Ethnic subgroup of Turks
Ethnic group
Meskhetian Turks
|
1944 deportee population only:
est. 400,000 in 1990
(excludes pre-1944
muhacirs
in Turkey)
current deportee population only:
500,000?600,000
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
(excludes pre-1944 descendants in Turkey)
|
|
Georgia
| 1,500
[7]
[8]
|
---|
Turkey
| 100,000?1,500,000 (latter including 19th and 20th century
muhacir
descendants)
[9]
[10]
|
---|
Kazakhstan
| 150,000?250,000
[7]
[8]
[9]
|
---|
Azerbaijan
| 90,000?130,000
[7]
[8]
|
---|
Russia
| 70,000?100,000
[8]
[7]
[9]
|
---|
Kyrgyzstan
| 42,000?55,000
[7]
[8]
[9]
|
---|
Uzbekistan
| 15,000?38,000
[11]
[7]
[9]
|
---|
Ukraine
| 8,000?15,000
[7]
[11]
[9]
|
---|
United States
| 9,000?16,000
[11]
[7]
|
---|
Northern Cyprus
| 180
[7]
|
---|
|
Meskhetian Turkish
dialect
Azerbaijani
·
Russian
·
Georgian
·
Kazakh
|
|
Predominantly
Sunni Islam
, minority
Shia Islam
[12]
[13]
|
|
Karapapakhs
|
Meskhetian Turks
, also referred to as
Turkish Meskhetians
,
[14]
[15]
[16]
Ahiska Turks
, and
Turkish Ahiskans
,
[17]
(
Turkish
:
Ahıska Turkleri
;
[18]
[19]
Georgian
:
???????? ???????
Meskhetis turk'ebi
) are a subgroup of ethnic
Turkish
people formerly inhabiting the
Meskheti
region of
Georgia
, along the border with
Turkey
. The Turkish presence in Meskheti began with the
Ottoman military expedition of 1578
,
[20]
although
Turkic
tribes had settled in the region as early as the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
[20]
Today, the Meskhetian Turks are widely dispersed throughout the
former Soviet Union
(as well as in Turkey and the United States) due to
forced deportations
during World War II. At the time, the
Soviet Union
was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against Turkey and
Joseph Stalin
wanted to clear the strategic Turkish population in Meskheti who were likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions.
[21]
In 1944, the Meskhetian Turks were accused of smuggling, banditry and espionage in collaboration with their kin across the Turkish border. Expelled by Joseph Stalin from Georgia in 1944, they faced discrimination and human rights abuses before and after deportation.
[22]
Approximately 115,000 Meskhetian Turks were deported to Central Asia and subsequently only a few hundred have been able to return to Georgia as Georgia does not allow repatriation. Those who migrated to Ukraine in 1990 settled in
shanty towns
, inhabited by seasonal workers.
[22]
Genetics
[
edit
]
Out of the tested DNA samples of Meskhetian Turks, the most common
Y-chromosomal haplogroup
among them is
Haplogroup J
, in the second place is the Y-chromosomal
haplogroup G
.
[23]
Similar to the
Caucasian ethnic groups
.
Their Autosomal dna is most Similar to Georgians, the Laz people, Armenian
Hemsheni
and Turks from north eastern Turkey.
Origins and terms
[
edit
]
Most Meskhetian Turks identify themselves as having descended from
Ottoman
settlers.
[24]
Pro-
Georgian
historiography has traditionally argued that the Meskhetian Turks, who speak the
Kars
dialect of the
Turkish language
and belong to the
Hanafi
school of
Sunni Islam
, are simply
Turkified
Meskhetians
(an ethnographic subgroup of
Georgians
) converted to Islam in the period between the sixteenth century and 1829, when the region of
Samtskhe?Javakheti
(Historical
Meskheti
) was under the rule of the
Ottoman Empire
, theory of the Georgian historians is supported by the fact Meskhetian Turks genetically are closely related to
Georgians
[25]
[26]
However, the Russian anthropologist and historian Professor
Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov
has argued against the pro-Georgian narrative and has said that:
it is quite possible that the adherents of this [pro-Georgian] view oversimplified the ethnic history of the group, particularly if one compares it with another Muslim Georgian group, the
Adzhar
, who in spite of their conversion to Islam have retained, not only the
Georgian language
, but to some extent also the Georgian traditional culture and self-identification. Contrary to this, the traditional culture of Meskhetian Turks, though it contained some Georgian elements, was similar to the Turkish one.
