
[52]
as a mark of goodwill with which to begin her reign and to commemorate
her coronation
, the Victoria used her
royal prerogative
to
pardon
many of the rebels, continuing to do so through the 1840s.
[53]
Responsible government
[
edit
]
The Queen's representative in British North America,
the Earl of Durham
, penned
a report
containing recommendations for change following the Lower and Upper Canada Rebellions. Based on that document, the
Act of Union 1840
was passed by the parliament at
Westminster
and
proclaimed
in effect by Queen Victoria on 10 February 1841, thus renaming Upper and Lower Canada as
Canada West
(today Ontario) and
Canada East
(today Quebec), respectively, and merging them to form the
Province of Canada
, with a
governor general
to represent the monarch and housed at
Monklands
, in
Montreal
. Five years later, the
Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada
made Victoria's birthday, 24 May, a public holiday called
Victoria Day
.
[53]
When, in 1848,
Robert Baldwin
and
Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine
were reappointed as
Joint Premiers
,
responsible government
was implemented in the colony, with the backing of Queen Victoria.
[54]
This meant the governor general was to act on the
advice
of his co-prime ministers, who were responsible to the elected parliament. The first test of this came in the same year, when the
Rebellion Losses Act
was put to Governor General
the Earl of Elgin
for royal assent. Elgin had strong misgivings about the bill, and was pressured by the
Tories
to refuse assent, but he gave it approval, regardless, on 28 April 1849. As a result, the Anglophone population of Montreal (where the legislature was located) became incensed, the Governor General was assaulted,
[55]
the
parliament building was burned
,
[56]
and the
Montreal Annexation Manifesto
was issued, calling for the absorbption of the Province of Canada into the United States.
[57]
Still, all was not lost: The portrait of Queen Victoria that hung in the parliament, painted by
John Partridge
,
[58]
was saved from the fire by
Sandford Fleming
(and hangs in the federal
Parliament of Canada
today
[58]
),
[59]
[60]
the colony did not join the US, and responsible government remained a part of the Province of Canada's constitutional order.
The Queen's eldest son and heir, Prince Albert Edward (later King
Edward VII
) for four months toured the Maritimes and
Province of Canada
in 1860, setting the cornerstone of the
parliament building
in
Bytown
(today Ottawa) and officially opening
Queen's Park
in
Toronto
.
[61]
At
Dundurn Castle
, in
Hamilton
, Albert Edward met with
Allan MacNab
, a former
joint premier of the Province of Canada
. In a twist of fate, the Prince's great-great-grandson, King
Charles III
, married
Camilla Shand
(now Queen Camilla), the great-great-great-granddaughter of MacNab. The Prince also crossed the border to pay a visit to
President of the United States
James Buchanan
at the
White House
.
[61]
Sectarian tensions were high in Canada at the time and Prince Albert Edward was cautioned not to do or say anything that might exacerbate the situation.
The Duke of Newcastle
, who accompanied the Prince, instructed the
Mayor of Toronto
to ensure Albert Edward's procession would not pass under any
Orange Order
arches. At
Kingston
, the Duke ordered the royal yacht not to dock, as the
Orangemen
had erected a welcoming arch on the pier, with an image of
William of Orange
on one side and a depiction of the Albert Edward with the anti-Catholic revolutionary
Giuseppe Garibaldi
on the other. Orangemen thereafter protested the Prince's steamer along part of its route.
[62]
Confederation
[
edit
]
The province of Ontario was created from the boundaries of Canada West following
Canadian Confederation
in 1867. The next year, on 26 May,
Queen Victoria
issued a
royal warrant
granting the province
its coat of arms
.
[63]
Several areas were incorporated into Ontario in the mid 19th and early 20th century, with Ontario reaching its final size in 1912.
Prince Albert (later King
George VI
), toured Ontario in 1913, while serving as a midshipman aboard the
Royal Navy
cruiser
HMS
Cumberland
,
[64]
visiting Toronto and Niagara Falls.
[65]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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a
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c
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