Maurism
(
Maurismo
in
Spanish
) was a
conservative
political movement that bloomed in
Spain
from 1913 around the political figure of
Antonio Maura
after a schism in the
Conservative Party
between
idoneos
('apt ones') and
mauristas
('maurists'). Its development took place in a period of crisis for the dynastic parties of the
Spanish Restoration
regime.
The movement, which fragmented in several factions in the 1920s, has been portrayed as a precursor of the Spanish
radical right
.
History
[
edit
]
The 1913 refusal by Antonio Maura to accept the terms of the
turno pacifico
(the alternation in government between the two major parties in the Restoration two-party system) and assume the presidency of the Council of Ministers led to a schism in the Conservative Party between idoneos (supporters of
Eduardo Dato
and dynastic normality) and the followers of Maura,
leading to the establishment of a new movement,
maurismo
.
In October 1913 a seminal speech by
Angel Ossorio y Gallardo
delivered in Zaragoza gave birth to the so-called
maurismo callejero
('street Maurism').
This side of Maurism became active in street politics using popular agitation, even physical violence.
Maurism, aside from the figure of Antonio Maura, was partially inspired by historian
Gabriel Maura
(son of Antonio Maura), and received some influences from the ideas of French monarchist
Charles Maurras
?Maura and Maurras wrote to each other?and
Action Francaise
.
However, Antonio Maura never got to lend support to the radical side of the movement created around him.
Other notable
Mauristas
were
Jose Calvo Sotelo
,
Jose Felix de Lequerica
,
Fernando Suarez de Tangil
and
Cesar Silio
.
Miguel Angel Perfecto identified three inner factions within the movement: the
social Catholic
one of Ossorio, the liberal-conservative strand of
Gabriel Maura
and the neoconservatives of Goicoechea.
Additionally, the followers of
Juan de la Cierva
within the Conservative Party, as they drifted away from the orthodoxy of
Eduardo Dato
, ended up orbiting around authoritarian stances close to Maurism, but they did not merge into the organizational structure.
The social strata prevalent among mauristas, whose first National Assembly was held in January 1913, were young people from the aristocracy and the wealthy middle classes.
The movement built up its own organic structure and related media, created Maurist circles and even worker associations and presented candidates for local and general elections.
Maurists were noted for the wide dissemination of their propaganda, embracing the catch-phrase "
¡Maura Si!
" ('Yes to Maura!').
Attempts were made to reach capture working class support but these did not succeed as it was perceived as too middle class and establishment-minded, with republican groups managing to mobilise the workers much more successfully.
Presenting itself as an antithetical to the Restoration regime instituted by
Antonio Canovas del Castillo
(
canovismo
), Maurism tried to lead a conservative modernization, endorsing an
interventionist
,
nationalist
and
corporative
ideological project.
It has been characterised as a
regenerationist
movement.
It shared with that movement the belief that defeat in the
Spanish?American War
had been the fault of a political system that was rife with incompetence and corruption, with Maurism prescribing the imposition of a new patriotic system from above by elites.
Another feature of Maurism was confessional Catholicism.
The movement's social action could be described as
paternalist
, with a tutelary function of the upper classes over the lower ones.
During
World War I
, Maurists largely supported
Germanophile
stances, although Maura himself defended neutrality and Ossorio endorsed
Germanophobia
.
In the 1917 Madrid local elections nine Maurist councillors were elected. At this election non-dynastic unconventional candidates (Maurists and the republican-socialist coalition) took marginally more seats than the candidates elected by the traditional Restoration parties.
The 1919 Maura cabinet, that included three Maurists, Goicoechea, Silio and Ossorio,
was a window of opportunity for Maurism but it ended up in failure.
Maura had become aware of the difficulties in fulfilling the Maurist agenda without the support of the dynastic forces.
Since then the movement shifted towards fragmentation.
In the 1920 election to the Cortes the Maurist fraction only got 22 members of the parliament.
Two "antagonistic" factions split from Maurism.
In one side the scion led by
Angel Ossorio y Gallardo
, supportive of social Catholicism and
Christian democracy
, founded the
Partido Social Popular
in 1922. On the other side
Antonio Goicoechea
led an
anti-liberal
and
authoritarian
scion,
vouching for an "organic democracy", concept later advanced by
Francoism
.
In 1922 the Maurists around
Manuel Delgado Barreto
and the journal
La Accion
looked to
Italian Fascism
.
Goicoechea insisted on a proclaimed popular support in Spain for the rise of "a
Mussolini
" in the country.
The very vagueness that underpinned Maurism, which insisted on a "revolution from above" but left the interpretation of this vague concept up to individual adherents, has been characterised as encouraging this factionalism and preventing it from fully emerging as a coherent ideology.
For his part Maura never addressed these issues, preferring to remain an aloof figurehead rather than seeking to lead an organised political movement.
Maurists such as
Jose Calvo Sotelo
and Goicoechea gave support after the
September 1923 Primo de Rivera coup d'etat
[
es
]
to the
latter's dictatorship
? whose coming was cheered by the overwhelming majority of the Maurists ?
and they would finally participate in
Renovacion Espanola
('Spanish Renovation') during the
Second Republic
.
Jose Luis Rodriguez Jimenez
notes that Maurism added at some point the "Neither Right Nor Left" rhetoric, identified by the author as a feature of a drift from
liberal conservatism
towards authoritarian conservatism.
References
[
edit
]
Bibliography
[
edit
]
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)
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