[25]
However, when making this comparison, Michailovich ignores the period during which the Adjara and Mesheti regions were under Turkish rule. Turkish-Armenian writer
Ni?anyan
explains the loss of the Georgian language by the Meskhetians, although the Adjarians preserved the Georgian language, as follows:
The people of the city of Batumi and the autonomous region of Adjara (and the Borcka-Hopa side of Artvin and the Meydancık valley of ?av?at) are Muslim Georgians, speaking the Adjara dialect. They were subject to Georgia until the 1810s and lived under direct or indirect Christian rule. The people of Ahıska (and ?av?at-Yusufeli, Posof) have lived under Islamic rule for 450 years. They have long spoken Turkish, perhaps intertwined with other elements of Ottoman Islam.
[27]
Anthropologist Kathryn Tomlinson has pointed out that in Soviet documents about the 1944 deportations of the Meskhetian Turks, the community were referred to simply as "Turks" because of their faith Islam, not only them but also every Muslim of Georgia was referred as Turks and that it was after their second deportation from
Uzbekistan
that the term "Meskhetian Turks" was invented.
[28]
According to Ronald Wixman, the term "Meskhetian" only came into use in the late 1950s.
[29]
Indeed, the majority of the Meskhetian Turks call themselves simply as "Turks" or "Ahiskan Turks" (
Turkish
:
Ahıska Turkleri
) referring to the region, meaning "Turks of Ahiska Region". The Meskhetians claim sometimes that the medieval
Cumans
-
Kipchaks
of Georgia (
Kipchaks in Georgia
) may have been one of their possible ancestors.
[30]
According to historians, it is less likely because part of the Kipchaks left Georgia during the
invasion of Mongols
, while others joined
Mongols
.
History
[
edit
]
Ottoman conquest
[
edit
]
By the
Peace of Amasya
(1555),
Meskheti
was divided into two, with the
Safavids
keeping the eastern part and the
Ottomans
gaining the western part.
In 1578, the Ottomans
attacked
the
Safavid possessions in Georgia
, which initiated the
Ottoman?Safavid War of 1578?1590
, and by 1582 the Ottomans were in possession of the eastern (Safavid) part of Meskheti.
The Safavids regained control over the eastern part of Meskheti in the early 17th century.
However, by the
Treaty of Zuhab
(1639), all of Meskheti fell under Ottoman control, and it brought an end to Iranian attempts to retake the region.
[33]
Soviet rule
[
edit
]
1944 deportation from Georgia to Central Asia
[
edit
]
On 15 November 1944, the then
General Secretary
of
CPSU
,
Joseph Stalin
, ordered the deportation of over 115,000 Meskhetian Turks from their homeland,
[34]
who were secretly driven from their homes and herded onto rail cars.
[35]
As many as 30,000 to 50,000 deportees died of hunger, thirst and cold and as a direct result of the deportations and the deprivations suffered in exile.
[36]
[35]
The Soviet guards dumped the Meskhetian Turks at rail sidings across a vast region, often without food, water, or shelter.
According to the
1989 Soviet Census
, 106,000 Meskhetian Turks lived in Uzbekistan, 50,000 in
Kazakhstan
, and 21,000 in
Kyrgyzstan
.
[34]
As opposed to the other nationalities who had been deported during
World War II
, no reason was given for the deportation of the Meskhetian Turks, which remained secret until 1968.
[21]
It was only in 1968 that the Soviet government finally recognised that the Meskhetian Turks had been deported. The reason for the deportation of the Meskhetian Turks was because in 1944 the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against
Turkey
.
[21]
In June 1945
Vyacheslav Molotov
, who was then Minister of Foreign Affairs, presented a demand to the Turkish Ambassador in Moscow for the surrender of three Anatolia provinces (
Kars
,
Ardahan
and
Artvin
).
[21]
As Moscow was also preparing to support
Armenian
claims to several other Anatolian provinces, war against Turkey seemed possible, and Joseph Stalin wanted to clear the strategic Georgian-Turkish border where the Meskhetian Turks were settled and who were likely to be hostile to such Soviet intentions.
[21]
Unlike the other deported Muslim groups, the Meskhetians have not been rehabilitated nor permitted to return to their homeland. In April 1970, the leaders of the Turkish Meskhetian national movement applied to the Turkish Embassy in Moscow for permission to emigrate to Turkey as Turkish citizens if the Soviet government persisted its refusal to allow them to resettle in Meskheti. However, the response of the Soviet government was to arrest the Meskhetian leaders.
