Milan Ku?an
Ku?an in 2022
1st President of Slovenia
In office 23 December 1991 ? 22 December 2002
Prime Minister	Lojze Peterle Janez Drnov?ek Andrej Bajuk Janez Drnov?ek Anton Rop
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Janez Drnov?ek
13th President of the Presidency of Slovenia
In office 10 May 1990 ? 23 December 1991
Prime Minister	Du?an ?inigoj Lojze Peterle
Preceded by	Janez Stanovnik
Succeeded by	Office abolished
7th President of the League of Communists of Slovenia
In office 19 April 1986 ? 23 December 1989
Preceded by	Andrej Marinc
Succeeded by	Ciril Ribi?i?
Personal details
Born	( 1941-01-14 ) 14 January 1941 (age 83) Kri?evci , Kingdom of Yugoslavia (now Slovenia )
Political party	Social Democratic (1991?present)
Other political affiliations	League of Communists of Yugoslavia (until 1991)
Spouse	?tefka Ku?an ​ ( m.  1964) ​
Children	2

Milan Ku?an ( pronounced [?miːlaŋ ?kuːt?an] ; ^{[1] [2]} born 14 January 1941) is a Slovenian former politician who served as the first President of Slovenia from 1991 to 2002. Before being president of Slovenia, he was the 13th President of the Presidency of SR Slovenia from 1990 to 1991.

Ku?an also served as the 7th President of the League of Communists of Slovenia from 1986 to 1989.

Early life and political beginnings [ edit ]

Ku?an, one of five children, was born in a teachers' family. His parents were Koloman Ku?an (1911?1944) and Marija Varga (1917?1975). He was raised in the village of Kri?evci , located in the largely agrarian border region of Prekmurje in the Drava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (present-day Slovenia ). His father Koloman died during World War II . ^[3] Ku?an's family spent World War II in occupied Serbia , where over 58,000 other Slovenians were resettled from Slovenia by the Nazis. ^{[ citation needed ]}

He later studied law at the University of Ljubljana and soon became involved in the Communist political organizations of the time. In 1968, he became the president of the Slovenian Youth Association, then secretary of the Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Slovenia (a central organization, created to unite all civil society associations under one roof) between 1974 and 1978. He rose to speaker of the National Assembly in 1978, and in 1982 he became representative for the Slovenian Communists in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia 's Central Committee in Belgrade . ^{[ citation needed ]}

In May 1986, he became the leader of the League of Communists of Slovenia . At that time, liberal and democratic sentiment started to grow in Slovenia, as opposed to the political atmosphere of Belgrade and Serbia under Slobodan Milo?evi? . Advocating in favour of human rights and European democratic values and principles, Ku?an, his party and Slovenia faced increasingly severe political confrontations with Belgrade and Serbia. ^[4] On 23 January 1990, Ku?an and the Slovenian delegation left the Party Congress . This was one of the factors that eventually led to the collapse of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia , one of the pillars of the political system of the Socialist Yugoslavia. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Political career [ edit ]

Slovenia was the first of the federal units of Yugoslavia to introduce multi-party democracy and the first multi-party elections were held in April 1990. Ku?an was elected President of the Presidency, then a collective body, in 1990, in a ballot against the DEMOS candidate Jo?e Pu?nik .

Ku?an strongly opposed the preservation of Yugoslavia through violent means. ^{[ citation needed ]} After the concept of a loose confederation had failed to gain support by the republics of Yugoslavia, Ku?an favoured a controlled process of non-violent disassociation that would enable the collaboration of the former Yugoslav nations on a new, different basis. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Slovenia declared its independence on 25 June 1991. In his speech on the occasion, Ku?an ended with the words: "Today dreams are allowed, tomorrow is a new day." On 26 June, the Yugoslav army embarked on troop movements that later escalated into the Ten-Day War . As the peace talks began at Brioni , with the European Community as a mediator, the Army started its withdrawal from Slovenia. Ku?an represented Slovenia at the peace conference on former Yugoslavia in the Hague and Brussels which concluded that the former Yugoslav nations were free to determine their future as independent states. On 22 May 1992 Ku?an represented Slovenia as it became a new member of the United Nations . ^{[ citation needed ]}

After the independence and the international recognition of Slovenia, Ku?an was elected as the first President of Slovenia in 1992 with the support of the citizens list. He won another five-year term in 1997?2002, running again as an independent and again winning the majority in the first round. ^{[ citation needed ]} His presidency ended in December 2002. He was succeeded as President by Janez Drnov?ek . ^{[ citation needed ]} In March 2003 Slovenia held two referendums on joining the EU and NATO. Milan Ku?an took an active part in campaigning for these memberships, in order for Slovenia to achieve the goals it had set upon its independence. In May 2004, Slovenia became a full member of both the EU and NATO. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Since November 2004, Ku?an has been a member of the Club of Madrid , ^[5] an association of former democratic statesmen that works to strengthen democratic governance. He chairs the International Collegium together with Michel Rocard , former French Prime Minister . Since 2004 he is the chairman of Forum 21, a Slovene left-wing think-tank reflecting on issues of relevance for the future development of Slovenia and its position in a global society. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Ku?an is also a Member of the European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation , a not-for-profit organization established in 2008 to monitor tolerance in Europe and make recommendations on fighting xenophobia and intolerance on the continent. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Personal life [ edit ]

Ku?an married ?tefka Ku?an in 1964. ^[6] The couple have two daughters: Ana, a landscape architect and professor at the University of Ljubljana , and ?pela, an anthropologist and ethnologist . ^[6] In 1991, Ku?an stated it is the duty of every Slovene to climb Mount Triglav . ^{[ citation needed ]}

Honours and awards [ edit ]

• : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1992) ^[7]
• : Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX (1993) ^[8]
• : Collar of the Order pro Merito Melitensi (1995) ^[8]
• : Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1997) ^[8]
• : Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (1997)
• : Order of the Redeemer (1999) ^[8]
• : Grand Collar of the Order of Infante Dom Henrique (2000)
• : Knight Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav ("For outstanding contribution to the development of interstate relations and friendship between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Slovenia.", 5 December 2001)
• : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2001) ^[9]
• : Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (2001) ^[8]
• : Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (2002) ^[8]
• : Order of the Star of Romania (2002) ^[8]
• : Commander Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Three Stars (2002)
• : Order of the White Eagle (2002)
• : Knight of the Order of the Elephant (2001) ^[10]
• : Gold Medal of the Order of Freedom of the Republic of Slovenia (2003) ^[11]

References [ edit ]

External links [ edit ]

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• President of the Republic of Slovenia, archived pages
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