[37]
1989 deportation from Uzbekistan to other Soviet countries
[
edit
]
In 1989, riots broke out between the Meskhetian Turks who had settled in
Uzbekistan
and the native
Uzbeks
.
[34]
Nationalist resentments against the Meskhetians who had competed with Uzbeks for resources in the overpopulated
Fergana Valley
boiled over. Hundreds of Meskhetian Turks were killed or injured, nearly 1,000 properties were destroyed and thousands of Meskhetian Turks fled into exile.
[34]
The majority of Meskhetian Turks, about 70,000, went to
Azerbaijan
, whilst the remainder went to various regions of Russia (especially
Krasnodar Krai
),
Kazakhstan
,
Kyrgyzstan
[34]
[38]
and
Ukraine
.
Khojaly Massacre
[
edit
]
Meskhetian Turk refugees who had been persecuted in
Central Asia
were relocated to
Azerbaijan
where they settled in
Khojaly
before being subsequently massacred along with
Azerbaijanis
in 1992.
[39]
Russian journalist
Victoria Ivleva
took photos of the town streets strewn with dead bodies of its inhabitants, including women and children.
[40]
She described Meskhetian Turks from Khojaly who were captured by
Armenian
militants and she was hit by an Armenian soldier who took her for one of the captives when she was helping a Meskhetian Turk woman falling behind the crowd with four children, one of which wounded, and the other one newly born.
[41]
Russo-Ukrainian War
[
edit
]
Around 2,000 Meskhetian Turks have been forced to flee from their homes in
Ukraine
since May 2014 amid fighting between
government forces
and pro-Russian separatists. Turkish Meskhetian community representative in the eastern city of Donetsk, Nebican Basatov, said that those who have fled have sought refuge in
Russia
,
Azerbaijan
,
Turkey
and different parts of Ukraine.
[22]
Over 300 Meskhetian Turks from the Turkish-speaking minority in eastern Ukraine have arrived in eastern Turkey's Erzincan province where they will live under the country's recently adopted asylum measures.
[42]
Demographics
[
edit
]
According to the
1989 Soviet Census
, there were 207,502 Turks living in the Soviet Union.
[2]
However, Soviet authorities recorded many Meskhetian Turks as belonging to other nationalities such as "
Azeri
", "
Kazakh
", "
Kyrgyz
", and "
Uzbek
".
[2]
Hence, official censuses do not necessarily show a true reflection of the real population of the Meskhetian Turks; for example, according to the 2009 Azerbaijani census, there were 38,000 Turks living in the country; however, no distinction is made in the census between Meskhetian Turks and Turks from Turkey who have become Azerbaijani citizens, as both groups are classified in the official census as "Turks" or "Azerbaijani".
[43]
According to the
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
report published in 1999, that 100,000 Meskhetian Turks lived in Azerbaijan and the defunct Baku Institute of Peace and Democracy stated, in 2001, that between 90,000 and 110,000 Meskhetian Turks lived in Azerbaijan,
[44]
[45]
similarly, academic estimates have also suggested that the Turkish Meskhetian community of Azerbaijan numbers 90,000 to 110,000.
[44]
More recently, some Meskhetian Turks in Russia, especially those in
Krasnodar
, have faced hostility from the local population. The Krasnodar Meskhetian Turks have suffered significant human rights violations, including the deprivation of their citizenship. They are deprived of civil, political and social rights and are prohibited from owning property and employment.
[46]
Thus, since 2004, many Turks have left the
Krasnodar region
for the
United States
as refugees. A large number of them, comprising nearly 1300 individuals, is in
Dayton, Ohio
. They are still barred from full repatriation to Georgia.
[47]
Apart from that, in Georgia, racism against Meskheti Turks is still prevalent due to differences in beliefs and ethnic tensions.
[48]
Culture
[
edit
]
Religion
[
edit
]
Most Meskhetian Turks are Sunni Muslims and a minority are Shiite Muslims.
[12]
[13]
Language
[
edit
]
The Meskhetian Turks speak an
Eastern Anatolian
dialect of
Turkish
, which hails from the regions of
Kars
,
Ardahan
, and
Artvin
.
[49]
The Turkish Meskhetian dialect has also borrowed from other languages (including
Azerbaijani
,
Georgian
,
Kazakh
,
Kyrgyz
,
Russian
, and
Uzbek
) which the Meskhetian Turks have been in contact with during the
Russian
and
Soviet
rule.
[50]
Wedding
[
edit
]
Meskhetian Turks'
weddings
consist of a traditional proposal from the groom's parents and if the bride's parents accept the proposal, an
engagement
party, or
Ni?an
, is done. Everyone at the
Ni?an
is given a ceremonial sweet drink, called
Sharbat
. The actual wedding lasts for two days. On the first day the bride leaves her house and on the second day is when the marriage happens. Before the bride enters her husband's house she uses the heel on her shoe to break two plates with her foot and applies honey on the doorway. This tradition serves the purpose of wishing happiness upon the new bride and groom in their marriage. At the end of the wedding, a dance ensues with the men and women dancing separately. Finally, the newlyweds have their last dance which is called the ‘
Waltz
’ and that completes the wedding.
[51]
Circumcision
[
edit
]
The
Religious male circumcision
Ceremony of the Ahiska Turks, is hold in a big way of Dance, Music, Guests, recitation of the Koran and a special
Kirve
(
Sandek
).
[52]
Notable people
[
edit
]
The following is list of people of Turkish Meshetian origin:
- Sima A?ayeva
[
az
]
, Azerbaijani artist
- Fatih Ahıskalı
, Turkish musician
[53]
- Taner Akcam
, Turkish historian
[54]
- Celal Al
, Turkish actor in
Dirili?: Ertu?rul
and
Kurulu?: Osman
[55]
- Osman Server Atabek
[
tr
]
, Turkish politician
[56]
- Aslan Atem
, Turkish wrestler
[57]
- Tevfik Arif
, Kazakh-Turkish billionaire, real estate developer and investor residing in the US
[58]
[59]
- Refik Arif
, Kazakh businessman
- Ali Fuat Azgur
[
tr
]
, Turkish poet
[60]
- Isgender Aznaurov
, Uzbek-born
National Hero of Azerbaijan
who fought in the
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
[61]
[62]
[63]
- Omurbek Babanov
, Kyrgyz billionaire and politician who served as Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2011-2012)
[64]
- Yusuf Rıza Bey
, Ottoman soldier in the
Te?kilat-ı Mahsusa
special forces
- Ali Sami Boyar
[
tr
]
, Turkish painter and museologist
- Erdo?an Cakıcı
[
tr
]
, Turkish actor
[65]
- Adil Efendiyev
[
az
]
, Azerbaijani literary critic
[66]
[67]
- Ata Demirer
, Turkish filmmaker and comedian
[68]
[69]
- ?efika ?eyhzade-Efendizade
[
az
]
, one of the first female journalists, educators, writers and philanthropists in Azerbaijan
[70]
[71]
[67]
- Muharrem Ergin
[
tr
]
, Turkish linguist and Turkologist
[72]
- Cabbar Faiqov
[
az
]
, Azerbaijani military doctor
- A?ıq Feydayi
[
az
]
, Azerbaijani
ashik
- Abdurrahman Gulahmadov
[
az
]
, Azerbaijani scientist
- Khalis Gulahmadov
[
az
]
, Azerbaijani scientist
- Asif Hacılı
[
az
]
, Azerbaijani literary critic
- Ahıskalı Ali Haydar
[
tr
]
, lawyer and mystic
- Niyaz Ilyasov
, Russian judoka; medalists in the 2018 and 2019
World Judo Championships
- Elvira Kamalo?lu
, Ukrainian-born Turkish female wrestler
[73]
- Takhir Kapadze
[
ru
]
, Uzbek football coach
- Timur Kapadze
, Uzbek football player
[74]
- Handan Musao?lu Kasa
, Turkish presenter on
TBMM TV
[75]
- Mediha Kayra
, Ottoman-Turkish writer and teacher
[76]
- Abubekir Kur?umov
, Russian architect and owner of the KavkazStroyGrupp construction company
[77]
- Movlud Miraliyev
, Uzbek-born Azerbaijani judoka
[78]
[79]
- Mukhtar Mukhtarov
, Kazakh football player
- Bahram Muzaffer
, Uzbek boxer
[80]
- Omer Faik Nemanzade
, Azerbaijani journalist
[81]
[67]
- Mamedov Minur ?sa O?lu
[
ru
]
, Russian war hero during the
Great Patriotic War
[82]
- Emrah Ormano?lu
, Ukrainian-born Turkish freestyle wrestler
[83]
- Fatih Osmanlı
, Kazakh-born actor in the Turkish historical drama
Kurulu?: Osman
[84]
- Bu?ra Oner
, Turkish professional boxer
[85]
- Alptu? Oner
, Turkish professional boxer
[86]
- Cuneyt Ozdemir
, Turkish journalist
[87]
- Silahdar ?brahim Pa?a
[
tr
]
, Ottoman statesman
- Ahmad bey Pepinov
, Azerbaijani Minister of Agriculture
[88]
[67]
- Mikail Suleymanov
, Uzbek actor, copywriter and film director
[89]
- Ravil Tagir
, Kazakh-born Turkish football player
[90]
- Fırat Tanı?
, Turkish actor
[91]
- Yalcın Topcu
, Turkish politician and former
Ministry of Culture and Tourism
[92]
- Malik Mukhlis Ugli
[
ru
]
, Uzbek-Russian educator
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
Aydıngun et al. 2006
, 1
- ^
Seferov & Akı? 2011
, 393.
- ^
Today's Zaman (15 August 2011).
"Historic Meskhetian Turk documents destroyed"
.
Today's Zaman
. Retrieved
21 February
2012
.
- ^
Kanbolat, Hasan (7 April 2009).
"Return of Meskhetian Turks to Georgia delayed"
.
Today's Zaman
. Archived from
the original
on 25 January 2011
. Retrieved
21 February
2012
.
- ^
Assembly of Turkish American Associations (5 February 2008).
"ATAA and ATA-SC Visit Ahiska Turks in Los Angeles"
.
Today's Zaman
. Archived from
the original
on 12 December 2010
. Retrieved
21 February
2012
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Al Jazeera (2014).
"Ahıska Turklerinin 70 yıllık surgunu"
.
Al Jazeera
. Retrieved
5 July
2016
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Aydıngun et al. 2006
, 13
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Karcı, Durmu? (2018),
"The Effects of Language Characters and Identity of Meskhetian Turkish in Kazakhstan"
,
The Journal of Kesit Academy
,
4
(13): 301?303
- ^
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- ^
a
b
c
Aydıngun et al. 2006
, 14
- ^
a
b
Aydıngun et al. 2006
, 15
- ^
a
b
An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires
.
- ^
Documents of the Helsinki Monitoring Groups in the U.S.S.R. and Lithuania (1976?1986)
,
U.S. Government Printing Office
, 1986, p. 97
- ^
Geyer, Michael; Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2009),
Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared
, Cambridge University Press, p. 222,
ISBN
9780521897969
- ^
Hille, Charlotte (2010),
State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus
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9789004179011
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a
b
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a
b
c
d
e
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a
b
c
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a
b
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.
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.
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the original
on 7 December 2023
. Retrieved
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2023
.
- ^
Tomlinson 2005
, 111.
- ^
Wixman 1984
, 134.
- ^
Yunusov, Arif.
The Akhiska (Meskhetian Turks): Twice Deported People
. "Central Asia and Caucasus" (Lulea, Sweden), 1999 # 1(2), p. 162-165.
- ^
Tomlinson 2005
, 110.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
UNHCR 1999b
, 20.
- ^
a
b
Minahan 2002
, 1240.
- ^
Polian 2004
, 155.
- ^
Bennigsen & Broxup 1983
, 31.
- ^
UNHCR 1999b
, 21.
- ^
Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (Organization : U.S.) (1994).
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ISBN
978-1-56432-142-8
.
- ^
Victoria Ivleva. The corpses of people killed during the Armenian attack in the streets of the settlement of Khojaly, Nagorno-Karabakh, February 1992.
Photograph 1
Archived
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Wayback Machine
,
Photograph 2
Archived
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- ^
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.
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on 30 November 2012
. Retrieved
16 January
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.
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a
b
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, 14.
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on 8 March 2012
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
Barton, Heffernan & Armstrong 2002
, 9
- ^
Co?kun 2009
, 5.
- ^
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.
- ^
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, 23
- ^
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,
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- ^
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(Gulerek) Herkes etnik kokenine bakıyor. Vallahi ben cok safkan bir Turkum. Ahıska Turkleri derler bize Kars'ta. Ve, bizim sulalemizden birilerinin Ermeni ceteleri tarafından oldurulmu? olabilece?i ihtimali de oldukca kuvvetli. Ama bu tur ?eyler benim icin hic onemli de?il. Ben sonucta bir akademisyenim ve bilim adamı olarak konuyu ara?tırıyorum.
- ^
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Ahıska Turku oyuncular Celal Al ve Ladibek Fatih Osmanlı, Kazakistan'dan gelen Ahıskalı Muhammed Mustafayev, Mevlut Karimov ve DATUB Genclik Kolları Yonetim Kurulu Uyesi ?skender Ziyao?lu ile bir araya geldi.
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Canımdan cok sevdi?im, hicbir zaman unutamadı?ım rahmetli babam Osman Server Atabek, 20 A?ustos 1886'da Ahıska'da dunyaya gelmi?tir.
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Dunya Grekoromen Gure? ?ampiyonası'nda 80 kiloda mucadele eden milli sporcu ahıska Turku Aslan Atem, finalde Rus gure?ci Ramazan Abacharaev'e 3-1 yenilerek dunya 2'incisi olarak gumu? madalya kazandı.
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milyarderi Kazak kokenli i?adamı Tevfik Arif'in ailesi Ahıska Turklerinden. Tevfik Arif,...
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Tevfik Arif Bey Ahıska Turku. Do?ma buyume Kazakistanlı. ABD'de ya?ıyor.
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Ailemiz Posof'a 1921 yılında gelmi?. Oyle anla?ılıyor ki, 16 Mart 1921 tarihinde imzalanan Moskova Antla?ması'yla Ahıska'nın otede kalması kesinle?ince, ailemiz Turkiye'ye goc etmi? ve Posof'a yerle?mi?.
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?ehit Aznaurov'un annesi Turkiye'ye getirildi
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Ahıska Turklerinin milli kahramanı ?ehit ?skender Aznaurov'un Moskova'da ya?ayan 84 ya?ındaki annesi Kamile Mustafayeva, Dunya Ahıska Turkleri Birli?i'nin (DATUB) giri?imleri ile Turkiye'ye getirildi.
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Babanov'un annesinin Kırgız olmamasını zaman zaman siyasi malzeme olarak kullanıyor. Babanov da durumu "Rahmetli annem, ?kinci Dunya Sava?ı doneminde Gurcistan'ın Batum ?ehrinden Kırgızistan'a suruldu. Uzun tren yolculu?u sırasında anne ve babasını kaybeden kucuk kıza bir Kırgız ailesi sahip cıktı. Ben Kırgız ailesinde buyudum. Annem Ahıska Turku'dur babam da Kırgız" sozleriyle acıklıyor.
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Efendiyev, Adil (1907-1973). Azerbaijani poet, translator, and intellectual Efendiyev was born into a family of Ahiska Turkish teachers.
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Bunlar; Omer Faik Nemanzade, Osman Server Atabek, Hafız Efendi, ?efika Hanım Efendi Zade, Prof. Cerrah Fuat Efendiyev, Adil Efendiyev, Ahmet Bey Pepinov, Enver Odaba?ev (Odaba?), Yusuf Serverov, (Servero?lu), Cevat Kociyev, Saadat Gulahmedova ve saymakla sonu gelmeyen nice ?ahıslarımız olmu?tur.
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Benim annem guzel mantı yapar. Ahıska Turklerinden bizim sulale. Bizim oraların mantısına hingel denir.
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Bizim Ahıska'mızın okuyucularıyla payla?tı?ımız Ahıskalı kadın aydınımız ?efika ?eyhzade-Efendizade'dir. Ovuncumuzun kayna?ı, onun birkac yonden ilk ve oncu olmasıdır. Azerbaycan ve genellikle Turk dunyası e?itim, kultur, edebiyat tarihinde onemli yer tutan ?efika ?eyhzade-Efendizade, ilk kadın o?retmen, ilk kadın e?itimci-pedagog, ilk kadın gazeteci, ilk kadın yazar olmak gibi ?eref payelerine sahiptir
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Gasimov, Zaur (2019), "
"The Turkish Wall": Turkey as an Anti-communist and Anti-Russian Bulwark in the Twentieth Century",
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978-1789201482
,
At that time, Muharrem Ergin (1923-1995) was one of the leading Turkish philologists and an expert in ancient Turkish literature. Ergin was the descendant of an emigrant family from the Ahiska region of Georgia and studied philology at Istanbul University under the exiled Azerbaijani professor Ahmet Cafero?lu
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Cumhurba?kanı Recep Tayyip Erdo?an'ın talimatı, Ba?bakanlık koordinasyonuyla Ukrayna'dan Turkiye'ye getirilerek Erzincan'ın Uzumlu ilcesine yerle?tirilen Ahıska Turklerinden 16 ya?ındaki Elvira, Slovenya'da 3-5 Kasım'da duzenlenen Yıldızlar Balkan ?ampiyonası'nda kızlar 46 kiloda ?ampiyonlu?a ula?tı.
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Kazakistan'ın Aktobe takımında top ko?turan Ozbekistan vatanda?ı Ahıskalı Turku Timur Kapadze, Haziran ayının en iyi futbolcusu secildi.
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Women and the City, Women in the City: A Gendered Perspective on Ottoman Urban History
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Mediha Kayra was born in 1902 in Trabzon and died 2003 in Kadıkoy, Istanbul, when she was 101 years old. Her father was the merchant (tuccar) Ali Lutfi Dihkanzade (1869?1931). His family originated from Azerbaijan. Her mother, Kadriye Saliho?lu, originated from Akhaltsikhe (turk. Ahıska) in southwest Georgia. The families had emigrated to Trabzon following the wars with Russia in 1878 and 1828.
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ABUBEK?R KUR?UMOV Avrupa'nın En Buyuk Cami'sini ?n?a Ediyor.
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Azerbaycan'ın onde gelen sporcularından Mevlud Miraliyev, 27 ?ubat 1974 Ozbekistan do?umlu. Aslen Ahıska Turklerindendir.
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С началом Великой Отечественной войны было мобилизовано практически всё взрослое мужское турецкое население (более 40 тыс. человек, 26 тыс. из них погибли), восемь человек стали Героями Советского Союза, трое ? полными кавалерами орденов Славы. Тремя орденами Славы был награждён Минур Иса оглы Мамедов, который последний период жизни провёл в Кабардино-Балкарии, в городе Нарткале.
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Sovyetler Birli?i'nce 14 Kasım 1944'de Gurcistan'ın Ahıska bolgesinden surgun edilen Ahıska Turku ailelerinden Emrah Ormano?lu, Ukrayna'daki ic karı?ıklık dolayısıyla zor ?artlarda ba?ladı?ı gure?i, cok sevmesine ra?men devam ettiremedi.
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Fatih AHISKALI ile Roportaj
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21 December
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Fatih Osmanlı; 11 Eylul 1979 Almatı Kazakistan do?umlu aslen Ahıska Turku'dur. 2017 yılında Vatanı Turkiye'ye yerle?ip temel oyunculuk dersleri alıp hayal etti?i oyunculuk kariyerine ba?ladı. Kurulu? dizisinde ba?arılı oyunculuk performansı ile dikkatleri cekmeyi ba?ardı.
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Boxing becomes a bridge between Ahiska Turks, Americans in Ohio's Dayton
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Bu?ra Oner ve Altu? Oner'e silahlı saldırı duzenlenen an
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TGRT Haber
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21 December
2020
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Anne tarafı selanik muhaciri, Babası Ahıska Turk'udur.
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Ba?ortulu annenin evladı
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20 December
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Ah benim oz be oz Ahıska Turku annem.
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Ahiska Turks Historical, social and cultural life in Azerbaijan
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Aliyev, Nezir (2018),
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Altınordu'nun genc yıldızı Avrupa devlerini pe?ine taktı
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20 December
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1944'te Sovyetler Birli?i doneminde Kazakistan'a surgune gonderilen Ahıska Turkleri'nden olan Tagir ailesinin kaderi, Ravil'in teyzesi Maygul Hanım'ın evlenip Bursa'ya yerle?mesiyle de?i?iyor.
- ^
Fırat Tanı? Kimdir?
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20 December
2020
,
Fırat Tanı?, 5 Mayıs 1975 tarihinde ?stanbul, Kadıkoy'de do?mu?tur. Tam adı Nuri Fırat Tanı?'dır. Gurcistan; Ahıska kokenli ve annesi babası terzi olan Fırat Tanı? ailenin en kucuk cocu?udur.
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Kazakistan Cumhurba?kanı Nazarbayev'den Yalcın Topcu'ya Madalya
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20 December
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esepsiyonda konu?an Topcu minnettarlıklarını belirterek "ben bir Ahıska Turk'u ailenin cocu?uyum. Yıllar once akrabalarımı ba?ırlarına bastıkları icin Kazakistan halkına minnettarım.
Bibliography
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edit
]
- Aydıngun, Ay?egul; Harding, Ci?dem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve (2006),
Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences
(PDF)
, Cultural Orientation Resource (COR) Center
- Barton, Frederick D.; Heffernan, John; Armstrong, Andrea (2002),
"Being Recognised as Citizens"
(PDF)
,
www.humansecurity-chs.org
, Commission on Human Security, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 17 July 2011
- Bennigsen, Alexandre; Broxup, Marie (1983),
The Islamic threat to the Soviet State
, Taylor & Francis,
ISBN
0-7099-0619-6
.
- Blacklock, Denika (2005),
Finding Durable Solutions for the Meskhetians
(PDF)
, European Centre for Minority Issues, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2 June 2010
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Ahiska/Meskhetian Turks in Tucson: An Examination of Ethnic Identity
(PDF)
, University of Arizona, archived from
the original
(PDF)
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Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus
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Documents: working papers, 2005 ordinary session (second part), 25?29 April 2005, Vol. 3: Documents 10407, 10449-10533
, Council of Europe,
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Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Soviet World: Case Studies and Analysis
, M.E. Sharpe,
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1-56324-741-0
.
- Elbaqidze, Marina (2005), "Multiculturalism in Georgia: Unclaimed Asset or Threat to the State?", in Czyzewski, Krzystof; Kulas, Joanna; Golubiewski, Mikolaj (eds.),
A Handbook of Dialogue: Trust and Identity
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- Enwall, Joakim (2010), "Turkish texts in Georgian script: Sociolinguistic and ethno-linguistic aspects", in Boeschoten, Hendrik; Rentzsch, Julian (eds.),
Turcology in Mainz
, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
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978-3-447-06113-1
.
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Safavid Government Institutions
. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers.
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978-1568591353
.
- Khazanov, Anatoly Michailovich (1995),
"People with Nowhere To Go: The Plight of the Meskhetian Turks"
,
After the USSR: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Politics in the Commonwealth of Independent States
, University of Wisconsin Press,
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- Kurbanov, Rafik Osman-Ogly; Kurbanov, Erjan Rafik-Ogly (1995), "Religion and Politics in the Caucasus", in Bourdeaux, Michael (ed.),
The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia
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- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).
Historical Dictionary of Georgia
(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
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978-1442241466
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Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R
, Greenwood Publishing Group,
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0-313-32111-6
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Islamic Art and Architecture in the European Periphery: Crimea, Caucasus, and the Volga-Ural Region
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- Seferov, Rehman; Akı?, Ayhan (2011),
Sovyet Doneminden Gunumuze Ahıska Turklerinin Yasadıkları Cografyaya Goclerle Birlikte Genel Bir Bakıs
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Dogan, Hulya (2020). "Homeland-Making among Cultural and Ethnic Kin: Ahıska Turks in Turkey".
Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
.
20
(2): 169?187.
doi
:
10.1111/sena.12318
.
S2CID
219410349
.
- Robert Conquest
,
The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities
(London: Macmillan, 1970) (
ISBN
0-333-10575-3
)
- S. Enders Wimbush and Ronald Wixman, "The Meskhetian Turks: A New Voice in Central Asia,"
Canadian Slavonic Papers
27, Nos. 2 and 3 (Summer and Fall, 1975): 320-340
- Alexander Nekrich
,
The Punished Peoples: The Deportation and Fate of Soviet Minorities at the End of the Second World War
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1978) (
ISBN
0-393-00068-0
).
- Emma Kh. Panesh and L. B. Ermolov (Translated by
Kevin Tuite
).
Meskhetians
.
World Culture Encyclopedia
. Accessed on September 1, 2007.
External links
[
edit
]
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Traditional areas of
Turkish
settlement
| Turkish majorities:
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Turkish minorities
in the Balkans
:
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Turkish minorities
in the Caucasus:
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Turkish minorities
in the Levant:
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Turkish minorities
in North Africa:
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Other regions
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Diaspora in Africa
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Diaspora in
Europe
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Diaspora in North America
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Diaspora in the Persian Gulf
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Diaspora in Oceania
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Diaspora in South America
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Diaspora in South Asia
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Diaspora in East Asia
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Diaspora in Post-Soviet States
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Turkophobia
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See also
| |
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|
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Peoples
| Azerbaijani communities
| |
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Kazakh communities
| |
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Kyrgyz communities
| |
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Turkmen
1
communities
| |
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Turkish communities
2
| |
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Turkic peoples
in Uzbekistan
| |
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Turkic minorities
in China
| |
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Turkic minorities
in Crimea
| |
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Turkic minorities
in Iran
| |
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Turkic minorities in
Russia
| |
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Turkic minorities in
Mongolia
| |
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Turkic minorities in
Afghanistan
| |
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Turkic minorities in
Europe
(exc. Russia)
| |
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Extinct Turkic groups
| |
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|
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Others
| |
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Diasporas
| |
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1
Central Asian (i.e.
Turkmeni
,
Afghani
and
Iranian
)
Turkmens
, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
Iraqi
and
Syrian
) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity.
2
In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
Ottoman
territories).
|